SELECTED SOLVED EXAMPLES

LEVEL-2

EXAMPLE 1. Aray of light is incident along a vector 2i+j-k The critical angle for diamond (u = 2) is
on a plane mirror lying in y -z plane. Find the 0, = sinl (1/u) = sin- (1/2) =30°
unit vector along the
reflected ray. From figure,
Solution. If e,n and ? are respectively (90 -r) + (90° -0,) + 90° + 135° = 360°
the unit vectors along incident ray, r= 45° -0, = 45° - 30°
and reflected ray, then normal
sin
n4 X Now, =

‘=è-2eA)A sin
sin r
= u sin r= 2sin (45° -30)
Here, 7=2f+j-$ and A=-i = 2(sin 45° cos 30° - cos 45° sin 30°)
FIGURE 1.131
1 and e.A-2

..0=sin-! W3-1
2
EXAMPLE 2. A ray of light entersa diamond (u = 2) from air and
EXAMPLE 3. A rectangular glass slab ABCD of refractive index
is being internally reflected near the bottom as shown in fig. 1.132. n, is immersed in water of refractive index n (n, > n). A ray of
Find maximum value of angle possible. light is incident at the surface AB of the slab as shown in fig. 1.134.
A D

n2
n
135° Cmax
90°
B C
FIGURE 1.134

Find the maximum value of the angle of incidence me, such that
the ray comes out only from the other surface CD.
Solution.
FIGURE 1.132
90°
Solution.

Cmax
90°-r FIGURE 1.135
135°
90° For max. value of a, angle 90° r shown in fig. 1.135 must be the
critical angle ,.. i.e.,
90°-c
90-r = 8, = sin

=sin (90°-r) = cos r ...(1)

FIGURE 1.133
 sin Omax
Also,
sin r n
sin r =-"2n sin max ..(2) For
nin
mi
Þ. = 0,. or sin .

From equations (1)and (2), we have R

=2
2 min d min -1 1-5-1
cos² r+ sin r sin O-max ExAMPLE 5. An object is placed in front of a glass slab
(u = 15) of thickness 6 cm at a distance 8 cm from it. Other face of
2
the slab is silvered. Find the position of final image.
(1+ sin amax) sin Cmax -1
Solution.
Method-1 (Method of Interface)

max = sin
-

Nni-n The image I, of object O due to refraction from glass surface G is at a

n distance 8 ufrom the surface. Its distance from mirror M is 8 u +6
Its image , due to reflection in mirror is at same distance 8 + 6 from
ExAMPLE 4. A glass rod of rectangular cross section is bent into M towards right. Its distance from G is
the shape shown in fig. 1.136. A parallel beam of light falls 8 u +6+6=8 u+ 12
perpendicularly on the flat surface. Find the minimum value of the
ratio R/d for which all the light entering the glass through surface A 8 u +6 8 u +6
will emerge from the glass through surface B. The refractive index 8 8 u+ 12
of the glass is 1:5. Also draw the ray diagram.
6

|R G M

u15
2+ 12/u
8u + 12 12
= 8+
A |B
FIGURE 1.138
FIGURE 1.136
The final image /, is at distance
Solution. A ray entering the glass through surface A and passing along
8u +12
the inner side of the rod will be reflected by the outer side with the =8+.12 from G and
smallest angle a, at which the reflected ray is tangent to the inner inside
side as shown in ray diagram.
8+2-6= 2+=2+ 15 10 cm from M.
P
Method-2 (Shifting of Object)
R D The image I,of object Ois shifted towards right (in air) due to glass
slab by amount

2 cm

Ad M

FIGURE 1.137
V14-2 Ad
If a> ,, all the incident beam will emerge through the surface B. 14- Ad 14- Ad
OP R FIGURE 1.139
In ADOP, sina=
OD R+d Its distance from mirror M is 14 Ad.
R+d d Its image I, due to reflection in M is at same distance 14 - Ad from M
1+
R Sin . R Sin a
towards right.
The final image , is shifted towards left due to glass slab by amount
d |- sin . R Sin . Ad. Its distance is
R Sin a d |- Sin . (14 - Ad) d =14-2 Ad= 14 -2x 2=|10 cmfrom M.
 Method-3 (Shifting of Mirror) dla 18/1-5 12 cm
Looking perpendicularly into the glass slab, its apparent We can neglect the glass slab and consider the
reflection in mirror M
depth is
dlu m6/1l5 = 4 cm which is shifted from its original position M by
Since both object and image are in air, we gan 18 12 6cm
consider the reflection in air in mirror Mwhichneglect glass slab and
is shifted from its The distance of object from Mis 40 - Ad and its image / is at same
original pOsition M by distance 40 d towards right. Its distance from M is
M6-4= 2cm 40-2 Ad =40- 2 x 6 =28 cm
ExAMPLE 8. A vessel havingperfectly reflecting plane bottom is
light is
filled with water (u = 4/3) to a depth d. A point source of
surface of water. Find the distance of
M' M placed ata helght h above the
final image from water surface.
Ad Solution. Looking perpendicularly into the water from top, its apparent
14-2 Ad
depth is du.
14 Ad 14-Ad
FIGURE 1.140
The distance of object from M is 14 - Ad and its image / is at same d
h +
distance 14- Ad from M' towards right. Its distance is -Water
+ut u-4/3 M
(14 - Ad) - Ad =14 -2 Ad =14 -2 x2 =|10 cm from M. 2d
M
h+
EXAMPLE 6. One face of a rectangular glass plate óem thick is h+
d L

silvered. An object held &cm in front of the front face forms an image
12 cm behind the silvered face. Find the refractive index of glass.
Solution.
12cm 6cm 8cm FIGURE 1.143

Since both source object S and the image / are in air, we can neglect the
water and consider the reflection of source in air in mirror Mwhich is
at a distance h + dlu from the source.
B' The image / is at the same distance h + d/u from M.
The distance of final image Ifrom the water surface is
FIGURE 1.141 2d 3
Looking perpendicularly into the glass plate, its apparent depth is, say
xcm. Since, the image formed is due to the reflection at the silvered
dht 2dht 4/3

face at B', ExAMPLE 9. Figure shows an irregular block of material of

distance of object from silvered face = (8 + x).
refractive index 2. A ray of light strikes the face AB as shown.
Since, in a plane mirror, image distance = object distance After refraction, it is incident on a spherical surface CD of radius
(8+ x) = 12 + (6 -x) ’ = 5 cm of curvature 0-4 m and enters a medium of refractive index 1·514
real depth 6 to meet PO at E. Find the distance OE up to two places of decimal
apparent depth =12 B

