PRACTICAL MANUAL

For

WEED MANAGEMENT
AES 294 3(2+1)

For B. Sc. (Agriculture) II Year (IV Semester)

Dr Yogeshwar Singh
Dr Neelam Bisen

2020

Department of Agronomy
College of Agriculture
Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University
Jhansi-284003
Syllabus AES 294 3(2+1):
Techniques of weed preservation. Weed identification and their losses study. Biology of important
weeds. Study of herbicide formulations and mixture of herbicide. Herbicide and agrochemicals study.
Shift of weed flora study in long term experiments. Study of methods of herbicide application, spraying
equipments. Calculations of herbicide doses and weed control efficiency and weed index.
Note: Students should submit 50 pressed and well-mounted specimens.

Name of Student .........................................................................................

Roll No. ..........................................................................................................

Batch ............................................................................................................

Session ........................................................................................................

Semester ......................................................................................................

Course Name : ............................................................................................

Course No. : .................................................................................................

Credit .............................................................................................................

Published: 2020
No. of copies: ……..
Price: Rs.
©RLBCAU, Jhansi

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Shri./Km. .................................................................ID No..................................... has

completed the practical of course...........................................................................................course No. ................
as per the syllabus of B.Sc. (Hons.) Agriculture/ Horticulture/ Forestry ............ semester in the
year.....................in the respective lab/field of College.

Date: Course Teacher

 Contents
S.No Topic Page No.
1. To study techniques of weed preservation

2. To identify weeds

3. To study losses incurred due to weeds

4. To study loss in quality incurred due to weeds

5. To study biology of important weeds

6. To study herbicide formulations and mixtures of herbicides

7. To study herbicide and nutrient compatibility

8. To study shift of weed flora in long term experiments

9. To study methods of herbicide application

10. To study about the equipment used for application of herbicides

11. To study spray nozzle

12. To study cleaning and maintenance of sprayers

13. Calculation of herbicide doses

14. To study calibration of spray pump

15. To study weed control efficiency

16. To study weed index

 PRACTICAL No. 1
Objective: To study techniques of weed preservation
Materials Required: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Procedure:
Collection of weed sample: ………………………….…...……………………………………………………………….
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Pressing and drying of collected specimen: ……………………………………………………….............................
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Mounting on herbarium sheet ……………………………………………………………………………………..
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Preparation and tagging

Particular
Ref. No.
Location and Habitat:
Common name (English):
Local Name:
Scientific Name:
Description:
Collectors Address:
Date & Time:

Preservation………………………………………………………..………………………………........................
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 PRACTICAL No. 2
Objective: To identify weeds
Activity: Collect thirty weed plants from the nearby areas and prepare herbarium with the following
details in it:

S. English name Local name Scientific name Group Family Remarks

No.
1 Bermuda grass Doobh Cynodon dactylon Narrow leaf Poaceae Perennial, adventitious roots,
stolon
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List of identified weeds

S.No. English name Scientific name Group Family Remarks

1.
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20.
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25.
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33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
 PRACTICAL No. 3
Objective: To study losses incurred due to weeds
Activity: The yield losses due to weeds can be estimated as below:

Estimation of losses due to weeds in major crops

Particular Yield from weedy plot Yield from treated plot % Yield losses
Maize
Moong Bean
Urd Bean
Wheat
Mustard

Conclusion:
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 PRACTICAL No. 4
Objective: To study loss in quality incurred due to weeds
Activity: The loss in quality due to weeds can be estimated as below:
Weed seed counts in crop seeds (No/kg seed)
Crop Name of the weed species
1 2 3 4 5 6

Conclusion:
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 PRACTICAL No. 5
Objective: To study biology of important weeds
Activity: The students will study biology of 8 most common weeds representing monocots and dicots
present in Agronomy farm. They will note down the salient characteristics given below:
Weed Biology
1. Leaf
Stem
Branches
Flower
Roots
Fruits
Seed
Special Point
Growth duration
Category
Nature
Leaf
Stem
Branches
Flower
Roots
Fruits
Seed
Special Point
Growth duration
Category
Nature
Leaf
Stem
Branches
Flower
Roots
 Fruits
Seed
Special Point
Growth duration
Category
Nature
5 Leaf
Stem
Branches
Flower
Roots
Fruits
Seed
Special Point
Growth duration
Category
Nature
Leaf
Stem
Branches
Flower
Roots
Fruits
Seed
Special Point
Growth duration
Category
Nature
Leaf
Stem
Branches
Flower
Roots
Fruits
Seed
Special Point
Growth duration
Category
Nature
Leaf
Stem
Branches
Flower
Roots
Fruits
Seed
Special Point
Growth duration
Category
Nature
Leaf
Stem
Branches
Flower
Roots
Fruits
Seed
Special Point
Growth duration
Category
Nature
 PRACTICAL No. 6
Objective: To study herbicide formulations and mixtures of herbicides
Activity: Identify the given herbicide and study about its formulation

S. No. Common Name Trades Name Formulation Manufacturer

 PRACTICAL No. 7
Objective: To study herbicide and nutrient compatibility
Procedure:……..……………………………………………………………………………………………………..………
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Observation:

S.No. Herbicide Fertilizer Compatible/Non-compatible

Interpretation: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
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 PRACTICAL No. 8
Objective: To study shift of weed flora in long term experiments
Activity:

