I.M.P.

S COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
NITYANANDAPUR, MALDA

INTERNSHIP & TRAINNING

AT
P.W. (ROADS) DIRECTORATE
[MALDA HIGHWAY DIVISION

[Public Works Department]

GOVT. OF WEST BENGAL

MALDA-732101
Submitted By

NAME : Samiran Lala

Dept. : Civil Engr.
Sem : 7th , 4th Year
Roll : 17001322033

Under the Guidance Of

[Assistant Engineer]
MALDA HIGHWAY SUB-DIVISION, MALDA
 GOVT. OF WEST BENGAL
OFFICE OF THE EXECUTIVE ENGINEER
MALDA HIGHWAY DIVISION
P.W (ROADS) DIRECTORATE
SINGATALA, MALDA – 732101

PROJECT WORK OF INTERNSHIP AND TRAINNING

{6TH September – 18th September}

Name : Samiran Lala

Dept. : Civil Engr.
College Name : IMPS COLLEGE OF ENGG. & TECHNOLOGY
College Code : 170
Reg. No. – 221700120063 OF 2022-23
Roll No. – 17001322035
Year – 4th
Semester – 7th
Submission Date – 18.11.24
 PREFACE
I, Samiran Lala, would like to express my gratefulness behind the fact that I have
been given the opportunity to complete my summer training and internship in
Malda Highway Division under P.W. (Roads) Directorate in the span of the
September 6th to 18th. I am pursuing my career in B.Tech. In Civil Engineering and
studying 4th year, 7th semester in the college named IMPS College of Engineering
& Technology, Malda. This project deals with some important topics related to the
training activities I have undergone. It is very difficult to go through each and every
aspects of Civil Engineering in such a short period of time but I have made every
attempt to cover the important topics that is useful as well as significant in this
field.
➢ THIS PROJECT REPORT INCLUDES:-

• A few site visits where widening and strengthening work is being

carried out.

• Some important laboratory and field tests namely

• Slump Test, (ii) Mix design & Compressive Strength Test of Cube
Mould, (iii) Proctor Density Test, (iv)California Bearing Ratio
Test, (v) DCP Test, (vi) Liquid Limit & Plastic Limit of Soil, (vii)
Field Dry Density Test by Sand Replacement Method, (viii)
Softening Point of Bitumen etc.

• Brief ideas about the field and its working procedures.

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is me heartfelt thanks Executive Engineer, Malda Highway
Division, Assistant Engineer, Malda Highway Sub-Division, And
Junior and others Engineer’s, of Malda Highway Sub-Division.
They expensed me their time regarding my training purpose and
built my knowledge in the field.
 INDEX
1. Concrete Slump Test.
2. Mix Design for M-40 grade Concrete & Compressive Strength Test
of Cube Mould.
3. MDD & OMC determination by Modified Proctor Test.
4. CBR value determination at MDD & OMC.
5. Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Test.
6. Liquid Limit & Plastic Limit of Soil.
7. Field Dry Density Test by Sand Replacement Method.
8. Determination of Softening Point of Bituminous Material by Ring-
Ball Apparatus.
 CONCRETE SLUMP TEST
[IS 7320-1974, IS 1199-1959, SP 23-1982]
➢ CONCEPT AND SIGNIFICANCE-
Slump is a measurement of concrete's workability, or fluidity.
It is an indirect measurement of concrete consistency or stiffness.
A slump test is a method used to determine the consistency of concrete. The
consistency, or stiffness, indicates how much water has been used in the mix. The
stiffness of the mix should be matched to the requirements for the finished product
quality.
The concrete slump test is used for the measurement of a property of fresh concrete.
The test is an empirical test that measures the workability of fresh concrete. More
specifically, it measures consistency between batches. The test is popular due to the
simplicity of apparatus and simple procedure.
➢ PRINCIPLE-
The slump test result is a measure of the behavior of a compacted inverted cone of
concrete under the action of gravity. It measures the consistency or the wetness of
concrete. Mould be moistened at the beginning of every test, and prior to lifting of
the mould the area immediately around the base of the cone should be cleaned from
concrete which may have dropped accidentally.
➢ APPARATUS-
(1) Slump cone
(II) Scale for measurement
(III) Tamping rod (Steel)
 ➢ PROCEDURE –
• The mould for the slump test is a frustum of a cone, 300mm (12 inch) of
height. The base is 200mm (8 inch) in diameter and it has a smaller opening at
the top of 100mm (4 inch).
• The base is placed on a smooth surface and the container is filled with
concrete in 3 layers, whose workability is to be tested.
• Each layer is tamped 25 times with a standard 16 mm (5/8 in) diameter steel
rod, rounded at the end.
• When the mould is completely filled with concrete, the top surface is struck
off (levelled with mould top opening) by means of screening and rolling
motion of temping rod
• The mould must be firmly held against its base during the entire operation so
that it could not move due to pouring of concrete and this can be done by
means of handles or foot-rests brazed to the mould.
• Immediately after filling is completed and the concrete is levelled, the cone is
slowly and carefully lifted vertically, an unsupported concrete will now slump.
• The decrease in height of the center of the slumped concrete is called slump.

➢ PRECAUTIONS -
In order to reduce the influence on slump of the variation in the surface friction, the
inside of the mould and its base should be moistened at the beginning of every test,
and prior to lifting of the mould the area immediately around the base of the cone
should be cleaned from concrete which may have dropped accidentally.
➢ OBSERVATIONS-
• Tested slump of concrete is 125 mm.
• Type of slump is Shear Slump.
Typical Mould for Slump Test

Slump Test
 MIX DESIGN OF M-40 (RCC) GRADE OF CONCRETE DONE (as per Section 1700 of
MORT&H-V, IS: 456-2000 & IS: 10262-2009) (Suitable for RCC Work/Open
Foundation)
Calculation of Design Mix of M-40 (RCC) Grade Concrete (as per Section 1700 of
MORT&H-V, IS: 456-2000 & 15:10262-2009)