EXAMPLE 7. A 18 cm thick glass slab of refractive index 1:5 is

kept in front of a plane mirror. Find the position of the image (relative
to mirror) seen by an observer through the glass slab when a point P
object is kept in air at a distance of 40 cm from the mirror. u=1 u1514
Solution. Looking perpendicularly into the glass slab, its apparent depth
D

40 FIGURE 1.144

18 Solution. For the face AB,

M M sin 45°
-=/2
sin r

40- 2 Ad Sin r

40 -Ad 40 - Ad
r= 30°
FIGURE 1.142
As r= 30°, the ray becomes parallel to PQ For the refraction by first surface,
Now, for the curved surafce,
21 -1
H, = V2 =1414, H, = 1514, -2R -R 2R
and R=0.4 m.
Using equation of refraction for curved surafce, we have 2uR
2u -1
The distance of image I, from the second surface is
l=1514

P----.
45°L 2uR +R= R(44-1)
Iul=lyl+R =2u-1 2u-1
For the refraction by second surface,
D
1
-2R
FIGURE 1.145
1 -l,_-l_ 2u -1)
2R 2R R(4s-1)
R
_ (u-1)(4u-1)-2p(2 -1)
1-514 1-414 1514-1-414 0-1 2R(4u-1)
0.4 0.4

v= 0E=6-056 m -3| +1
2R(4u -1)
EXAMPLE 10. Ahollow sphere of glass of refractive index
has a smnall mark M on its interior surface which is observed by V=
2R(4u-1)
an observer 0 from a point outside the sphere. C is centre of the 3u-1
sphere. The inner cavity (air) is concentric with the external
surface and thickness of the glass is every where equal to the The final image I, due to the second surface is at a distance I v |
radius of the inner surface. Find the distance by which the mark from it towards left.
will appear nearer than it really is in terms of and R assuming The distance by which the mark will appear nearer than it really is in
paraxial rays. terms of u and R is
(4-1)R
3 R-lvl=3R 2R(44-1)
3u-1 3u-1
M
-+--0 EXAMPLE 11. Quarter part of a transparent cylinder ABC of
air radius R is kept ona horizontal floor and a horizontal beam of light
falls on the cylinder in the two different arrangements of cylinder
glass as shown in fig. 1.148 (a) and (b). In arrangement (a), light converges
at point D, which is at a distance 2 Rim from B and in arrangement
<- 2R (b), light converges at point E, which is at a distance R/m -1) from
4R C. Find the refractive index of the material of cylinder.
FIGURE 1.146
Solution.

B D

2 R/m

2R R C

RI(m-1)
FIGURE 1.147 FIGURE 1.148
 Solution.
R= 20 cm

u=2

R 2R
m
Sair = 10 cm

FIGURE 1.150

V-R Solution. Let R, and R, be the radii of the left and right surfaces. Let u
be the refractive index of the lens and f.. be its focal length in air.
Sair = 10 cm

R R Air Medium
m-1
RVR,
FIGURE 1.149 FIGURE 1.151

In arrangement (a), Then fai, = 10 cm and R, =- 20 cmn

for the curved surface, Tofind the new focal lengthf, we shall consider the object to be placed
in air at infinity so that the final image is formed at distance f. If the
-|8 Rå image formed by the left surface is at distance v, then for the left and
R -1 right surfaces, we have
_l_-1 and 2__2-u
and for the flat surface. R 8 R f R
u(u-1) On adding the two equations, we get
2R 2R R 2_-1, 2-_-1,1-u,I
Since. we have R R, R RR
m u(u-1)
2u (u- 1) = m 1 1 1
...(1)
R R R, fair R 10 -20 20
Inarrangement (b),
due to flat surface, there is no change in the diretion of rays and for the |f= 40cm
curved surface,
EXAMPLE 13. A biconvex lens separates two media of refractive
1__1 indices 1-3 and 17. The refractive index of the lens is ua = 1:5 and
-R R the radii of curvature of thetwo sides of the lens areR, = 10 cm and
Ry =-60 cm. The medium of refractive index 1:3 extends to 78 cm
R from the lens and that of refractive index 1-7 extends to 34 em from
Since, V=
the lens. A luminous object O is at a distance of 144 cm from the
m-1
lens. Find the position of the final image from the lens.
we have m-1_-1 S S S; S4
R R
H)=1·1 , =13
...(2) R R
From (1) and (2),
2 u'-2 =
66 cm 78 cm 34 cm

FIGURE 1.152
EXAMPLE 12. Focal length of a thin lens in air is 10 cm. Now,
medium on one side of the lens is replaced by a medium of refractive Solution. The image I, of object O due to diffraction by surface S, is at
distance
index 2. The radius of curvature of the surface of lens, in contact
with the medium, is 20 em. Find the new focal length of the lens
when the object is placed in air on the other side. 66x2 66X= 78 cm from S, towards left.
11
Its distance from the lens is Iv, l=78 + 78 = 156 cm Second reflection
The image I, of object , due to diffraction by lens is at distance v, Here, u, = P, l = P I, - 40 = 20 cm, =-15 cm
givenby 1 1 -7 V, =-8-57 cm
-15 20 60

R R, Hence, the second image is formed at a distance of 8-57 cm from the

second mirror and is real.
S S S, S4 ExAMPLE 15. A concave mirror of focal length 10 cm and convex
13 mirror of focal length 15 cm are placed facing each other 40 cm
apart. A point object is placed between the mirrors on their common
axis and 15 cm from the concave mirror. Find the position of image
produced by the reflection first at concave mirror and then at convex
-17 mirror.
34 V
66 78
Solution.
V f=-10 cm
s=15 cm
FIGURE 1.153

1:7 13 1-5 -1-3 1-7-1-5

-156 10 -60 - 15 cm
1-7 0-2 0-2 1-3 1 1 1
10 -60 156 50 300 120 120 40 cm

V,= 204 cm FIGURE 1.155

Its distance from S, is v, - 34 = 170 cm For the concave mirror,
The final image I; due to diffraction by S, is formed at distance V3
given by 1
=
1 1 1 1 1 ’lv, l= 30 cm
-10 -15 30

', =170xs -170xH =110cm For the convex mirror,

17
1 1 1 1 1 5
Its distance from the lens is v; + 34=144 cm 15 -(40-I v, I) 15 -10 30