Season Treatment Weed flora Relative proportion (%)

Initial years Middle years Current Status Initial Middle Current

Kharif

Rabi

Zaid

Interpretation:………………………………………..………………………………………………………..…………….
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 PRACTICAL No. 9
Objective: To study methods of herbicide application
SOIL APPLICATION
Surface application:………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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Band application:……………………………………..………………………………………………………………………
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Fumigation Application………………………..……………………………………………………………………………
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FOLIAR APPLICATION
Blanket spray:……………………………………………………..………………………………..…………………………
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Directed spray: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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 PRACTICAL No.10
Objective: To study about the equipment used for application of herbicides.
Activity1: Students first identify the sprayer and write about their functions
Pump ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Tank: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Agitator: …………………..…………………………………………………………………………..………………………
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Pressure …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………
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Pressure regulator: ……………………..………………………………………………………….…………………………
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Activity2:
Draw the diagram of Knapsack spryer
 PRACTICAL No.11
Objective: To study spray nozzle
Flat fan:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...…….
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Solid cone: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…
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Flooding: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Broadcast fan: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……
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Activity: Draw the diagram of spray nozzle
 PRACTICAL No.12
Objectives: To study cleaning and maintenance of sprayers
Maintenance of Sprayers: ………………………………………….………………………………………………………
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Cleaning of Sprayers: ……………………………………………………………………………………..………………..
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 PRACTICAL No. 13
Objective: Calculation of herbicide doses
Materials: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Procedure:……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Activity: Determine the amount of formulated product Glycel 41 SL required to treat ........... ha of land if the
recommendation of glyphosate is 0.5 kg a.i. /ha.
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2. A herbicide contains active ingredient of 0.4 kg/litre and the desired rate of application is 1.5 kg/ha. Calculate
the quantity of herbicide required for ............. ha.
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3. Calculate amount of 2,4-D amine salt required for spraying a pond .......... m in length, .......... m width and
........... m average depth infested with water hyacinth. Recommended dose of herbicide is 10 ppm.
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 PRACTICAL No.14
Objective: To study calibration of spray pump
Materials………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Method of calibration: Preparation of sprayer
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Determination of nozzle discharge
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Determination of spray volume,
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Determination of walking speed
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Determination of swath
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Observation
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Activity: If 50 metres were covered while spraying a solution (water) of 4 litres with a swath width of 1 metre,
the volume required for one hectare would be?
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 PRACTICAL No. 15
Objective: To study weed control efficiency
Procedure:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………
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Weed control efficiency :……………………………………………………………………………… …………… ……
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Acitivity 1: In a weed control experiment in groundnut, dry weight of weeds in weedy check plot was ...............kg
ha-1, whereas, for herbicides x and y, it was ................ and .................. kg ha-1, respectively. Find out
which herbicide is better.
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 PRACTICAL No. 16
Objective: To study weed index
Procedure:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Weed Index: ……………………………………………………………………………… …………… …… …
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Activity 1: A weed free plot of maize has given yields of .................... kg/ha, whereas atrazine and simazine
treated plots have given yields of ......................... kg and ...................... kg/ha respectively, calculate
weed index and give which herbicide is better in the two?
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 APPENDICES
TECHNIQUES OF WEED PRESERVATION
Materials: Herbarium sheets (Appendix), wooden block press, blotting papers or newspapers, pencil/ marker, adhesive tape.
Procedure The scientific method of weed collection and preparation of herbarium consists of the following important steps:
Collection of weed sample: The weeds with height of about 15 to 20 cm are uprooted carefully along with roots. The
specimen should contain all parts of the weed plant including root, stem, leaves, flowers and fruits. For good identification,
no part of the plant should be excluded. A large plant may be divided into 2 or more sections, each pressed separately.
However, excess branches or leaves may be removed provided remaining leaves and branches truly represent the plant. If
the plants are very small, more number of specimens of the sample plant should be collected.
Pressing and drying of collected specimen: The weed specimens uprooted are first cleaned and kept on
blotting/newspaper paper by keeping the leaves, roots and flowers in proper position and covered by another paper. Plants
with long stem or leaves may be folded into V, N or W bends. Sufficient weight should be kept on the upper paper to press
the weeds. All the moisture is absorbed by these two blotting papers from the weed sample overnight. Next day the weight
is removed and the weeds are transferred to another dry paper, by changing the position of the sample exactly reverse and
are covered with dry blotting paper. Again, sufficient weight is kept to press the sample. In this way the paper is changed 2
to 3 times by changing the position, of weed every time to absorb moisture from all parts of weed plant. When the specimen
dries completely, it is ready for preservation.
Mounting on herbarium sheet: After the weed samples are dried, they are mounted on herbarium sheets. The herbarium
sheet should be of good quality and medium in weight. The specimens are placed in the center of the sheet. Glue or narrow
strips of adhesive tape (preferably both sided) are used to mount the specimens on the herbarium sheet.
Preparation and tagging
Collection of information: The collector of weed specimen should record useful information at the time of the sample
collection. The data may be written either on the edge of same paper in which weed specimen will be brought from field to
laboratory or a diary may be used citing some reference number for a particular weed specimen. The following information
should be gathered:
 Location: Name of the village or town nearby the field and its distance and direction from the known town for exact location, the
district may be mentioned.
 Date: The date should be clearly mentioned with day, month and year.
 Habitat: Name of place with ecological conditions viz., field, pasture, roadside weeds, hillside, sand dune, canal side, sun or shade,
moisture conditions (dry, moist, wet. etc.) should be mentioned.
 Occurrence of weeds: A weed under consideration should be described in relativity of number of other species of weeds. For this
purpose, an arbitrary scale of comparison using terms like rare, occasional, frequent, common and abundant may be followed.
 Noting of essential characteristics: Nature- Annual, biennial, perennial; Root - Tap, fibrous, adventitious, shallow, deep;
Stem/branches - Woody, herbaceous, erect, spreading, trailing, prostrate; Leaves - Simple, compound, narrow, broad; Flower - Shape,
colour, fragrance
 Features of special reference: Some plants in nature are known for their special characteristics in terms of fragrance, colour, leaf
curling, stinging hairs, presence of thorns, double colour of leaves, milky juice of stem or leaves, habitat of growth, stickiness etc. The
specific characteristics of plant along with right stage of growth and development of the plant should be mentioned.
 Miscellaneous points of interest: A collector by his own wisdom or discussion with local people may collect valuable and rare
information about a weed specimen.
This includes special use, preference shown by insect-pest, industry, special control measure, anything special about
dissemination and propagation.
Format of identification label: The lower right-hand corner of the herbarium sheet should bear the label containing the
information as described in the exercise.
Preservation: The individual labelled specimens should be arranged in weed albums when the collections are small and or
herbarium cabinets for large collections and long-term preservation. Album is a book with blank pages for the insertion and
preservation of weed collections. A weed herbarium (plural: herbaria) is a collection of preserved weeds mounted, labelled,
and systematically arranged for use in scientific study.
Certain weeds plants are soft, bulky, or otherwise not amenable to drying and mounting on sheets. For these
plants, other methods of preparation and storage may be used. For example, conifer cones and palm fronds may be stored
in labelled boxes. Representative flowers, fruits, fleshy roots or stems may be pickled in formaldehyde to preserve their
three-dimensional structure. Weed seeds are often air-dried and packaged in small paper/polythene envelopes or kept in
small glass jars. No matter the method of preservation, detailed information on where and when the plant was collected,
habitat, colour (since it may fade over time), and the name of the collector is usually included.
 IMPORTANT COMMON WEEDS