A-1 Design Stipulations

(i) Grade Designation = M-40
(ii) Characteristics Compressive Strength required in the working site at 28 days
= 40.0 N/mm²
(iii) Maximum Size of Mineral Aggregate: 20.0 mm (Angular)

Workability : 50-75 mm (Slump) at the time of placing of concrete

[Table 1700-4, (SL-3), P-538 of MORT&H-V)

Degree of Quality Control(Supervision) : Good
1) Exposure Condition:Very Severe [Table 1700-2, Page-536 of MORT&H-V)
2) Method of Concrete Placing Without Pumping

A-2 Test Data of Materials

1) Cement used : OPC (RASHMI Cement), Conforming to IS: 269
(2)Specific Gravity of Cement : 3.15
(3)Specific Gravity of CA : 2.82
(4)Specific Gravity of FA : 2.64
(5)Sand Zone II
Water Absorption:
a) Coarse Agg. : 0.50%
b) Fine Agg : 0,00%
1 ) Free (Surface) Moisture

a) Coarse Agg. : Nil

b) Fine Agg : 2. 13% 0.0213
i) Super Plasticizer used : (Preferably N.S. base Superplasticizer) Used Sikament
2014 NS.
A-3 Grading of Stone Chips 20.0mm(as per Table – 2 of IS 380-1970 & 1000-1, P-442 of MORT & H-V)

Sample Taken 5000gm

Sieve Wt. of Retained Cum Wt. of Cum % Wt. Cum % Wt. Limit as per
(mm) (gms) Retained (gms) of Retained of Passing IS : 383-1970

40 0 0 0 100.0 100
20 240 240 4.80 95.20 85—100
10.0 4188 4428 88.56 11.44 0—20
4.75 532 4960 99.20 0.80 0—5

A-3 Grading of Stone Chips 20.0mm(as per Table – 2 of IS 380-1970 & 1000-1, P-442 of MORT & H-V)

Sample Taken 3000 gm

Sieve Wt. of Cum Wt. of Cum % Wt. Cum % Wt. Limit as per
(mm) Retained Retained of Retained of Passing IS : 383-1970
(gms) (gms)
12.5 0 0 0 100 100
10 188 188 6.27 93.73 85-100
4.75 2482 2670 89.00 11.00 0-20
2.36 324.0 2994 99.8 0.20 0-5

A-6 Grading of Sand [As per Table -4 IS 383-1970 & Table 1000-2, Page-443 of MORTH-V]
Sample Taken 100 gm
Sieve Wt. of Cum Wt. of Cum % Wt. Cum % Wt. Limit as per
(mm) Retained Retained of Retained of Passing IS : 383 T-
(gms) (gms) 1000-2
MORT & H-
V
4.75 0 0 0 100.0 90-100
2.36 1022 10.22 10.22 89.78 75-100
1.18 16.55 26.8 26.77 73.23 55-90 Zone-II
0.600 30.85 57.6 57.62 42.38 35-59
0.300 17.52 75.14 75.14 24.86 08-30
0.150 15.55 90.69 90.69 9.31 0-10
Pan 9.31 100.0 0 F.M. 2.60
Range : F.M. shall neither be less than 2.0 nor greater than 3.5 (as per Cl. 1008, P-443 of
MORT & H-V)
 A-6 All-In-aggregate Grading of C.A & Sand of 20.0 mm Size
[as per Table-5 of IS 383-1970] C.A. : : 64:36
Sieve Individual Grading % C.A. fraction & Sand Combined % Limit as per T-5
Cum. % of Passing 20 mm 10mm Sand of Passing of IS : 383-1970
mm 20.0 10.0 Sand 38.40% 25.6% 36% 100%
mm mm
40 100.0 100 100 38.40 25.60 36.00 100 100
20 95.20 100 100 36.56 25.60 36.00 98.16 95-100
4.75 0.80 11.00 100 0.31 2.82 36.00 39.12 30-55
0.600 0.00 0.0 42.38 0.00 0.00 15.26 15.26 10-35
0.150 0.00 0.0 9.31 0.00 0.00 3.35 3.35 0-6

(Hence 20 mm & 10 mm Stone Aggregate is to be blended 60: 40 to achieve combined grading by mass During
Construction stage, if individual grading vary time to time, they should be blended in such a way as to achieve
the combined grading mentioned above.)
A-8 i) Target Mean Strength
For a tolerance factor of t = 1.65 (Ref.t t = 1.65 as per IS 456-2000 & 10262-2004, Table-2CL 22 and using
(Table-3, Page 9 of IRC:44-200 & Table-1; Page 2 of IS: 10262-2009) for certain Standard Deviation (s)= 5N /
m m2, the target mean strength for specified characteristic Cube Strength is fck+txs fck Characteristic
compressive strength at 28 days f' * ck =fck+t^ * S Target mean strength (f' * ck) = 40 + 1.65 * 5 =48.25
N/mm2

Design Compressive Strength: 48.25 Mpa ( N / m m2)

(ii) Selection W.C Ratio:

As per 1700-2, Page-536 of MORT&H-V(2013) & T-5P-20 of IS 456-2000 W.C. is 0.40 (Max) of M-40 Grade
of Concrete for Very Severe exposures condition. Based on experience, adopt WC Ratio is 0.38 for RCC
Work. Hence (0.38 0.40). So O.K
iii) Selection of Water Content:

From Cl-4.2 Table-2 (A), Page 3 of IS: 10262-2009, the maximum water content = 186Kg / m * 3 for 20 mm
angular aggregate &for 25-50 mm Slump range. Estimated water content mm Slump at site 186+ [186 x (75-
50)/25 x 3%] 191.58 Kg
(Every 25 mm increment of Slump 3% water will be added as pe Cl. 4. 2 of IS: 10262-2009) As Sikament NS
2014 is used, water can be reduced upto 29%. The present trial exercise, a reduction of water content 10.74 %
has been assumed by adjusting suitably the doses of Superplasticizer. Hence the Estimated water Content will
be = 191.58(100 - 10.74) \% in Kg .= which is less than the maximum water content. 171.00
III) Selection of Cement Content:

Adopted W.C. ratio is 0.38 Water Content 171.00 Kg/ m3

Weight of Cement Content = 171/0.38 450.0 Kg/m3

From Table-5, Page-20 of IS: 456-2000 Minimum Cement Content for RCC members for very Severe exposure
condition is 340 Kg/m3 & Table-1700-2, Page-536 of MORT&H-V Minimum Cement Content for RCC very
Severe exposure condition is 380 Kg/m3. So, 450Kg / (m ^ 2) > 360/380 * Kg / (m ^ 2) Hence O.K.