EXAMPLE 14. Two concave mirrors are placed 40 cm apart and | 2=6cm
facing each other. A point object lies between them at a distance of A real image I, is formed by the concave mirror and its virtual image I,
12 cm from the mirror of focal length 10 cm. The other mirror has
is formed 6 cm behind the convex miror.
afocal length of 15 cm. Find the location of final image formed
after two reflections; first at the mirror nearer to the object and ExAMPLE 16. A plane mirror is placed 22-5 cm in front of a
second at the other mirror.
concave mirror of focal length 10 cm. Find, where an object can be
Solution. placed between the two mirrors, so that the first image in both
mirrors coincide.
s=-15cm S=-10cm
Solution. Let O be the object.
The image formed by the plane mirror M, is I,, and by the concave
mirror M, should then form a real inverted image I, so that the two
images coincide.
P Pi
22.5cm
M
12cm
M1g
40cm
FIGURE 1.154

First reflection
22.5-u 22.5-lu

Here, u =- 12 cn, ff = - 10 cm |v|

FIGURE 1.156
-10 -12 60
Now, Ivl= 22-5 +(22-5 -lu)=45 -|ul
’ V, =-60 cm Or P,I =60 cm -V=45 + u
or
 Here. f-10 cm. Solution. Let the coordinates of the pole of the mirror be (Xo, 0)
Also, -t
Then, u=-(X0 +50) and v=-(0-25)
1 The heights of object and image are respectively
u + 45 u + 450 = 0 and h,= -I
-10 -(45 + u) hÍ= 4
’ (u + 30) (u + 15) = 0 -( -25)
u=-30 cm or u =- 15 cm, h,
Now, m=
-(xo + 50)
u=-30 cm is not admissible. Hence, u =- 15 cm h 4

’ 4 (xo - 25) = XÍ + 50 ’ o = 50
Therefore, the object must be placed at a distance of 15 cm
concave mirror. from the u=-(Xn + 50)=- 100
and V=-(o-25) =-25
ExAMPLE 17. As shown in fig. 1.157, a From mirror equation,
vertically erect object is placed on the axis
at a distance 5 fI2 from a -5
concave mirror
of focal length f. If a plane mirror is placed +

4 - 100 -25 100

perpendicular to the axis at a distance 2F F P
4 f/3 from the pole, facing ’ f = - 20 and R= 21fl= 40
concave mirror,
find the position and nature of the final The centre of the required circle lies on x-axis at
image after reflection first by concave Xo-R= 50 - 40 = 10
mirror and ther by plane mirror. Therefore, the equation of the circle is
Solution. The image l, of the object Oformed 4f73 (x-10)+ (y - 0) = 40 or +y²- 20 x- 1500 = 0
by the concave mirror is at distance v, from
FIGURE 1.157
Pwhere ExAMPLE 19. A man stands 2 m in front of a concave spherical
1
mirror. He finds that his image appears to be one and a half times in
1 size of that in a flat mirror placed at the same distance from the
-5f/ 2 V face. Find the radius of the concave mirror.
2 3 Solution.
+ 5f
f Sf 3

H
2F

f
4f/3

5f/2 h
FIGURE 1.158

IL now acts as a virtual object for the plane mirror. It is formed behined
the plane mirror at a distance x from it where
x=lv l- 4fI3 = 5fI3 4f/3 =fI3
The image I, of I,due to plane mirror formed at the same distance
FIGURE 1.160
x= f13 in front of it. The distance of the final image , from P is
4fI3 -x = 4f13 - f13 =f When the man (object) see his own images by two different mirors,
the ratio of the sizes appearing to the man equals the ratio of the angles
The final image is thus real and in focal plane of concavemirror subtended by the images at the position of the object.
ExAMPLE 18. Aconcave mirror forms an image l corresponding H
For concave mirror. B = ...(1)
to a point object 0. Find the equation of the circle intercepted by a+b
the xy plane on the mirror.
h
For plane mirror, ...(2)
2a
O(-50,4)
X 3
We are given that ...(3)
i25,-1) 2

(i.e.,the image of the man on the concave mirror appears to him to be

3/2 times in size of that in the flat mirror)
FIGURE 1.159
 ana (S), We get

3 H 2a H 3(a+ b)
X
...(4) ir |
a+b h 4a

H
However, for concave mirror, ...(5) 40 cm

From equations (5)and (6), we get

3(a+ b) ’ b= 3 a =3 x 2 =6 m 80 cm
4a
yater -4/3
Water
1
1,1_11
-a
FIGURE 1.163
f=-3 m ’ R= 2f= -6 m Solution. The observer sees two images.
Therefore, the radius of mirror is 6 m. The first one is / due to direct refraction from water surface. Its distance
is
EXAMPLE 20. Aconcave mirror of focal length 20 cm is placed 40 40)
inside water with its shining surface upwards and principal axis =30cm below the surface ...(1)
4/3
vertical as shown in fig. 1.161. Rays are incident parallel to the
principal axis of concave mirror. Find the position of final image.

|v-120 |v-120
Air
Water Air
n=4/3
30 cm
Water 40/14 40
l=4/3

80

FIGURE 1.161 FIGURE 1.164

Solution. The incident rays pass undeviated through water surface and The second one is due to reflection by mirror and then refraction from
strike the mirror parallel to its principal axis. water surface. For the mirror,
u=-80 cm and f=-RI2 = - 120/2 = - 60 cm
The image I, of fish due to reflection by mirror is at distance v where

1 1
10 ’V=- 240 cm
V f -60 -80 240
Water The image I, is at a distance Iv | = 240 cm above the mirror and
u=4/3 20 Iv-120 = 120 cm above the water surface. Its image I, formed due to
refraction by water surface is at distance
Ivl-120 240-120
=90cm above the surface ...(2)
FIGURE 1.162 4/3