Bermuda grass Crab grass Foxtail Goose grass

Cynodon dectylon Digitarias anguinalis Setaria viridis Eleusine indica

Quack grass Spikesedges Water grass Yellow nutsedge

Panicum repens Kyllinga brevifolia Echinochloa colona Cyperus esculentus

Crowfoot grass Barnyard grass Nut grass Day flower

Dactyloctenium aegyptium Echinochloa crusgalli Cyperus rotundus Commelina benghalensis

Canada thistle Common chickweed Carpe tweed Chicory

Cirsium arvense Stellaia media Mullogo verticillata Cichorium intybus

Goat weed Blue pimpernel Feather love grass Common cocklebur

Ageratum conyzoides Anagallis arvensis Eragrostis tenella Xanthium strumarium

Dandelion Bhrung Raj Gulf leaf flower Wild carrot weed

Araxacum officinale Eclipta alba Phyllanthus niruri Parthenium hysterophorus
 Sickle pod Tridex daisy Pattarchatta Yellow berried nightshade
Cassia tora Tridax procumbens Trianthema portulacastrum Solanum xanthocarpum

Lambs quarter Common sedges Red sprangle Datura

Chenopodium album Cyperus difformis Leptochloa chinensis Datura stramonium

Amaranthus Ground cherry Wild jute Black nightshade

Amaranthus viridis Physalis minima Corchorus tridens Solanum nigrum

Alligator weed Canarygrass Wild oat Corn spurry

Alternanthera philoxeroides Phalaris minor Avena fatua Spergula arvensis

Tigergrass Field bind weed

Saccharum spontaneum Convolvulus arvensis

WEED BIOLOGY

Morphology of the plant

Leaf: Colour, size, shape, arrangement
Stem: Colour, size, nature (erect, prostrate, angular trailing etc.) nodes and internodes, solid, hollow, woody and tender etc.
Branches: Branched, unbranched, pattern and arrangement
Flowers: Colour, size, type of inflorescence
Roots/underground parts: Shallow, deep, tap root, adventitious, root colour, rhizomes, nuts, bulb etc.
Juncture points: Note the colour, shape, size of any plant part like hair, ligule, auricle, glands etc. present at the joining
point of stem with root, leaf with stem, inflorescence with the main stem / branch etc.
Fruits / seeds: Colour, size, shape
Special points: Nature of plant sap (milky, juicy, gum etc.) and its colour, special modification on the plant etc.
Growth duration: Annual / biennial/perennial
Categorization in broad groups: Grasses / sedges /broadleaf
Nature: Associated, crop bound, parasitic, facultative, obligate
 COMMON WEEDS