A-9 Proportion of Volume of CA & FA Content:

From Table -6, Page 12 of IRC: 44-2008 & from Table -3, Page 3 of IS: 10262-2009, Volume of Coarse
Aggregate corresponding to 20.0 mm size aggregate and Sand (Zone-II) for W.C. ratio 0.50=0.62, in the present
case WC Ratio is 0.38. As the WC Ratio is lower by 0.12,So the proportion of volume of CA is increased by
0.024. (At the rate of -/+ 0.01 for every ± 0.05 change in WC Ratio). Therefore, Correct Proportion of Volume
of CA for the WC Ratio of 0.38 (0.62+0.024) 0.644
Volume of Sand = (1-0.644) 0.356
A-10 Mix Calculation (as per IS: 10262-2009) The mix calculation /unit volume of concrete shall be as
follows.

a)Volume of Concrete : 1 m3

b) Volume of Water : 0.171 m3

c) Volume of Cement : 0.1429 m3

d) Volume of Adm 0.70% by mass of cement Sikament 2014 NS] : 0.0026 m3

e) Volume of Silica Fume @ 0.00% by mass of cement: : 0.0000 m3

e) Volume of all in Aggregate ( I - (0.171 + 0.1429 + 0.0026 + 0) ] : 0,6835 m3

(f) Mass of Coarse Aggregate := \{0.6835 * 0.644 * 2.82 * 1000\} : 1241.3 Kg

g) Mass of Fine Aggregate = \{0.6835 * 0.356 * 2.64 * 1000\} : 642.41 Kg

A-11 Hence, The Mix Proportion by Mass/Weight becomes based on before adjustment of Water
absorption & Free (Surface) moisture of Sand & CA::
Water Cement Sand C.A. Admixture Silica Fume
171.00 450.0 642.410 1241.348 2.700 0.0
0.38 1 1.428 2.758 0.006 0
Coarse Aggregate used :

20.0 mm = 1241.384*60 % = 744.809 [All in Kg/m3]

10.0 mm = 1241.384*40 % = 469.539

Proportion
Cement 450.0 Kg 450.0 1
Sand (642.410+642.410x2.13)% Kg 656.094 1.458
C.A. (1241.348-1241.348x0.50%) Kg 1235.41 2.745
Admixture 450x0.70% Kg 2.700 0.006
Water [170.0-{(642.410*2.13)%- Kg 163.528 0.363
(1241.438*0.50)}]
Silica Fume Nil Kg 0 0
A-13 Observation of Trial Mix (Trial Cube Moulds prepared in SSD Condition) by mass /Weight :
Date of trial Mix Casting : 09.09.2024

Date of 7 Days Testing : 16.09.2024

Date of 18 days Testing : 18.09.2024

 TRIAL NO : 1 Trial Cube Moulds prepared in SSD Slump 72-74 mm(after 5 minutes)
Condition by Mass/Weight.. Of adding
Cement Grade/W:C 07 days Average 28days Average 28 Observation
used Compressive Compressive Compressive days
Strength Strength (N/mm2) Strength Compressive
(N/mm2) (N/mm2) Strength
(N/mm2)
450 M-40/0.38 43.11 50.67 Cohesive
Kg/m3 35.56 37.93 51.56 50.82 mix
OPC (IS-
269) 35.11 50.22
A-14 Mix Proportion based on by mass before adjustment of Water absorption & Free (Surface) moisture
of Sand & CA / m³ of Cement
Water Cement Sand C.A. Admixture Silica Fume
171.00 450.0 642.410 1241.348 2.700 0.0
0.38 1 1.428 2.758 0.006 0
Coarse Aggregate used : 20.0mm (60%)

: 10.0mm(40%)
A-15 Actual quantity required for mix per Bag of Cement (50 Kg) by mass/Weight before adjustment of
Water absorption & Free (Surface) moisture of Sand & CA ::
i) Cement 50.0 Kg
ii) Water 19.00Kg
iii) Sand 71.377Kg *Coarse Aggregate used: 20.0mm (60%)
iv) C.A. 37.92Kg 10.0 mm (40%)
v) Admixture 300.00gms.

A-16 Mix Proportion based on by mass after adjustment of Water absorption & Free (Surface) moisture
of Sand & CA / m3 of Cement :
Water Cement Sand C.A. Admixture Silica Fume
163.53 450.0 656.094 1235.141 2.700 0.00
0.363 1 1.458 2.754 0.006 0
Coarse Aggregate Used : 20.0mm= 60% 10.0mm (40%)

A-17 Actual quantity requried for mix per Bag of Cement (50 Kg) by Mass /Weight after adjustment of Water
absorption & Free (Surface) moisture of Sand & CA / m3 of Cement:
i) Cement 50.0 Kg
ii) Water 18.169 Kg
iii) Sand 72.897 Kg
iv) C.A. 137.23 Kg
v) Admixture 300 gms

A-18 Hence, The Mix Proportion by Volume becomes before adjustment of Water absorption & Free
(Surface) moisture of Sand & CA / m3 of Cement ::
 Water Cement Sand C.A. Admixture Silica Fume
0.52 1 1.348 2.726 0.007
Dry Loose Bulk Density of C.A. : 1450 kg/m3 D.L. Bulk Density of Cement : 1440 kg/m3
Density of Admixture : 1210 kg/m3 Density of Water : 1000 kg/m3
Dry Loose Bulk Density of Sand : 1558 kg/m3 Density of Admix : 1210 kg/m3