The image of rays parallel to the principal axis of mirror is formed at its From (1) and (2), the distance between the two images I and I, is
focus F which is at a depth of 30 - 20 = 10 cm from the water surface. 90 + 30 =|120 cm
The final image / is formed at its apparent depth
10 10
EXAMPLE 22. Apoint object
lies 30 cm above water on the
4/3
=|75cm from the water surface. axis of a convex mirror of focal
length 40 cm lying 20 cm below Air (u = )
EXAMPLE 21. Consider the situation shown in fig. 1.163. Afish water surface. Find the location Water (H =4/3)
lies 40 cm under the surface of water Pwater = 4/3) and 80 cm above of final image formed after
a concave spherical mirror whose radius of curvature is 120 cm. An refraction by water surface
observer looking down from above in the air (Hair = 1) sees two followed by reflection from FIGURE 1.165
images of fish. Find the distance (in meters) between these two mirror and again refraction by
the water surface.
images.
 Solution.
ExAMPLE 24. An object is placed 21 cm in front of a concave
mirror of radius of curvature 10 cm. A glass plate of thickness 3 em
u o andrefractive index 1-5 is then placed close to the mirror in the
30
space between the object and the mirror. Find the position of the
+ 30 Air
20 30 final image formed. (Y'ou may take the distances of the nearer surface
of the plate from the mirror to be 1cm).
3cm
20
v+ 20

f=40 cm
Water
u=4/3

FIGURE 1.166
The image I, of object O formed due to refraction by water surface is
30 u =30 x 4/3 = 40cm above the water surface.
lcmi 2lcm
It is at a distance 20 + 30 u = 60 cm from the convex mirror of focal
lenth f= 40 cm. The image I, formed by reflection is at a distance v FIGURE 1.169
from the mirror given by Solution.
1 1 1 3cm
= 24 cm
40 60 24
It is at a depth v + 20 = 44 cm below the surface of water.
The final image , formed due to refraction again by water surface is at
a depth
V+ 20 24+ 20
33 cm below the water surface.
4/3

EXAMPLE 23. Adiverging lens of focal

length 10 cm isplaced 10 cm in front of a
plane mirror as shown is fig. 1.167. Light FIGURE 1.170
from a very far away source falls on the
lens. What is the distance of final image. The rays starting from the object O would appear to come from the
Solution. Here, f= - 10cm FIGURE 1.167 point O, due to refraction through the glass plate.
The image I, formed by the lens is at distancel fl=10 cmon the left
This displacement O0 is given by
of lens. Its distance from the mirror is
1fl+ 10 = 20 cm
PO = 21 - l=20 cm
Now if the object were at O' (apparent position), its image formed by
the mirror would have been at a distance v from the mirror (at I) so
that

R
10 where, u =- 20 cm, f=*=-5 cm
|f|+ 10 = 20 20
FIGURE 1.168
V=
uf(-20) x(-5) =-67 cm
The image I, formed by the mirror is at the same distance 20 cm on its u-f (- 20) -(-5)
right. The distance of I, from the lens is ’ PI'-V=6-7 cm
10 + 20 = 30 cm. However, the reflected rays have to pass through the glass slab and
For the final image l, formed again be the lens, we have would converge be I.
u=-30 cm and f=- 10 cm
But
4
1,1
-=+ -= 1 + v=-75 cm
-10 -30 30
Therefore, the final position of the image will be at I at a distance PI
The final image I, is formed at distance 7.5 cm to the right of lens. =67+|=|7-7 cm from the mirror.
ExAMPLE Apotnt ohjet 0 is pBaced on the axis in front of a The image /,of object 0 due to glass lah is ahifted by
coBCATe mirrr of fral length 10 cm. Aglass slab of refractive index
N2 and thìckness6cm is inserted between the object and mirror. 3cm towards right
Find the podtion of final image when the distance of near face of
the glass siah from the concave mirror is , acts as an objcct for the mirror. Now, for the mirror.
(a)S cm and () 20 cm. w-(33-3) =- 30 cm and f= RI2 = 40/2 =20cm
Draw ray diagram in each case.
Solution. In both cases, the shift due to glass slab is 9y12 cm
f 20 -30 12
The image I, formed by the mirror is at a distance 12 cm from the
M-a-2em mirror as shown in fig. L.172.
The final image /, due to glass slab is shifted by
So. the image I,of object Ois shifted towards right by d =2cm. Ad = 3cm towards left.
32
Therefore, the distance of the final image /, from the object O is
33 + v- Ad =33 + 12-3 =42 cm
EXAMPLE 27. Afly Fis sitting on a glass slab A, 45 cm thick and
Ad Ad of refractive index 3/2. The slab covers the top of a container B
containing water (refractive index 4/3) upto a height of 20 em. The
32- Ad=30 bottom of container is closed by a concave mirror C of radius of
6 curvature 40 cm. Locate the final image formed by all refractions
and reflection assuming paraxial rays.
F

20
A
45 cm
|v|= 15
|v|+ Ad=17
FIGURE 1.171 4
B 20 cm
Its distance from the concave mirror is
32 - Ad= 32 - 2 = 30 cm
For the mirror, u=-30 cm and f= - 10 cm FIGURE 1.173
The distance v of image I, due to reflection by mirror is given by Solution. We shall consider water as the reference medium since water
1
is in contact with the mirror and the mirror equation is independent of
v - 15 cm the medium.
V -10 -30 15
4 22:5
The final image I, is again shifted by Ad towards left. 33-75
Its distance from the mirror in both cases is
Ivl+ Ad =15 + 2=!7 cm
H3/2
|45
EXAMPLE 26. Apoint object is placed 33 cm from aconvex mirror
of radius of curvature 40 cm. A glass plate of thickness 6 em and 60
refractive index 2-0 is placed between the object and mirror, close
to the mirror. Find the distance of final image from the object. 30
H43 |20
Solution.

FIGURE 1.174
The image , of fly F due to the glass slab is shifed by

u=2 S cm

So, the distance of I, is 20 + 45-5 = 60 cm from the mirror which acts

d=6 as the object for the mirror.
33-Ad= 30 Now, for the mirror,
Ad
33 u=-60 cm and f= - RI2 =- 40/2 = -20 cm
FIGURE 1.172
 1
’V=-30 cm 15 1 15-1 ...(1)
f -20 -60 30 R
The image I, formed by the mirror is 10 cm above the surface of water.
Its image I in glass slab is at a height where, R is the radius of curvature of the surface. As the lens is
equiconvex, the radius of curvature of the second surface is - R. Also,
the image formed by the first surface acts as the object for the second
*&10= S12 x10 =x10
9
= 11-25cm
4/3 surface.
Thus, for the second surface,
from the water surface and at a depth
133 1-5 133- 15
45 - 11-25 = 33-75 cm from the top surface of ...(2)
glass slab. -R
The final image , is at a depth
3375 33-75 Adding equations (1 ) and (2), we get
1.5 =|22-5 cm from F. 133 1 0-67
L0s+017)
R
= R
EXAMPLE 28. A convex lens of glass in air produces a real image 1-33 1 0-67
having the same size as object. When the object and the lens are ...(3)
V -21 R 2R 28
immersed in a liquid with object distance remaining the same, the
real image formed is enlarged two times the object size. Find the The focal length of the lens in air 10 cm. Using
refractive index of the liquid, if the refractive index of glass is 1-5.
Solution. We shall combine the lens formula and the lens maker's =(4-1)| we get
formula to obtain R R,
11
10
= (15
-) ’ R= 10 cm