S.No. English name Scientific name Family

KHARIF
1. Running grass Brachiaria reptans Poaceae
2. Crow foot grass Dactyloctenium aegyptium Poaceae
3. Crab grass Digitaria sanguinalis Poaceae
4. Indian goose grass Eleusine indica Poaceae
5. Red sprangletop Leptochloa chinensis Poaceae
6. Water grass Echinochloa colona Poaceae
7. Barnyard grass Echinochloa crusgalli Poaceae
8. Love grass Eragrostis pilosa Poaceae
9. Feather love grass Eragrostis tenella Poaceae
10. Knot grass Paspalum distichum Poaceae
11. Seashore paspalum Paspalum vaginatum Poaceae
12. Rough bristle foxtail Setaria verticillata Poaceae
13. Green foxtail Setaria viridis Poaceae
14. Hedgehog sedge Cyperus compressus Cyperaceae
15. Rice flat sedge Cyperus iria Cyperaceae
16. Erect horse weed Conyza stricta Astereceae
17. Jimson weed Datura stramonium Solanaceae
18. Smooth pigweed Amaranthus viridis Amaranthaceae
19. Spiny pigweed Amaranthus spinosus Amaranthaceae
20. False amaranth Digera arvensis Amaranthaceae
21. False amaranth Digera muricata Amaranthaceae
22. Creeping chaff weed Alternanthera sessilis Amaranthaceae
23. Alligator weed Alternanthera philoxeroides Amaranthaceae
24. Blistering ammannia Ammannia baccifera Lythraceae
25. Pink node flower Caesulia axillaris Astereceae
26. Day flower Commelina benghalensis Commelinaceae
27. Spreading day flower Commelina diffusa Commelinaceae
28. Slender day flower Commelina erecta Commelinaceae
29. Wild jute Corchorus tridens Tiliaceae
30. Pill pod spurge Euphorbia hirta Euphorbiaceae
31. Painted spurge Euphorbia heterophylla Euphorbiaceae
32. Petty spurge Euphorbia prostrata Euphorbiaceae
33. Shrubby spurge Euphorbia microphylla Euphorbiaceae
34. Ground cherry Physalis minima Solanaceae
35. Cockle bur Xanthium strumarium Astereceae
36. Indian turnsole/Devil weed Heliotropium indicum Boraginaceae
37. Black nightshade Solanum nigrum Solanaceae
38. False Daisy Eclipta alba Astereceae
39. Yellow spider flower Cleome viscosa Brassicaceae
40. Purselane Portulaca oleracea Portulaceae
41. Desert horse purslane Trianthema portulacastrum Aizoaceae
42. Puncture vine Tribulus terrestris Zygophylaceae
43. Gulf leaf flower Phyllanthus niruri Euphorbiaceae
44. Indian sorrel Oxalis corniculata Oxalidaceae
45. Rattle pod Crotalaria medicaginea Fabaceae
46. Coffee weed/ Sickle pod Cassia tora Fabaceae
47. Creeping indigo Indigo feralinnaei Fabaceae
48. Tiger foot morning glory Ipomoea pestigridis Convolvulaceae
49. Blue morning glory Ipomoea nil Convolvulaceae
50. Wild carrot weed Parthenium hysterophorus Astereceae
51. Tridex daisy Tridax procumbens Astereceae
52. Hair sedge Bulbostylis barbata Cyperaceae
53. Grasslikefimbry Fimbristylis tenera Cyperaceae
54. Common sedge Cyperus difformis Cyperaceae
55. Yellow berried night shade Solanum xanthocarpum Solanaceae
56. Golden daisy Vicoa indica Astereceae
57. Chicken weed Euphorbia thymifolia Euphorbiaceae
58. Common spurge Croton sparsiflorus Euphorbiaceae
59. Purslane Portulaca grandiflora Portulaceae
60. Purslane Porlulaca quadrifida Portulaceae
61. Pink wood sorrel Oxalis maritiana Oxalidaceae
62. Little ironweed Vernonia cinerea Asteraceae
63. Wild buckweed Polygonum glabrum Polygonaceae
64. Small knotweed Polygonum plebeium Polygonaceae
65. Coffee senna Cassia occidentalis Fabaceae
66. Arrowhead Sagittaria sagittifolia Alismaracese
67. Frogfruit Lipian odiflora Verbenaceae
68. Hairy slitwort Linderniaciliata Serofulariaceae
69. Purple spikerush Eleocharis atropurpurea Cyperaceae
70. Green foxtail Setariag lauca Poaceae
RABI
71. Wild oat Avena fatua Poaceae
72. Sweet grass Poa annua Poaceae
73. Beard grass Polypogonmon speliensis Poaceae
74. Poison rye grass Lolium temulentum Poaceae
75. Canary grass Phalaris minor Poaceae
76. Wild onion Asphodelus tenuifolius Liliaceae
77. Barrel clover Medicago truncatula Fabaceae
78. California bur clover Medicago polymorpha Fabaceae
79. Toothed bur clover Medicago denticulate Fabaceae
80. Wild fenugreek Trigonella polycerata Fabaceae
81. Common lambsquarter Chenopodium album Chenopodiaceae
82. Nettle leaf Chenopodium murale Chenopodiaceae
83. Green field-Speedwell Veronica agrestis Scropulariaceae
84. Stone seed Lithospermum arvense Boraginaceae
85. Canaigre dock Rumex hymenosepalus Polygonaceae
86. Sour dock Rumex dentatus Polygonaceae
87. Dock/Sorrel Rumex spinosus Polygonaceae
88. Blue daisy Cichorium intybus Asteraceae
89. Wild safflower Carthamus oxyacantha Asteraceae
90. Maxican poppy Argemone mexicana Papaveraceae
91. Perennial saw thistle Sonchus arvensis Asteraceae
92. Little mellow Malvaparviflora Malvaceae
93. Meadow pea Lathyrus aphacaora Fabaceae
94. Grass pea Lathyrus sativus Fabaceae
95. Blue pimpernel Anagallis arvensis Primulaceae
96. Chickweed Stellaria media Caryophyllaceae
97. Hairy vetch Vicia hirsute Fabaceae
98. Vetch Vicia Sativa Fabaceae
99. Yellow sweet clover Melilotu sindicus Fabaceae
100. White sweet clover Melilotus alba Fabaceae
101. Fumatory Fumaria parviflora Fumariaceae
102. Garden cress Coronopus didymus Brassicaceae
103. Corn spurry Spergula arvensis Caryophyllaceae
104. Cutleaf evening primrose Oenotheralaciniata Onagraceae
105. Wild dog flower Antirrhinum orontium Scrophulariaceae
PERENNIAL WEEDS
106. Nut grass Cyperus rotundus Cyperaceae
107. Jhonson grass Sorghum halepense Poaceae
108. Tiger grass Saccharum spontaneum Poaceae
109. Bermuda grass Cynodon dactylon Poaceae
110. Field bind weed Convolvulus arvensis Convolvulaceae
111. Blush morning glory Ipomoea carnea Convolvulaceae
112. Prickly pear Opuntia dillenii Cactaceae
113. Canada thistle Cirsium arvense Astereceae
114. Kidney weeds Dichondra repens Convolvulaceae
115. Maddar root Calotropis procera Asolepiadaceae
116. Lantana Lantana camara Verbinaceae
117. Goat weed Ageratum conyzoides Astereceae
118. Halfa grass Desmostachya bipinnata Poaceae
119. Congo grass Imperata cylindrica Poaceae
120. Marvel grass Dichanthium annulatum Poaceae
121. Spiderling Boerhavia diffusa Nyctaginaceae
122. Alyce clover Alysicarpus vaginalis Fabaceae
123. Spanish needle Bidens pilosa Asteraceae
124. Dallis grass Paspalum dilatatum Poaceae
125. Caesar’s weed Urena lobata Malvaceae
PARASITIC WEEDS
126. Loranthus Loranthus micranthus Loranthaceae
127. Dodder Cuscuta reflexa Convolvulaceae
128. Dodder Cuscuta chinensis Convolvulaceae
129. Dodder Cuscuta europaea Convolvulaceae
130. Witch weed Striga lutea Scropulariaceae
131. Egyptian broomrape Orobanche aegyptiaca Orabanchaceae
132. Broomrape Orobanche cernua Orabanchaceae
133. Hemp broomrape Orobanche ramosa Orabanchaceae
AQUATIC WEEDS
134. Water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes Pontederiaceae
135. White water lily Nymphaea alba Nymphaeaceae
136. Water lettuce Pistia stratiotes Araceae
137. Four leaf water clover Marsilea hirsuta Marsileaceae
138. Common reed Phragmitesaustralis Poaceae
139. Arrowhead Sagittaria subulata Alismataceae
140. Cattail Typha latifolia Typhaceae
141. Narrow leaf cattail Typha angustifolia Typhaceae
142. Hydrilla Hydrilla verticillata Hydrocharitaceae
143. Hornwort Ceratophyllum demersum Ceratophyllaceae
144. Pond weed Potamogeton perfoliatus Potamogetanaceae
145. Parrot’s feather Myriophyllum aquaticum Haloragaceae
146. Mosquito fern Azolla filiculoides Salviniaceae
147. Crested floating heart Nymphoide scristata Menyanthaceae
148. Water spangles Salvinia minima Salviniaceae
149. Duckweed Wolffia arrhizal Lemnaceae
150. Common duck weed Lemna minor Araceae
151. Eel grass Vallisneria spiralis Hydrocharitaceae
152. Pond weed Potamogetonpe ctinatus Potamogetonaceae
153. Pond weed Potamogeton crispus Potamogetonaceae
154. Hornwort Ceratophyllum demersum Ceratophylaceae
155. Lotus Nelumbolutea Nymphaceae
156. Great duck weed Spirodela polyrhiza Lamnaceae
157. Bulrushes Cyperus papyrus Cyperaceae
158. Indian pennywort Centella asiatica Umbelliferae
159. Water hyssop Bacopamonnieri Scrophulariaceae
160. Chinese water chestnut Trapanatans Trapaceae
161. Blue speedwell Veronica anagallis Plantagonaceae
 162. Water primrose Ludwigiarepens Onagraceae
163. Water primrose Ludwigia inclinata Onagraceae
164. Water primrose Ludwigia ovalis Onagraceae
165. Water primrose Ludwigia palustris Onagraceae
166. Water primrose Ludwigia pantanal Onagraceae