A-19 Actual quantity required for mix per Bag of Cement (50 Kg) by Volume before adjustment of Water
absorption & Free (Surface) moisture of Sand & CA / m3 of Cement :
By Volume Quantity By Volume Qunt. in Mass

i) Cement 0.035 m3 50.0 kg

ii) Water 0.0182 m3 18.169 kg
iii) Sand 0.0468 m3 74.863 kg
iv) C.A. 0.0946 m3 137.23 kg
v) Admixture 0.0002 m3 300 gms

A-20 Typical Test Results of Trial Mix

Trial Water Cement W.C. Ratio Sand CA Admix Yield
1 171.0 450 0.38 642.410 1241.348 2.700 2507.458
2 158.0 440 0.36 649.359 1276.917 3.520 2528.196
3 171.0 428 0.40 656.395 1246.487 2.996 2504.378

Workability and Compressive Strength Results

Trial W.C. Ratio Slump Av. 7days Strength Av. 28days Strength Visual
(mm) 2
(N/mm ) 2
(N/mm ) Observation
1 0.38 74-75 36.30 50.89 Cohesive mix
2 0.36 70-71 33.18 46.67 Cohesive mix
3 0.40 79-80 29.93 42.82 Cohesive mix
Note 1: Aggregate should be used in SSD condition. If otherwise, when computing the requirement of mixing
water, allowance shall be made for the free surface moisture contributed by FA & CA On the other hand, if the
aggregate are dry the amount of mixing water should be increased by an amount equal to the moisture likely to
be absorbed by aggregates Necessary adjustment are also required to be made in mass of aggregates.. The
surface water and percent water absorption of aggregates shall be determined according to IS: 2386 (P-III).
Note 2: The Slump shall be measured and the water content shall be adjusted for achieving the required Slump
best on trail, if required The mix proportion shall reworked for he actual water
Note-3: During Construction stage, if individual grading vary time to time, they should be blended content and
checked for durability requirments.in such a way as to achieve the combined grading mentioned above.
Note-4: The doges of admixture may be increased from 0.50% to 1.0% by mass of Cement to achieve
workability, if required (accordingly all other calculations can be modified).
Conclusion: Two more trials have variation of ±5% of W.C. Ratio have been carried out.
However, durability requirement has been taken care of. Normally three trials are done. Based on three trials,
Optimum test results i.e..
TRIAL NO-1 may be used for Mix Design of M-40 (RCC) Grade of Concrete considering all aspects.

Preparation of 6 nos Cube Mould. Proportion is obtained from the Mix Design Of
Concrete of M-40
Proportion by Mass / Weight becomes based on before adjustment moisture of Sand & CA.
Water Cement Sand C.A. Admixture Silica Fume
171.0 450.0 642.410 1241.348 2.700 0.0
0.38 1 1.428 2.759 0.006 0.0

Compacted Volume of 6 nos mould = ( 0.15 *0.15*0.15) *6 = 0.02025 m³

Loose Volume of 6 nos mould = (0.02025 1.20 ) = 0.0243 m³
Total Materials for 6 nos Cube: -

Cement = 0.0243 * 450 = 10.935 Kg.

Sand= = 10.935 * 1.428 = 15.615 Kg.

C.A. (Total) = 10.935 * 2.759 = 30.170 Kg.

Water = 10.935 * 0.38 = 4.155 Kg 20.0 mm 60% & 10.0 mm – 40%

Superplasticizer (Sacrament 2014 NS) = 10.935*0.006 = 66 gms.

Object: Making Curing and Testing of Concrete Cube Mould for determination of Compressive Strength of M-
40 (RCC) Mix Design of Concrete.
Equipment’s & Apparatus: 1) 6 nos empty Cube Mould (Size 150 150 150 mm) 2) Mixing Tray 3) Steel
tamping rod (dia 16 mm & 600 mm long and bullet pointed lower end) 4) Graduated Cylinder 5) Compressive
Testing Machine etc.

Weighing: The quantities of Cement, each Size of aggregates and water for 6 nos Cubes is determined by
weight as per calculated items.
Mixing of Concrete: The Concrete is mixed by hand and not to leave about 10% excess after moulding the
desired number of tests mould.

Casting of Cubes: A thin layer of oil is applied on all the faces of the moulds After taking Concrete samples
and mixing them, the Cubes is casted in a short time. The Concrete Sample filled into the Cube Mould in layers
approx. 50 mm deep. (i.e. in 3 layers) Each layer compacted through tamping bar by given 35 Stokes/layer. Also
vibrate the mould through wooden hammer by hand to minimize the entrapped air/Voids.

Curing: The casted Cubes kept in a vibration free area is about temperature 27 plus/minus 2 deg * C for 24
hours covered with wet gunny bag The casting Cubes removed from the moulds at the end of 24 hrs. and
immersed in clean water at a temp. (25 - 29) ^ 0 * c still the 7 or 28 days age of testing.
Calculation: The Compressive Strength of Concrete is to be calculated from: Maximum Load/Cross-Sectional
area of Cube & to be reported to the nearest 0.5 N/mm². Average of 3 cubes Compressive Strength is taken as
the representative of the test provided the individual variation is not more than ±15% of the average.
Otherwise repeat tests shall be made.
Report: (1) Identification Mark CM-1, CM-2,CM-3, CM-4, CM-5 & CM-6

(2) Date of Test: 06.09.2024 & 30.09.2021

(3) Age of Mould: 7& 28 Days

(4) Average 7 Days Compressive Strength of Cubes: 37.39 N/mm2

(5) Average 28 Days Compressive Strength of Cubes 50.82 N/mm²

Acceptance Criteria for Compressive Strength of Concrete

(as per Cl. 16.1,Page-29 & T-11, P-30 of IS: 456-2000)

(1) Mean Strength determined from any group of 4 consecutive test result complies with the appropriate
limits for M-20 or above grade concrete > fck + 0.825 Standard Deviation or fck + 4 N/mm² (whichever
is greater) (2) Any individual test result complies with the appropriate limits in Col. 3 of T-11. for M-20
or above grade concrete fck-4N/mm².