Putting this in equation (3), we get

where, H, and , are the refractive indices of liquid and glass V=70 cm
respectively.
In air. m = vu =-] Hence, the image is formed at a depth 70 cm inside the tube.
EXAMPLE 30. A converging lens of focal length 15 cm and a
...(1) converging mirror of focal length 20 cm are placed with their
principal axes coinciding. A point source S is placed on the principal
In liquid, m= vlu=-2 ’v=-2 u axis at a distance of 12 cm from the lens as shown in fig. 1.176. It is
found that the final beam comes out parallel to the principal axis.
1 1(15 ...(2)
Find the separation between the mirror and the lens.
2u

From equations (1) and (2), we get

(15-1) 6
= 5.5 . ;=12/11
3 (15/4 -)
I P|, M;
EXAMPLE 29. Along cylindrical tube containing water is closed
by an equiconvex lens of focal length 10 cm in air. A point source is
placed along the axis of the tube outside it at a distance of 2l cm
12cm
from the lens. Locate the final image of the source. Refractive index
of the material of the lens is 15 and that of water is 1-33.
FIGURE 1.176
Solution.
The light from the source S gets Solution. Let us first locate the image I, of source S formed by the
lens.
refracted at the air-glass interface Ai
and then at the glass-water Here, u=- 12 cm and f= 15 cm.
interface. Here, we can not apply 2lcm
We have, 11_1
1
thin lens formula directly as the . 15 12
medium on two sides of the lens is
u f
different. Therefore, we must v=-60 cm PI = 60 cm
Water
consider two refractions one after The image I, acts as the object for the mirror. The mirror forms an
the othe. image l, of the object I,. This image I, then acts as the object for the
If the image due to the refraction at lens and the final beam comes out parallel to the principal axis. Clearly,
the first surface is formed at an , must be at the focus of the lens. We have,
image-distance v, from the surface, Ih=l, P+ Pl, =60cm +15 cm = 75 cm
then for the first surface, we have FIGURE 1.175 Suppose, the distance of the mirror from l, isx cm.
For the reflection from the mirror, f= - 20 cm,
-7+2
u= MI=-(75 + ) cm and v-X cm
-70 140 28

Using -t-= we get +

Vy =-28 cm
75 + x 20
So, I, is at a distance 28 cm from M, and the distance from its axis is
75 + 2x
’ + 35 x- 1500 = 0
(75 + x)x 20 x15 = 0-6 cm
’ (r+60) (r -2S) = 0
This gives x= 25 - 60 Therefore, the cordinates of I, are
As the negative sign has no physical meaning, only positive sign should x= 40 -28 = 12 cm and y=-0-6 cmn|
be taken. Taking x = 25, the separation between the lens and the mirror
is ExAMPLE 32. Aconvex lens of focal length 15 cm and a concave
Pl, + x= 15 cm + 25 cm =40 cm mirror of focal length 30 cm are kept with their optic axes PQ and
RS parallel but separated in vertical direction by 0-6 cm as show.
ExAMPLE 31. Two concave mirrors each of radius of curvature in fig. 1.179. The distance between the lens and mirror is 30 cm. An
40 cm are placed such that their principal axes are parallel to each upright object AB of height 1·2 cm is placed on the optic axis PO of
other and at a distance of 1 cm from each other. Both the mirrors the lens at a distance of 20 cm from the lens. IfA" B" is the image
are at a distance of 100 em from each other as shown in fig. 1.177 after refraction from the lens and reflection from the mirror, find
Considering first reflection at M, and then at M, find the its distance from the pole of the mirror and obtain its magnification.
coordinates of the image thus formed. Take location of object as the Also, locate positions of A" and B" with respect to the optic axis
origin. RS.

fm=30 cm S=15 cm
A4
60 cm 40 cm 1-2 cm
P
axis of M, 0-6 cm B
cm
+ axisof M

M1 30 cm 20 cm
M) FIGURE 1.179
FIGURE 1.177
Solution.
Solution.

Jmf= 15 cm
M -30cm
40 cm }B' 1:2 cm
Axis of M,
0-6 cm S
Axis of M, 3 cm
cm
M2
|u=60 cm 30 cm 20 cm

FIGURE 1.178
For the first reflection, FIGURE 1.180
u =-60 cm and f =-20 cm For the lens, u, = 20 cm and f = 15 cm

V S u, -20 -60 30 ’v=- 30 cm ’V,=60 cm

15-20 60

So, I, is at a distance 30 cm from M, and the distance from its axis is

60
=-3
2-=05cm ’ m, =
-20

The size of image A'B is Im, | x 1-2 = 3-6 m with end B' at 0-6 m above
The distance of I, from the axis of M, is I + 0-5 = 1:5 cm and from M, RS and end A' at 3m below RS.
is
For the mirror, f, =-30 cm and u,, = V,- 30 = 60- 30 = 30 cm
100 -Iv, l= 100 30 = 70 cm
For the second reflection, 1 2
u, =-70 cm and f =-20 cm Ym -30 30 30 ::Vm=-15cm
The location of final image A"" B" is 15 cm to the right if mirror. The image I, is l2 m to the right of lens and 12-08- 04 m to the
right of mirror. Its image I, is formed at a distance 0.4 m to the left of
m -15 mirror and 0-8 -04 = 0-4 m to the right of lens, The final image /, (in
" 30 2 air) formed by the lens is at a distance v from the lens where
The size of image A" B" is m,, x 36=1-8 m 4/3 20

with end B' at 06 m = 0-6 x l/2 =03 cm above RS -04 R -R

and end A" at 3 m = 3x \/2 =15 mbelow RS. 20 10 10

. v= - 09 m
The magnification of final image A" B" is 9 3 9

m=m m, =-3x I/2 =- 1-5 The final image , is formed 0.9 m to the right of lens and 09 - 0-8
=0-l m to the right of mirror.
EXAMPLE 33. Athin equiconvex lens of glass of refractive index ExAMPLE 34. Amirror of radius of curvature 20 cm and an
=/2 and of focal length 0-3 min air is sealed into an opening at object which is placed at a distance of 15 cm are both moving with
one end of a tank filled with water = 43. On the opposite side of
the lens, a mirror is placed inside the tank on the tank wall velocities 1m s and 10 m s- as shown in fig. 1. 183. Find the
velocity of the image at this situation.
perpendicular to the lens axis, as shown in figure. The separation
between the lens and the mirror is 08 m. Asmall object is placed Ims-!
outside the tank in front of the lens at a distance of 0-9mfrom the
lens on its axis. Find the position (relative to the lens) of the image 10 ms
of the object formed by the system.