HERBICIDE FORMULATIONS
The first way in which formulations are classified is LIQUID or DRY. All liquids are applied through sprayers or spot
applicators. Dry products can be diluted in water and applied as a spray, or applied directly as granules or pellets.
TYPES OF FORMULATIONS:
Emulsifiable concentrate (E.C.): An emulsifiable concentrate formulation usually contains the active ingredient, one or
more petroleum solvents, and an emulsifier that allows the formulation to be mixed with water. When an emulsifiable
concentrate herbicide is added to water, the mixture becomes 'milky'. Emulsions require some degree of agitation to prevent
separation. e.g. Basalin 45 EC.
Wettable powder (W.P.) Herbicide materials of low solubility may be milled into fine powder that makes stable suspension
in water. Wettable powders require continuous agitation to prevent their setting and to give a uniform level of chemical in the
spray e.g. Atrazine 50 % WP.
Soluble powder (S.P.): These can be dissolved in convent amounts of water and sprayed efficiently. Salts of most
herbicides are soluble in water e.g. Dalapon and sodium salt of 2,4-D etc.
Soluble concentrate (S.C.): Herbicides which are available in the form of soluble liquids and can be easily added to water,
e.g. Dicamba and 2,4-D.
Granules (G.): The granules are small pellets formed from various inert clays and sprayed with a solution of the toxicant to
give the desired content. After the solvent has evaporated the granules are packed for use, eg. Butachlor Granules.
TRADE NAME AND FORMULATION OF COMMON HERBICIDES
S. No. Common Name Trades Name Formulation Manufacturer
1. Fenoxaprop Acclaim Extra 0.57E Bayer
2. Quizalofop Assure II 0.88EC Corteva
3. Pinoxaden Axial 0.83EC Syngenta
4. Clethodim Envoy 0.94EC Valent
5. Fluazifop Fusilade DX 2 EC Syngenta
6. Diclofop Hoelon 3 EC Bayer
7. Diclofop Illoxan 3 EC Bayer
8. Fluazifop-P Ornamec 0.5 EC PBI Gordon
9. Pinoxaden Manuscript 0.42EC Syngenta
10. Sethoxydim Poast 1.5 EC Microflo
11. Sethoxydim Poast Plus 1 EC Microflo
12. Quizalofop Provisia 0.88EC BASF
13. Fenoxaprop Ricestar HT 0.58EW Bayer
14. Clethodim Select 2 EC Valent
15. Clethodim TapOut 1 EC Helena
16. Quizalofop Targa 0.88C Gowan
17. Sethoxydim Vantage 1 EC BASF; Microflo
18. Nicosulfuron Accent Q 54.5 DF Corteva
19. Metsulfuron Ally XP 60 DF FMC
20. Imazapyr Arsenal A.C. 4 AC BASF
21. Primisulfuron Beacon 75 DF Syngenta
22. Imazamox Beyond 1S BASF
23. Imazapic Cadre 70 DG BASF
24. Sulfosulfuron Certainty 75 DF Valent
25. Imazapyr Chopper 2 SL BASF
26. Metsulfuron + chlor-Sulfuron (48% + 15%) Cimarron Plus 63 DF Bayer
27. Chlorimuron Classic 25 DF Corteva
28. Chlorsulfuron Corsair 75 WDG Nufarm
29. Rimsulfuron + Thifensulfuron Crusher 50 DF Cheminova
30. Trifloxysulfuron Envoke 75 DG Syngenta
 31. Florasulam Defendor 0.42 SC Corteva
32. Metsulfuron Escort 60 DF Bayer
33. Tribenuron Express 50 SG FMC
34. Cloransulam FirstRate 84 DF Corteva
35. Penoxsulam Grasp 2 EC Corteva
36. Imazapyr Habitat 2.0 lb/gal BASF
37. Halosulfuron Halo Max 75 75 WG Aceto
38. Thifensulfuron Harmony SG 50 DF FMC
39. Imazaquin Image 1.5 EC BASF
40. Imazosulfuron League 75 WG Valent
41. Flazasulfuron Katana 25 DF PBI Gordon
42. Bensulfuron Londax 60 DF UPL-NA