Compressive Strength Test on Concrete Cube Specimens

 Determination of Water Content - Dry Density relation (Heavy Compaction)
[As per IS: 2720 (Part VIII) 1983 (Reaffirmed 2006)]

Object: For determination of water Content - Dry Density relation of Soil (Heavy Compaction)

Apparatus: 1. Oven (thermostatically Controlled) 2. Balance (1g accuracy) 3. Sieves 4. Proctor Mould (Volm-
2250 CC) 5. Graduated Cylinder 500 ml Capacity 6. Automatic Compacter etc.
Procedure: 1) 6 Kg of oven dry Soil is taken after passing through 19 mm IS Sieve in a mixing tray and the 3%
of water is added to it with the help of Graduated Cylinder and mixed it properly 2) The mould with base plate
attached is weighed to the nearest 1 gm. The extension collar is to be attached with the mould 3) Then the moist
soil is placed in the Proctor Mould and is Compacted in 5 equal layers, each layer being given 56 nos blows
from the 4.89 Kg rammer dropped from a height of 450 mm above the moist Soil by the Automatic Compacter
4) The extension Coller is removed and the compacted Soil is levelled off carefully to the top of the mould by
means of a straight edge. 5) Then the mould and the Soil is weighed to the nearest 1 gm. The Soil is removed
from the mould and a representative Soil Sample is taken for determination of Water Content 6) 4 to 6 tests
repeated after adding suitable amount of water to the Soil in an increasing order still the weight of the Soil is
fallen.
Sl. Wt. of Wt. of Wt. Volume Wet Cr. Wt. Wt. Wt. of Wet Wt. Moisture Dry
No. mould+ empty of of Density No. of Cr. of Cr. moisture of of content Density
Wet mould Wet mould of soil +wet +dey of soil empty dry of soil of Soil
soil (gms) soil (CC) (gm./cc) soil soil (gms) Cr. soil (%) (gms/CC)
(gms) (gms) (gms) (gms) (gms) (gms)
1 9821 5907 3914 2250 1.740 1 76.11 74.53 1.58 49.43 25.1 6.29 1.637

2 10332 5907 4425 2250 1.967 2 89.52 86.02 3.50 52.24 33.78 10.36 1.782

3 10606 5907 4699 2250 2.088 3 79.64 76.30 3.34 50.64 25.62 13.04 1.874

4 10716 5907 4809 2250 2.137 4 92.77 86.74 3.60 51.79 34.95 17.25 1.823

5 10445 5907 4538 2250 2.017 5 81.74 76.27 5.47 51.71 24.56 22.27 1.650
From the graph sheet Moisture Content

Vs Dry Density → Dry Unit Weight (MDD) of Mix: 1.851

gms/cc & OMC: 14.75%

Note: Density Requirments of Embankment and Subgrade Material. [ as per T-300-1, P-64 of MORT&H -V]

Type of Work Max. Lab. Dry Unit Weight when tested IS: 2720 (P-8)
Subgrade & earthen shoulders / Verge / Backfill Not lss than 1705 KN / Cu.m i.e. 1.75 gms /cc

CBR Value Test at MDD & OMC

(IS: 2720-P-XVI - 1965 & IRC : 37-2001) (Re-moulded by Static Method)

Apparatus: i) Compression Machine ii) CBR Mould with all accessories iii) Displacer Block iv) Dial Gauge (reading to
0.01 mm) v) Proving Ring (Capacity 15.0 KN) vi) Loading Machine vii) Balance (Capacity 1 gm to 30 Kg) viii) Metal
Penetration Piston ix) Surcharge Weights etc.

California Bearing Ratio: The ratio of the force per unit area required to penetrate a Soil mass with a standard circular
piston at the rate of 1.25 mm / minute to that required for corresponding penetration of a standard material.

Standard Load: Load which has been obtained from the average of a large number of tests on different Crushed Stones
which was defined as having a California Bearing Ratio of 100% (Percent).

Penetration (mm) Standard Load (Kg)

2.5 mm 1370 Kg
5.0 mm 2055 Kg

Procedure: (Statically Compacted)

The Weight of the wet Soil at the required moisture content to give the desired density when occupying the standard
specimen volume in the mould is calculated. The Soil mass is weighing 5 kg thoroughly mixed with water to give the
required moisture content [ the maximum dry density estimated by the compaction test (IS: 2720 - P - VIII)]. The correct
weight of the moist Soil is placed in the CBR Mould and compaction obtained by pressing in the displacer disc, a filter
paper being placed between the disc and the Soil. When the top of the displacer disc is flush with the rim of the mould, the
required volume of Soil is obtained. Switch off the machine & allow for the elastic recovery of the soil when the load is
removed. The whole mould with required surcharge weights (15 Kg) is immersed in a tank of water allowing free access
opf water to the top and bottom of the specimen for 96 hours soaking.

Applications of CBR Test :

Based on extensive CBR Test Data collected, empirical design Charts were developed by the California State Highway
Department, correlating The CBR Value and flexible pavement thickness requirement. The IRC has standardized the
guidelines for the design of flexible pavements based on CBR test (Vide IRC:37-2001) and this method is being followed
for the design of flexible pavements for all categories of roads in India.
Calculation : MDD of Soil 1.85 gms / cc OMC 14.75 %

Wet Density of Soil 2.122 gms/ cc

Volume of the CBR Mould without displacer block = 2209 Cm3

Ht. of Mould = (17.5-5.0) Cm
Total mass compressed in the mould = 2209*2.122 = 4683 Diameter = 15 cm
CBR Value Test at MDD & OMC

MDD of Sample: 1.85 gm/cc, OMC-14.75% Type of Compaction: Static

(100% of MDD) Surcharge Weight used : 15 Kg
[ as per IS: 2720 (Part VIII)] Period of soaking: 96 Hours
Proving Ring Used: 15 KN
1 Divn.: 1.84 Kg.