0-9 m 0-8 m
1S cm

FIGURE 1.183

Solution. Here, =- 15 cm andR= 20 cm

f= - RI2 =- 10cm
Using mirror equation, we get
= 30 cm
FIGURE 1.181 -10 -15 30

Solution.
30
V0-9 -2
-15
He3/2 P4/3 We shall take the direction towards right as positive and solve the
problem in the frame of mirror. The velocities of object and image in
the frame of mirror are respectively
Vom VÍ -n (- 10) -I= - || msI
0-4 I 0-4 04 and n = -m v,m =-(-2)' x (-|) = 44 ms-!
Note that the object is mnoving away fromn the focus of mirror (i.e.,
towards left) and the image is moving towards the focus (i.e., towards
0-9 right).
FIGURE 1.182
The velocity of the image in ground frame is
If R is the radius of equiconvex lens, then V, =Vim t y,= 44 +|=45 ms
2(4-1) EXAMPLE 35.
R -R R t=0

R= 2 (u- )f= 2 (15 - 1) x 0-3 = 0-3 m

the lens is at
The image /, (inwater) of the object 0 (in air) formed by h=f2
a distance v, from the lens where

4/3 +
-0-9 R -R
FIGURE 1.184
3/2 -1 4/3-3/2 55 20
03
+
-03 Aparticle is dropped along the axis froma height h=fn on aconcave
mirror of focal length f as shown in fig. 1.184. Find the maximum
4 20 10 10 V= |:2 m speed of image.
9 9
Soiution.
V=-25 cm, R=+25 cm,
15 1 15-1
2 Now, -25 25
V R

Iu--g u=- 12-5 cm

Thus,the object should be placed at a distance of 125 cm from the lens

ExAMPLE 37. Calculate the equivalent focal length of a plano
FIGURE 1.185
convex lens made of material of refractive index u whose curved
After time t, the speed of the particle is u = gt and its surface has radius R for the following two cases
mirror is distance from the
(a) when the plane surface is silvered.
(b)when the curved surface is silvered.
2
Solution. The focal length fof the unsilvered lens is given by
To find the distance v, of image, we use mirror
formula
4
R
-(f12 -gr/2) -5
1 1 f2+ g1'/2 R
" f2- gr?/2 f ff2-gr?2)
The magnitication at this instant is Curved surface
Unsilvered Plane surface
Silvered Silvered
m= 2f f
fA2- g1²/2 f2 +gr²/2 f+g? FIGURE 1.187
The speed of image is (a) When the plane surface is silvered, the focal length f, of the lens
mirror combination is given by
V= n = gt 2f 4gf?i 1-2 1 2(u-1), 1 2(u -1)
f+gr²) (ft gr?)? f
+
R
For maximim speed, dvldt =0
-R
’ (f+ gry -tx2x 2 gr (f+ gr) =0
’ (f+ g)- 4 gr² =0 2(4 -1)
R

max
4gf²3g 3 It behaves as a converging lens of focal length 2(u-1)
13g (f+gxf3 g)² (b) When the curved surface is silvered, the focal length f, is of the lens
ExAMPLE 36. A biconvex thin lens is prepared from glass mirror combination is given by
(4 = 1:5) having two bounding surfaces of equal radii of 25 cm 2(4-1) 1
each. One of the surfaces is silvered from outside to make it R - RI2
reflecting. Where should an object be placed before this lens so that
the image is formed on the object itself? =-l-)+1l]= -24
R
B -R
2u
It behaves as a converging lens of focal length R/2 u.
ExAMPLE 38. When the flat surface of a planoconvex lens is
silvered, an object coincides with its image at a distance of 15 cm
from the lens. If the curved surface is silvered, the object coincides
25cm 25cm with its image at a distance of 5 cm from the lens. Calculate the
FIGURE 1.186 refractive index of glass.
Solution. In both cases, the silvered lens acts like a concave mirror. Let
Solution. Let the object be placed at O. A ray OA starting from Ogets f be the focal length of lens when the flat surface is silvered. In this
refracted into the glass at the first surface and hits the silvered surface case, the object at a distance of 15 cm coincides with its image. So, the
along AB. To get the image at the object, the rays should retrace their focal length f, of the concave mirror formed is f =-7-5 cm
path after reflection from the silvered surface. This will happen only if
AB falls normally on the silvered surface. Thus, AB should appear to
come from the centre C, of the second surface. Thus, due to the
Now, I2+!
-75 f o
refraction at the first surface, a virtual image of O is formed at C,. For
this case, Sj= 15 cm
 Solution.

1Scm Scm
0, 1 0, 1
2| F1 Lens 2
Flat surface Curved surface
silvered silvered
FIGURE 1.188 Lens I
When the curved surface is silvered, the object at a distance of 5 cm
coincides with its image. So, the focal length f, of the concave mirror
FIGURE 1.190
formed is f =-25 cm
formed of lens I is
Now. 12, 1 2,
+ 1 The effective focal length F of the concave mirror
S m -2.5 15 f given by
Jm=-15/4 cm 2 F -60/7 cm
The radius of curvature of the curved side is E -RI2 20 60

its object and

R=12fm l=7:5 cm. Since, the rays from silvered lens must retrace their path, object is at
Now, applying lens maker formula, we have image I, must lie at a distance l2 F, Ifrom it. For lens 2. the
distance xand image at distance 2 1F; I-d. So, u =
and

15 -) v=- (2|F, |-d) =-(2 x 60/7 - I0)

Applying lens formula, we have
=- 50/7 cm

l= 15| 1 100/19cm
y u
- 50/7 20
EXAMPLE 39. An object in placed 30 cm in front of an equiconcave
lens that is made of glass of refractive index 1-5 and having radii of Hence, the object must be placed at a height 100/19cm above the upper
curvature 30 cm. The surface of the lens farther away from the lens.
object is silvered. Find the nature and position of the final image
ExAMPLE 41. Athin equiconvex lens is placed on a horizontal
Solution. å=15, R, =-30 cm and R, =30cm plane mirror and a pin held 20 cm above the lens coincides in position
with its own image. The space between the lens and mirror is filled

’
I-(5-)|30 30
f=- 30 cm and f = R,/2 = 15 cm
with water (u = 4W3) and then to coincide with its own image as
before, the pin has to be raised until its distance from the lens is
27-5 cm. Find the radius of curvature of lens.
Solution.
30 cm 30 cm

30 cm
f= 27.5|cm
FIGURE 1.189 f-20cm)
The focal length fof the lens mirror combination is given by

2.1 2 f=7:5 cm
-30 15 15

It behaves as a convex lens of focal length f= 75 cm.