JAR TEST FOR COMPATIBILITY

The jar test may be used to test the compatibility of herbicides with each other or herbicides and other pesticides with liquid
fertilizers.
1. Add 1 pint of carrier (water, liquid fertilizer) each to two-quart jars. Mark the jars with an identifiable letter, number or
other means. Usually "with" and "without" is the most practical (representing with and without compatibility agent).
2. Add 1/4 teaspoon or 1.2 ml of compatibility agent to one jar (equivalent to 2 pints per 100 gallons of spray solution).
3. To each jar add the required amount of pesticide in the order suggested in the section on mixing herbicides Shake
well after each pesticide addition to simulate continuous agitation.
4. When all ingredients are added, shake both jars for 15 seconds and let stand for 30 minutes or longer. Then inspect
the mixture for flakes, sludge, gels, or non dispersible oils, all of which may indicate incompatibility.
i. If, after standing 30 minutes, the components in the jar with no compatibility agent are dispersed, the herbicides
are compatible and no compatibility agent is needed.
ii. If the components are dispersed only in the jar containing the compatibility agent, the herbicide is compatible only
if a compatibility agent is added.
iii. If the components are not dispersed in either jar, the herbicide-carrier mixture is not compatible and should not be
used.
SHIFT OF WEED FLORA STUDY IN LONG TERM EXPERIMENTS
Temporally repeated data sets can provide useful information about the management practices governing changes in the
arable weed flora. Survey including floristic samplings to be done by the students in an ongoing long term weed control
experiment are to be compared, analysed and interpreted in light of previous data set already published in the annual
reports of AICRP-Weed Control, ICAR-DWR, Jabalpur. Simple proportional occurrence can be used to interpret the results
of the initial, middle and current invasion in the particular season