Penetration in Proving ring Load in Kg Corrected load CBR Value % Soaked M.C. Remarks
mm reading in Kg
0.0 0 0
1.0 12 22.08
1.5 21 38.64 CBR Value at
2.0 27 49.68 5.0 mm
2.5 37 60.72 penetration is
3.0 42 68.08 4.97 17.85 % higher in the
4.0 50 77.28 repeat test
5.0 57 92 also, this
7.0 72 104.88 5.10 higher value is
10.0 85 132.48 adopted as
12.0 97 156.4 CBR value
13.5 108 178.48
15.0 110 198.72
 Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Test
Introduction, Equipment’s and Procedure:
The Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Test (DCP) is a field Test equipment widely used for the evaluation of the properties of
the materials at site, such as subgrade soil and the materials below the pavement, without the need to cut open the
pavement. The basic principle of the test is based on the fact that the resistance to penetration of standard cone pushed into
the layer depends on the strength characteristics of the materials in the layer including its dry density and moisture
content. A hammer of known load is allowed to fall on a rod fitted with a metal cone of standard size and shape at the
bottom. The resistance to penetration of the standard cone into the layer is measured in terms of the depth of penetration
due to dropping the hammer of specified weight from a specified height or per blow of the hammer of the DCP.

i) 15.8 mm diameter steel rod with a replacement cone tip. The tip has an included angle of 60° and a diameter of 20 mm
at the base ii) 8.0 Kg hammer which is dropped from a fixed height of 575 mm, a couple assembly and a handle for
holding the rod in a vertical position. However, the standard drop height is to be maintained same. iii) A vertical scale
graduated in increments of 1.0 mm. iv) Disposable Cone tips etc.

IN – SITU CBR VALUE OF SUBGRADE SOIL

For 'CL group of Soil with CBR <10% Then, CBR = 1/(0.017019 DCPY & CBRlog10CBR-2.48-1.057 log10DCP
PROJECT Pukuria Ferryghat to Kumarganj Railway Station Road from
IN-SITU CBR VALUE OF
0.000 Kmp to 10.900 Kmp under Maida Highway Division in the District of
SUBGRADE SOIL
Malda.
DCP test done as per ASTM D 6951-03 & IS :
Sampling
Distance Soil Type & 4968- [Part-(i-iii)]
depth
Chainage from group IS : In- Situ
Date of Sl. below
in Road Unified Soil Angle DCP subgrade
Test No. Hard No of Penetration
(Kmp.) edge in classification of in CBR
Crust Blows in (mm)
(m) system cone (mm) Value
(m)
(%)
0.300
1 0.600 (R.S) 1.100 “CL” 600 14 575 41.07 2.05
1.800
2 0.500 0.900 “CL” 600 22 440 20.00 8.63
(L.S)
3.20
3 0.450 (R.S) 1.000 “CL” 600 19 545 28.68 4.20
4.100
4 0.490 0.900 “CL” 600 18 550 30.56 3.70
(L.S)
5.900
5 0.550 (R.S) 0.700 “CL” 600 24 525 21.88 11.58
06.06.24
6.800
6 0.900 0.900 “CL” 600 17 545 32.06 3.36
(L.S)
7.500
7 0.500 (R.S) 0.600 “CL” 600 19 515 27.11 4.70
8 0.550 8.410 0.750 “CL” 600 18 520 28.69 4.14
(L.S)
9 0.550 9.600 0.950 “CL” 600 20 530 26.90 4.92
(R.S)
10 0.590 10.200 1.000 “CL” 600 20 520 26.00 5.11
(L.S)
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Test Apparatus
PROJECT: Pukuria Ferryghat to Kumarganj Railway Station Road from 0.000 Kmp. to 10.900 Kmp
under Malda Highway Division in the District of Malda.
Chainage: 4.100 Kmp (L/S) & 9.500 Kmp (R/S)
Liquid Limit Test By Cone Penetration Method Using Cone Penetrometer Apparatus (IS:2720 (Part 5)-1985, CI:6, P-11
Liquid Limit Test
History of Soil Sample: Oven-dried Room temperature at the time of Testing: 27.5 °C
Soil Sample from Chainage 4.100 Kmp.(L/S) Chainage-9.500 Kmp (R/S)
Soil Sample from 15 23 28 15 22 25
Container Weight 54.26 52.28 51.28 52.29 2.25 48.59
(gm)
Wt. of Wet Soil + 76.78 75.92 65.28 74.56 65.89 66.25
Container (gm)
Wt. of Dry Soil + 71.48 69.23 4.56 69.21 64.59 34.26
Container (gm)
Wt. of Water (gm) 5.3 6.29 12.54 2.64 4.57 4.56
Wt. of Dry Soil 17.22 78.12 36.25 16.24 13.25 13.25
(gm)
Moisture Content 30.78 34.70 25.23 32.25 34.21 25.31
(%)

Test Output from Graph below

Ch. 4.10 Kmp. Ch. 5.900 Kmp.
LL – from Graph 33.15 33.40
PL – From lab 23.55 23.62
Plasticity Index (PI) 9.60 9.78

Assistant Engineer,

Chanchal Highway Sub-Division

 Liquid Limit & Plastic Limit Test Of Soil Using Cone Penetrometer Apparatus.
[ As per IS: 2720 (Part-5)-1985 (Reaffirmed 2006)]

Object: For determination of the Liquid limit of Soil.

Apparatus: 1. Oven (thermostatically Controlled) 2. Balance (0.01g accuracy) 3. Sieve (425 μ)

4. Cone Penetrometer 5. Containers etc.

Procedure: 1) About 150 g of dried Soil from thoroughly mixed portion of material passing 425μ IS Sieve is obtained. 2)
Distilled water is mixed to the soil thus obtained in a cylindrical cup of Cone Penetrometer apparatus, ensuring that no air
is trapped in this process. Finally the wet Soil is levelled up to the top of the Cup and placed on the base of the said
apparatus. After adjusting the apparatus the vertical clamp is then released allowing the Cone to penetrate into the Soil
paste under its own weight. The penetration of the Cone after 5 Secs is noted from the graduated scale. Repeat this test at
least 3 of values of penetration in the range 14 mm to 28 mm 3) The exact moisture content of each trial is determined in
accordance with IS: 2720 (Part-2) - 1973.