Here, u=-30 cm. From mirror equation, we have
R
1_11_1 1 =
5
y=6cm
v f u 75 -30 30
FIGURE 1.191
EXAMPLE 40. A convex lens of material of refractive index In the first case, the rays after refraction by lens, mustfall normal to the
= 15 has focal length f, = 20 cm. Its one side having radius of mirror, i.e., must emerge parallel to the principle axis. This means that
curvature R= 120 cm is silvered. It is placed on a horizontal surface the object is kept at the focus of the lens.
with silvered surface in contact with it. Another convex lens of focal ’ f = 20 cm
it.
length f, = 20 cm is fixed coaxially at a distance, d = 10 cm aboveFind In the second case, the pin has to be placed at the focal length fof the
A luminous point object O on the axis coincides with its image.
combination of the convex lens and planoconcave lens made of wate.
its height above the upper lens. f=27-5 cm
 Iff, is the focal length of water lens, then Solution. As there is no parallax, the final images due to lens L and
mirror Mare formed at the same location as shown in the fig. 1.194. Its
-|8 220
cm distance from M is a + b and from L is a + 2 b. Further, the image
27-5 20 3 formed by L is twice of the image formed by M. As the image formed
For the water lens,
by M is of the same size of object, the magnification of image formed
by L is 2.
1 a+2b
=(
R
3 220
) ’R=-
9
cm
M

Therefore, the radius of curvature of the convex lens is a+

R= 220/9 cm
FIGURE 1.194
EXAMPLE 42. Aglass slab of thickness 2cm and refractive index
2 is placed in contact with an equiconvex lens of focal length 20 cm. a+2b
The refractive index of the material of the lens is 1-5. The far side of
= 2 ’a+2b=2 a :.a=2 b
the lens is silvered. Where should an object be placed in front of the Now, for the lens,
slab so that it images on to itself?
Solution. Let the object be placed at distance x from the left face of the 2(u-1)_ 2(15-1) 1
slab. Its image 7, due to glass slab shifts by
= (|-1 R -R R 40
=

40

s=40 cm
Ad
a-a---iom
This image I, at a distance a+ 2- Ad=x+ 1 from the lens acts as on
The focal length fof the lens mirror combination of L is given by
1 -+ 2, 1 2
object for the lens mirror combination. 40 -20 10

1 1 f=-10 cm
For the lens. =(151)| R R R From mirror equation,
R=f= 20 cm ’ =- RI2 = - 10 cm 1,1_1
-+-=
1, 1 1
f a+2b 10
S=20 cm

u=2 = 15 1 1 1 1 1
|a=5 cm
10 a+2b a a+a 2a

ExAMPLE 44. Aray of light moving along r-axis is incident on a

glass slab at origin at grazing incidence. The refractive index of
2 cm the material of theslab is given by =1+ y.If the thickness of
FIGURE 1.192 the slab is d = 2 m, determine
The focal length f of the lens mirror combination is given by (a) the equation of trajectory of the ray inside the slab.
2
(6) the coordinates of point where the ray exits from the slab.
+
20
1
-10
1 inf=-5 cm (c) the angle the ray makes with normal at the point of exit.
For the image I to be formed on object O itself, the image I, must be at Solution. The refractive index of the glass slab u =J1+y is equal to
2 Fof the lens mirror combination. So, 1at the origin and keeps increasing along y-axis. As a result, the ray
x+l=2 1fl= 2 x 5= 10 x=9 cm incident at origin along x-axis keeps bending towards the normal as y
increases.

EXAMPLE 43. In fig. 1.193., Lis half part of an equiconvex glass Y4

lens (u = 15) whose surfaces have radius of curvature R= 40 cm
and its right surface is silvered. Normal to its principal axis,a plane B
mirror M is placed on right of the lens. Distance between lens L and 2m
mirror M is b. A small object O is placed |P, )
on left of the lens such that there is no
parallax between final images formed
by the lens and mirror. If the final
FIGURE 1.195
image formed by lens is twice that of M
b (a) Consider a general point P (r, y) on its path. Let the tangent to the
image formed by the mirror, find the
relationship between a and b. Also, find FIGURE 1.193 ray at Pmake angle a with vertical (normal) and with horizontal.
the distance a.
The slope of the tangent at P is
 tan = cot a
Now, the slope at point P is equal to dyldx

At at all points, l sin a = constant. At origin, dy = tan = cot cos dy

- =Jay
dx sin 0 () Jay
= +0 =1 and a = 90°
’ usin a = 1 x sin 90 = 1or sin a = l/u 2
=x2 - 2000 m
dy J-sin a f2x10-6
dx sin a 1/u ExAMPLE 46. A ray of light travelling in air along x-axis is
incident at grazing angle on a long rectangular slab of a transparent
medium of thickness 1-0 m. One face of the slab lies in plane y= 0
is the
and the other face in plane y = 1. The point of incidence
’ 2y =x y=x4 origin. The medium has a variable refractive index given by

is the equation of the trajectory of the ray inside the slab. () =1+y2
(b) At point (where the ray exits the slab), (a) Obtain a relation between the slope of the trajectory of the ray
at point P(r,y) in the medium and the incident angle iat the
y=2 mand x=2y= 22m point.
(b) Obtain an equation for the trajectory y (r) of the ray in the
Therefore, coordinates of Qare (242 m, 2m) medium
(c) Determine the coordinates of point , where the ray strikes
(c) AtQ, inside the slab, u =+2 - V3 the upper surface of the slab-air boundary.
and outside the slab, u = 1. As u sin a = 1,
(d) Indicate the path of the ray subsequently after exiting from
|B=sin-! /5 the slab.
inside the slab, /3 sin B=1

and outside the slab, 1 x sin y= 1 |Y=90° Solution. The refractive index = +y32 of the glass slab is equal
to 1 at the origin and keeps increasing along y-axis. As a result, the ray
EXAMPLE 45. Aman of height 2 mstands on a straight road on incident at origin at grazing angle after entering the slab is along x
a hot day. The vertical temperature in the air results in a variation axis.