EQUIPMENTS USED FOR APPLICATION OF HERBICIDES

Pump: Any spray liquid must be atomized before it leaves the spray nozzle. The pump provides the necessary pressure for
this purpose.
TYPES OF PUMPS:
Air Compression or Pneumatic pumps:
These pumps force air into an air tight tank containing spray liquids thus moving the spray liquid under pressure through the
nozzle for its atomization.
Hydraulic or Positive Displacement Pump: These pumps take in a definite volume of spray liquid and force it through the
delivery system under pressure. The pump differs in pressure they produce.
SOURCE OF POWER: It is needed to run the spray pumps. The source of power may be either a) Manual b) Traction c)
Motor d) Tractor and air craft engines.
Spray Tank: A sprayer may have either built in tank or a separate tank to carry spray liquid. The tank should be large
enough to avoid frequent refilling but not unhandy to carry. The tank is provided with a large opening fitted with a strainer
and cap to fill in the liquid. It is difficult to fill in liquid and clean the tank having small openings.
Agitator: It may be either mechanical or hydraulic purpose, to keep liquid spray homogenous. Mechanical agitators may be
of metal fan or rod etc. Hydraulic agitator consists of a pipe with several side holes and closed at its free end is placed in
the tank and it is fed with spray liquid from the pump. From these holes the liquid emerses as jets to provide agitation to the
whole body of the liquid. This is called as ‘By pass system’. Hydraulic agitation is not thorough but it is more convenient in
power sprayers using on large tank size. Sprayer without agitator should not be used to apply pesticide emulsion and
suspension.
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM: It includes Nozzle, Spray lance, Spray boom, Hose.
Nozzle: The function of spray nozzle is to break pressurized spray liquid into droplets for application to the target.
Lance: It is brass rod or 90 cm length attached to a delivery hose pipe of sprayer and fitted to its free end with a
replaceable nozzle. Herbicide spray lance is bent at its nozzle to form a goose neck. At the hose end it is provided with
trigger mechanism to control flow liquid for specific purpose. The spray lance may be fitted with plastic shields to prevent
chemical from drifting
Spray bar or Boom: It consists of a horizontal pipe on which 2 or several nozzles are fitted and spaced at 50 cm apart.
Boom length varies from 1 to 15 m. Short boom with 2-3 nozzles is used with manual sprayers, while longer ones with
tractor sprayers. The main advantage of spray boom over spray lance is wide swath it covers in each trip of the sprayer
over the field. Total width of land wetted by a boom can be adjusted to get either (i) Uniform spray (ii) Directed spray or (iii)
Band spray
Pressure regulator: It is fitted to heavy duty sprayers and tractor driven sprayers so as to run the sprayers at constant
pressure. Pressure gauge is provided to check pressure.
Nozzles are identified by Droplet size, Delivery and Spray pattern that they produce spray pattern is fixed for a herbicide
work, eight kinds of spray nozzles are common e.g.
Flat fan: Flat fan nozzles are available in two spray patterns viz. the tapped edge pattern and rectangular pattern. Tapped
edge pattern to apply pre and post emergence herbicide broadcasting, while rectangular pattern for the pre emergence bank
application of herbicides.
Solid cone nozzle produces medium size droplets. Good for pre and post emergence spray. Also used for surface
application of herbicides which gives fan like spray.
Triple action nozzles-diameter of the sprays can be easily changed during operating to produce either coarse or fine spray.
Broad cast fan nozzles are used for spraying on unwanted vegetation, road side fence, rows etc. it gives wide coverage of
5 to 8 m with coarse droplets on emulsion to avoid drift.
Blast nozzle: Motorized sprayers blowers employ blast nozzles. These nozzles feed the spray liquid into the air steam to
split it into droplets and carry the droplets by the velocity of the wind.

Even Flat-Fan Twin Orifice Flat- Extended Range Standard Flat- Full-Cone Solid-Cone Fine Hollow-
Fan Flat-Fan Fan Cone