Result: 1) A flow Curve is to be plotted on the Semi - logarithmic graph representing Water Content in arithmetic scale
and number of penetration on logarithmic scale 2) The flow curve is a straight line through 3 points 3) The Moisture
Content Corresponding to 20 mm penetration as read from the Curve is the Liquid Limit of that Soil.

Liquid Limit Test By Cone Penetration Method Using Cone Penetrometer Apparatus
[IS:2720 (Part 5)-1985, CI:6, P-11]
Liquid Limit Test
History of Soil Sample: Oven-dried Room temperature at the time of Testing: 27.5 °C
Soil Sample from Collected from the Site
Penetration (mm) 15 23 28
Container Weight (gm) 76.78 52.28 51.25
Wt. of Wet Soil + Container (gm) 71.48 75.25 68.25
Wt. of Dry Soil + Container (gm) 5.3 69.33 64.25
Wt. of Water (gm) 17.22 6.09 4.56
Wt. of Dry Soil (gm) 30.78 17.25 12.57
Moisture Content (%) 30.25 34.10 36.74
 Test Output from the Graph below
Soil Collected from the site
LL – from Graph 33.50
PL – from Graph 23.65
Plasticity Index (PI) 9.86

Note: (1) Plasticity Index (Ip) is determined from 'A' line equation = 0.73 *(WL - 20) From the Value of L.L., P.L. & PI,
we may be determined of the Soil grain Category by using the Plasticity Chart. Soil is in " CL " Group i.e. Clay with
low Plasticity.

(2) The following types of Soil shall be considered unsuitable for embankment (C1.305.2.1, P-63 of MORT&H-V) (i) Soil
that classifies as 'OL', 'OI', 'OH' or Pt. in accordance with IS: 1498-1970 (Reaffirmed 2002) (ii) Clay having Liquid
Limit exceeding 50% & Plasticity Index exceeding 25%.
 Determination of Field-Dry Density (By Sand Replacement Method) (IS:2720 part-28)
(A) Determination of Cone Constant.

Dry Sand passing 1.00 mm IS Sieve and retained on 0.600 mm IS Sieve.

Calculation & Results :-

Determination No T-I T-II T-III
Weight of Sand + cylinder before loosen the shutter (gms) 5673 5600 5435
Weight of Sand + cylinder before loosen the shutter (gms) 5103 5084 4921
Wt. of Sand + Cylinder after pouring the Cone - (-) 515 516 514
Mean cone constant (gms) = 515

(B) Determination of Dry Loose Bulk Density of Sand

Dry Sand passing 1.00 mm IS sieve and retained on 0.600 mm IS sieve.

Volume of the Calibrating Container (by measure) = TT x r2 x h C.C 1177.50

r (cm) 5 Height of Calibrating 15

Container (Cm)

By pouring water

Wt. of Calibrating container + Water = 1846.75 gms.

Wt. of empty calibrating container = 669 gms.

Volume (by Water) =1177.75 gms.i.e.c.c.

Mean volume [ by measure + by Water] (V) = (1177.50 +1177.75)/2 C.C 1177.625

(Test-1)
1) Wt. of Sand + Cylinder before pouring in the calibrating container = 5000 gms
2) ii) Wt. of Sand + Cylinder after pouring in the calibrating container = (-) 2896 gms
Cone constant = (-) 514 gms
Mass in the Calibrating Container (M) = 1590 gms

Dry Loose Bulk Density of Sand = M/V = 1590/1178.08 gms/cc 1.35 gms/cc

(Test-2)

i) Wt. of Sand Cylinder before pouring in the calibrating container = 5200 gms

ii) Wt. of Sand + Cylinder after pouring in the calibrating container = (-) 3084 gms
Cone constant = (-) 514 gms
Mass in the Calibrating Container (M) = 1602 gms
Dry Loose Bulk Density of Sand = M/V = 1590/1178.08 gms/cc 1.36 gms/cc
(Test-1)
i) Wt. of Sand + Cylinder before pouring in the calibrating container = 5100 gms
ii) ii) Wt. of Sand + Cylinder after pouring in the calibrating container = (-) 3008 gms
Cone constant = (-) 514 gms

Mass in the Calibrating Container (M) = 1578 gms

Dry Loose Bulk Density of Sand = M/V 1590/1178.08 gms/cc 1.34 gms/cc

Mean DLBD of Sand (T-1+T-II+T-III)/3 = 1.35 gms/cc

PROJECT: Pukuria Ferryghat to Kumarganj Railway Station Road from 0.000 Kmp. to 10.900 Kmp
under Malda Highway Division in the District of Malda.
(a) Cone Constant = 515 gms

(b) Bulk Density of Sand = 1.35 gms/cc

In- Situ Density of existing Subgrade layer
Date of testing 06.09.2024 06.09.2024 06.09.2024 06.09.2024 06.09.2024
`Location m 0.300 (R/S) 3.200 (R/S) 5.900 (R/S) 8.410 (L/S) 10.200 (L/S)
(C) M.D.D & OMC at gms/cc 1.83 1.84 1.83 1.82 1.83
Laboratary
(D) Wt. of Sand (B.P) gms 5619 5600 5435 5400 5300
(E) Wt. of Sand gms 3671 3570 3455 3388 3358
(F) Wt. of Sand in Hole gms 1488 1515 1465 1497 1427
=[(D-E)- (a)]
(G) Volume of the Hole c.c 1102 1122 1085 1109 1057
=[F/(b)]
(H) Wt. of Wet Soil gms 2415 2152 2298 2125 2138
from the Hole
(I) Wet Density of the gms/cc 1.945 1.918 2.115 1.915 2.038
Soil=[H/G]
(J) Rapid Moisture no. 13 12.93 12.98 16 13
Metre Reading
(K) Moisture Content % 14.94 14.85 14.98 19.05 14.56
{J*100/(100-J)}
(L) Dry Density % 1.69 1.78 1.67 1.65 1.77
=[(Ix100)/(100+ K)]
Degree of Compaction = % 98.25 96.74 91.26 90.66 96.49
(L/C)
 DETERMINATION OF SOFTENING POINT OF BITUMENOUS MATERIAL

■ CONCEPT AND SIGNIFICANCE - The softening point of bitumen or tar is the temperature at which the
substance attains a particular degree of softening or viscosity. As per IS 334-1982, it is the temperature (in °C)
at which a standard ball passes through a sample of bitumen in mould and falls through a height of 2.5cm, when
heated under water or glycerin at specified condition of test. The binder should be sufficiently fluid before
application in road use. The determination of softening point helps to know the temperature up to which
bituminous binder should heated for various applications. Softening point is determined by ring and ball
apparatus.
■ OBJECTIVE - To determine the softening point of bitumen or tar.