of refractive index with height yas u =Lo 1+ay where H, is the Y4

refractive index of airnear the road anda=2 x 10/m. What is the
actual length of the road, the man is able to see? 1m
Solution. Let the man be able to see x length of the road. TP (x, y) X
As shown in the figure, let the origin be at a point on the road which the
man is just abie to see from where the ray gets totally internally reflected
so that the ray at this point is horizontal. FIGURE 1.197
(a) If the tangent at pointP makes an angle 0 with x-axis, then its
(o, 2)
slope at point P is
m = tan = tan (90°- i) m = dyldx = cot i
2 m
90
(b) As at all points, usin i= constant and at origin, u=1+0 =1
(0, 0) (o, 0)
and i = 90°, we have
FIGURE 1.196 sin i =lx sin 90° = l or sin i= 1/u
Now, consider a general point P (*, y) on this ray where the tangent
makes an angle a with horizontal and an angle with vertical. We dy = cot i=
-sin? i -u?
know that for all points, dx sin i l/u
u sin =constant or Hol+ ay sin 0= constant
=J(l+ y2)-1= y4
At origin, y=0 and 0= 90.
dy ’ 4 yl/4=r y= (x/4)+|
So, constant =Ho tax0 sin 90°=H

’ Hol+ ay sin 0=H is the equation of trajectory of the ray in the medium.
(c) At point , where the ray strikes the upper surface,

sin = and cos = -sin 0 = Juy y=lm and x= yl=4 m

1+ ay J1+ ay Therefore, the coordinates of are (4 m, 1m)
(d) After exiting from the slab, u = land as sin i =1, we have i=90°.
Now, cos TU2+Y
So, the subsequent path of the ray is straight liney=1| parallel 2
to x-axis.

EXAMPLE 47. The figure shows the path of a ray passing through - sin y=1 ’ sin y=u'-1 ...(1)
an equilateral prism POR. It is incident on face PR at an angle
slightly greater than the critical angle for total internal reflection. When i = U2, r = , and r, = A- r =2 -
If the angle a shown in the figure is 30°, calculate the refractive sin e
index of the material of the prism.
sin r, sine =usin ;--ueos 6.
P
Now, B=i+e -A= 90° +e -90° =e
’ sin B= sin e = u cos ,
’ sin² B=u' (1 - sin? 9,) = u (1 - 1/u) ='-1 ..(2)
From (1 ) and (2), sin y = sin B

EXAMPLE 49. Aprism of angle 60 deviates a ray of light through

R
40° for two angles of incidences which differ by 12". What is the
refractive index of the glass of the prism?
Solution.
FIGURE 1.198
Solution.
P
60
40°

i i =e
R
S
/90°-4)
90°60A R FIGURE 1.200

The incident ray PQ is deviated through 40°. The principle of

FIGURE 1.199
reversibility of ray, through optical system, shows that the ray SR would
also suffer the same deviation of 40°. Therefore, the other angle of
From figure, (90°)+ (90° -)+ 60°= 180° ’r=60° 0. incidence causing same deviation of 40° is e = i,
Sin a. sin 30 where, i -i,= 12° (given)
sin r sin (60°-e,) Also, i, + i,=A + 8= 100
On solving, we get i,= 56° and i, =44°
=sin (60° -6,) = sin 60°J1- sin , -cos 60 sin 0,
2u Now, =sin i S2 where, r, + r, =A= 60
sin r sin
sin 56° sin 44°
sin sin (60-)
We first solve this equation for r.
|=3(1? -1) -1 ’ 31'- 1) =4 From the above equation,
sin (60°-r) sin 44° V3
EXAMPLE 48A prisn has refracting angle equal to r/2. It is given sin r sin 56° cot- 084
that y is the ange of minimum deviation and ß is the deviation of cot r = 1-55 ’ r,= 32-8°
the ray entering at grazing incidence. Prove that siny= sin² B.
Solution. Here, A= 2, , = y and ð = ß when i =90 sin 56°
=

sin 32:8° -153

sin [(A +,, )/2) sin [(/2 + )i2]
sin (A/2) sin (T/4) EXAMPLE 50. An equilateral prism deviates ray through 23° for
two angles of incidence differing by 23. Find u of the prism.
sin Solution. The angle of deviation, 8 = 23°.
Since the prism is equilateral, A = 60°.
 i= 90")
If i and e are interchanged, the deviation produced is same. Since is The ray PO is incident at grazing incidence (so,
same for two angles of incidence differing by 23°, we have
i-e=23° ...(l) But r +ry=A ’ y= (A -r)= (A -8,)
i+e=A +8=60°+ 23° =83° ..(2) sin e
Now, for refraction at R,
From (1) and (2), i = 53° and e=30° sin 2
TËtn=A=60o T; = 60 -r
sin eu sin (A 0,)
sin i
Now. =
sin e
sin e = u (sin A cos 0,, - cos A sin ,)
sin (60-,) sin ,
sin (60°-,) sin 53o 08
-cos 4
sin i
=1:6
sin r, sin e sin 30° 05

’ sin 60° cot - cos 60° = 1-6 sin e= (Vu-Isin A - cos A)

’ cot r, =
1-6+1/2 4-2
EXAMPLE 52. The cross-section of a glass prism has the form of
A ray of
V3/2 V3 an isosceles triangle. One of the refracting faces is silvered.
refracting face, reflecting twice
light falling normally on the other the
1 1 1
emerges through the base of the prism perpendicular to it. Find
1 sin r, = angles of the prism.
cOsec r, J1+ cot Ji+42/3
Solution.
1
B
i+42x1l4 J688
A 90°
90°
Sin e 1/2 172 W43
.= 72= Vi00 A=
sin r, 1/6-88 N
(2) (1)
EXAMPLE S1. Light falls at grazing incidence on one of the surface
of a prism of refractive index u and refracting angle A. Show that
the angle of emergence isgiven by sine =(Vu-1 sin A- cos A).
Solution.
F R

G
A
FIGURE 1.202
R
i=90 The incident ray BC at normal incidence is refracted along CD,suffers
reflection at silvered face, along DE and at Eit again suffers total internal
reflection along EF which is normal to the base and finally emerges
along FG. From the figure, we can see that
i=A, Also, B= a
P Since, EN, | CD, B= 2i a = 2A
In APQR, 2 +A = 180
FIGURE 1.201
On solving, we get,A= 36° and a= 72°