PROCEDURE FOR CLEANING AND MAINTENANCE OF SPRAYER

1. Remove and clean all screens and boom extensions with kerosene and a small brush.
2. Mix one box of detergent with 30 gallons of water in tank. Circulate through by pass system or 30 minutes and the drain
out.
3. Replace the screens and the boom extensions.
4. Fill the tank 1/3 rd to ½ with one part of hose hold ammonia to 49 parts of water. Circulate this mixture through the pump
and nozzles. Let the remaining solution stand overnight and then run it over through the nozzle.
5. Flush with two tanks full of clean waters spraying through the boom with the nozzle removed.
CALCULATING PROPER QUANTITIES OF HERBICIDES
Herbicides are usually applied in the form of solution or granules. Solution formulations are applied using sprayers. Granules
are generally mixed in sand and applied manually or with the use of applicator. Correct dose of herbicide application is
important for effective control of weeds.
To calculate the herbicide dose, first account for the dosage (Kg a.i./ha) of chemical required for the crop and active
ingredient of herbicide to be used. The quantity of herbicide requirement may be computed by using the formula,
Commercially, the herbicides are available either in solid or liquid form. On the label of the containers you will found a.e.=
Acid equivalent or a.i. active ingredient for liquids and g/lit solids
Active Ingredient (a.i.): It is that part of a chemical formulation which is directly responsible for herbicidal effect. Generally
expressed as % by weight or by volume. Thus, the commercial herbicide production is made up of two parts i.e. the effective
part and the inert part.
Acid equivalents (a.e.): Some herbicides like phenoxy acetic acid, picloram and chloramben etc. are active organic acid
but many of these generally supplied in the form of their salts and esters.
e.g. 2-4 D is available in the form of ester, sodium salt or amine salt. The theoretical yield of the acid in such herbicide
formulation is called its acid equivalent. In case of Na salt of 2-4 D. The acid equivalent is 92.5%, which means 2-4 D is 92.5
% in sodium salt.
CALIBRATION OF HERBICIDE SPRAY EQUIPMENT
Generally, herbicides are applied in the form of solution. Process of finding out the exact quantity of water required for
spraying unit area is called calibration. Sprayer is the basic equipment used for application of herbicides. Proper application
of herbicide depends upon the proper adjustment of all the basic components of a sprayer.
Spray pattern varies according to nozzle type, orifice size, spraying pressure, nozzle spacing and boom height. Therefore,
for uniform spraying of herbicides with good efficiency, it is necessary to calibrate the amount of water to be applied, speed
of walking, pressure to be maintained etc. The main aim of calibration is to adjust the application pressure and application
speed (walking speed) to get the desired volume.
Materials: Sprayer (Knapsack), buckets, water, measuring tape, graduated cylinders, timeclock.
Method of calibration: The method of calibration of a sprayer consists of following steps:
Preparation of sprayer
 Remove and clean the nozzle
 Rinse the pressure and fill up with clean water and build up pressure
 Flush pump, hoses and lance with the clean water after removing the nozzle and strainers.
 Readjust the nozzle and strainers.
 Refill tank
 Now sprayer is ready for spray operation
Determination of nozzle discharge
 Keep the sprayer on the ground, fill up it with water and build up pressure
 Now take a bucket and dip the nozzle in it. Spray water for 5 minutes into bucket. Shut off the valve exactly at the end of five
minutes.
 Measure volume of water collected in bucket with the help of graduate cylinder
 Repeat the operation for three times.
 Determine the average reading. This is the nozzle discharge or flow rate expressed in litres / minute.
Determination of spray volume, measure and mark an area of 50sq.m with the help of a measuring tape. Spray the water
in this measured area of 50 sq.m. Determine the volume of spray delivered from the tank.
Determination of walking speed
 Mark a starting point on bare soil surface with a stick.
 Adjust the prepared sprayer on the back and operate pumping, directing lance and nozzle within spray swath.
 Walk at a normal and constant speed exactly for five minutes.
 Measure the distance covered in five minutes.
 Repeat the operation for three times.
 Express the average walking speed in metres /minute.
 Do the same operation in the crop planted field and determine the average walking speed.
Determination of swath: Mark in the field an area having width equal to the swath (the distance up towhich the spray falls
on the ground on a fixed height). The spray lance could be held constant while walking forward but could be swung from left
to right.
Observation: For proper calibration of a sprayer, following observations should be recorded.
a) Total distance travelled = d metre
b) Time taken for travelling distance‘d’metres = t min.
c) Swath width = x metres
d) Amount of water discharged at a given pressure = L litre.
Calculation
Spray volume =

Weed Control efficiency (WCE). It can also be worked out based on weed population or weed weight.
WCE (%) = [(Wpc – Wpt)/Wpc)] x 100
or [(Wwc – Wwt)/Wwc] x 100
Assuming:
Wpc : Weed population under control
Wpt : Weed population under treatment (hand weeding, herbicide application etc.)
Wwc : Weed weight under control
Wwt : Weed weight under treatment (hand weeding, herbicide application etc.)
In this case, the effect of a treatment is assessed from the point of view of weeds only. A treatment may reduce the weed
population but may not affect the yield of crop. The yield of crop may even decline due to phytotoxic effect of herbicide, despite
very good weed control. Such effects are not reflected in these parameters.
Weed index (WI): This parameter helps to measure the absolute effect of a treatment to reduce weed competition. It may be
defined as the reduction in yield due to the presence of weeds in comparison to no weed or weed-free treatment. In other words,
weed index expresses the competition offered by weeds as measured by percent reduction in yield owing to their presence in the
field. A negative value of WI indicates that yield is higher than in a weed-free treatment. This happens when a treatment
influences the yield favourably not only by controlling weeds but also by promoting crop growth, possibly through hormonal
effects of herbicide. Drawback in this parameter is that the effect of a treatment is considered only from crop yield point of view
and not from weeds.
Weed Index = Ya-Yb
Ya
Ya=Yield from weed free plot
Yb=Yield from the treated plot for which weed index is to be worked out