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Entropy

The document discusses the concept of entropy in thermodynamics, detailing its derivation for ideal gases under constant volume and pressure conditions. It explains the T-S diagram for various thermodynamic processes, including isothermal, adiabatic, and the Carnot cycle, along with the efficiency of the Carnot engine. Additionally, it states the principle of entropy, emphasizing that the entropy of the universe either increases or remains constant during processes.

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Shifa Mansuri
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
3 views

Entropy

The document discusses the concept of entropy in thermodynamics, detailing its derivation for ideal gases under constant volume and pressure conditions. It explains the T-S diagram for various thermodynamic processes, including isothermal, adiabatic, and the Carnot cycle, along with the efficiency of the Carnot engine. Additionally, it states the principle of entropy, emphasizing that the entropy of the universe either increases or remains constant during processes.

Uploaded by

Shifa Mansuri
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SEM – IV ( Unit : 2 )

ENTROPY :
* Derive the expression of entropy for an ideal gas .

Case : 1 - ( At constant volume )

𝑷 𝒏 𝒏 𝟎

 The eqn. gives entropy of an ideal gas .


Case : 2 - At constant pressure :

𝑷 𝒏 𝒏 𝟎 ....... (5)

 The eqn. gives entropy of an ideal gas .

* Discuss about the T – S diagram for different


thermodynamical processes .

 The entropy of system can be given as

𝒅𝑸
........ (1)
𝑻

(1) For isothermal process :

T  We know that for this process


T = const temperature ( T ) remains const.

 Thus, from (1) total heat gets


S1 S2 S exchanged during this process is
given by ...... (2)
 If entropy changes from S1 to S2 , then eqn. (2)
becomes
S2

Q  T  dS
S1
𝟐 𝟏

 Also , we can observe that T – S diagram for


this process is parallel to the entropy ( S ) axis .

(2) For adiabatic process :

 During this process , amount of heat gets exchanged


is zero i.e. dQ = 0 . So, from (1) dS = 0

 It means during adiabatic process entropy of system


remains constant . Thus, as shown in fig. T – S
diagram of this process remains parallel to Temp.
( T ) axis .
T
T1

T2
S
 A thermodynamical process during which entropy
remains constant is called isentropic process .

(3) For Carnot cycle : OR Draw T – S diagram for the


Carnot cycle and obtain expression of efficiency
of the Carnot engine .
 The fig . (1) shows the P  V diagram for the
Carnot cycle and fig. (2) shows the T – S diagram
for the same Carnot cycle .

 From the T – S diagram we can observe that during


isothermal process AB , system absorbs Q1 heat at
temperature T1 which is given by

𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 ........ (1)
 During second isothermal process CD system
releases Q2 heat at temp. T2 .

 During both adiabatic process BC and DA entropy of


system remains constant and dQ = 0 .

 The work done during entire cycle is

𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 .... (2)

 The efficiency of the Carnot engine is given by

𝑾 ( 𝑺𝟐 𝑺𝟏 ) (𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐 )
 𝑸𝟏 𝑻𝟏 ( 𝑺𝟐 𝑺𝟏 )
( from 1 & 2 )

𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐 𝑻𝟐
 𝑻𝟏
 𝑻𝟏
...... (3)

 The eqn. (6) gives the efficiency of the Carnot engine.

* State and explain the entropy principle :


 On the basis of different processes it is observed
that in all the irreversible processes and reversible
isothermal the entropy of universe increases while
only in case of reversible adiabatic process entropy
doesn’t change.

 Thus, principle of entropy can be stated as


“ in every process taking place in the universe
either entropy of the universe increases or it
remains constant . “

 The fig. shows P  V diagram for an ideal gas . The


initial state of system is .
Step - 1 : In this step gas expands through irreversible
adiabatic process and comes to the state . If 𝒊 and

𝒇 is the initial and final entropies then change in


entropy is 𝒇 𝒊 ........ (1)

 But 𝒇 𝒊

Step – 2 : In this step system goes from to k through


reversible adiabatic process so, entropy remains same .
i.e. 𝒇 𝒌 . Hence , from (1) 𝒌 𝒊

 But 𝒌 𝒊

Step – 3 : In this step system comes in contact with the


sink of large heat capacity having temp. and
compresses reversible isothermally .

 The amount of heat lost by system is given as

𝒋 𝒌 𝒌 𝒋

 But 𝒌 𝒋
Step – 4 : In this step system is brought back to state
through reversible adiabatic process. So, entropy of
system remains same i.e. 𝒋 𝒊 .

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