■ APPARATUS -

(i) The Ring and Ball Apparatus consists of:

a. Steel balls - Two numbers each of 9.5mm diameter and weighing 3.5 ± 0.05 g
b. Brass rings - Two numbers each having depth of 6.4 mm. The inside diameter at bottom and top is 15.9
mm and 17.5 mm respectively.
c. Ball guides - To guide the movement of steel balls centrally. c

d. Supports - That can hold rings in position and also allows for suspension of a thermometer. The distance
between the bottom of the rings and the top surface of the bottom place of the support is 25mm.
(ii) Thermometer: That can read up to 100°C with an accuracy of 0.2°C

(iii) Bath: A heat resistant glass beaker not less than 85mm in diameter and 1220mm in depth.

(iv) Stirrer

■ PROCEDURE -

(i) Preparation of test sample: Heat the material to a temperature between 75° -100° C above its softening point.
Stir until it is completely fluid and free from air bubbles and water. If necessary filter it through IS sieve 30.
Place the previously heated rings to a temperature approximating to that of the molten material, on a metal plate
which has been coated with a mixture of equal parts of glycerin and dextrin. After cooling for 30 min in air,
level the material in the ring by removing the excess with a warmed, sharp knife.
(ii) Assemble the apparatus with the rings, thermometer and ball guides in position.

(iii) Fill the bath with distilled water to a height of 50mm above the upper surface of the rings. The starting
temperature should be 5º C. If softening point expected to be above 80° C, glycerin used 35° C.
(iv) Apply heat to the bath and stir liquid so that the temperature rises at a uniform rate of 5±0.5° C per minute.

(v) As the temperature increases the bituminous material softens and the ball sinks through ring, carrying a
portion of the material with it.
(vi) Note down temperature when any of the steel ball with bituminous coating touches bottom plate.

(vii) Record the temperature when the second ball also touches the bottom plate. The average of two readings to
the nearest 0.5° C is reported as the softening point.
■ PRECAUTIONS -

(i) Distilled water should be used as the heating medium.

(ii) During the conduct of test, the apparatus should not be subjected to vibrations.

(iii) The bulb of the thermometer should be at about the same level as the rings.

Determination of Softening point, Penetration and of Supplied Bitumen

Sl. Name of Pouring Test Period of cooling Value of test in Mean Table-1
No. the test pump temp. Centigrade scale (0c) value
with IS Air Water Water 1 2 3 4 of
:Code bath bath after test
before trimming (0c)
trimming
1 Softening - - 40 5 min. at 50c temp. 81.0 80.0 82.0 81.0 81.00 80-900c
point (IS min.
:1205-
1978)

■ INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS -

Softening point indicates the temperature at which binders possess the same viscosity. Bituminous materials do not have a
definite melting point. Rather the change of stage from solid to liquid is gradual and over a wide range of temperature.
Softening point has particular significance for materials that are to be used as joint and crack fillers. Higher softening
point ensures that they will not flow during service. In general, the higher the softening point, the lesser the temperature
susceptibility. Bitumen with higher softening point may be referred in warmer places. It is essential that the mean value of
the softening point does not differ from individual observations by more than the following limits.

Softening point Repeatability Reproductivity

400-600c 1.0° C 5.5° C
61° C to 80° C 1.5° C 5.5° C
81° C to 100° С 2.0° C 5.5° C

As per the Bureau of Indian Standards, the requirements of Softening Point for paving bitumen are –

Property Paving Grades Method of Test

VG 10 VG 20 VG 30 VG 40
Softening 40 45 47 50 IS 1205-1978

▪ FACTORS AFFECTING THE RESULTS -

(I) Quality and type of liquid in the bath.`

(II) Weight of balls.

(III) Distance between bottom of ring and bottom base plate.

(IV) Rate of heating.

Impurity in water or glycerin has been observed to affect the result considerably. It is logical to obtain lower softening
point if the weight of ball is excessive. On the other hand, increase in distance between the ring and bottom plate indicates
higher value of the softening.
 Determination of Absolute Viscosity Test of Bitumen (VG - 40) (IS: 1206-1978)
Date of Test:
Bitumen Tested MHSD 'Lab
Temperature of the Liquid 60 °C Temperature of Oil Bath 60 °C
Actual Test Temperature 60 °C Time taken for temperature 4.0 min.
equilibrium
Identification of Viscometer STV Viscometer Factor 9.44 6.20
Viscometer Constant : Poises

Determination Calibration Efflux time taken for Absolute Average Permissible Limit
No Factor CF Poise flow of bitumen from (1) Viscosity Poise = Value (Poise) (Poise
/ Second Mark B to C (2) Mark C (CF) *t
to D (t Seconds)

1 9.44 381 3596.64 3646 3200 (min)

6.20 596 3695.20

Remarks :
Determination of Kinematic Viscosity Test of Bitumen (VG-40)
(IS: 1206-1978)
Date of Test:
Type of Bitumen
Specified Test Temperature, C 60.0
Actual Test Temperature, °C 135.0
Determination Calibration Constant, C Efflux time, t Kinematic Permissible Limt (cSt
No Centistokes / Sec. (Seconds) Viscosity cSt =
C*t
1 1.144 381 436 400 (min)