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Lecture 1 - Integration by Parts 1

The document covers the technique of Integration By Parts, which is used to integrate products of functions by reversing the Product Rule. It provides guidelines for choosing the variable 'u' in u-substitution and includes several examples and practice problems to illustrate the concepts. The document emphasizes the importance of understanding the linearity of integrals and the rules for integrating sums, differences, and products of functions.

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8 views

Lecture 1 - Integration by Parts 1

The document covers the technique of Integration By Parts, which is used to integrate products of functions by reversing the Product Rule. It provides guidelines for choosing the variable 'u' in u-substitution and includes several examples and practice problems to illustrate the concepts. The document emphasizes the importance of understanding the linearity of integrals and the rules for integrating sums, differences, and products of functions.

Uploaded by

poooooooooop
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 1 - Integration By Parts 1

At the end of Calculus 1 we learned how to find the antiderivative of several


types of functions by “undoing” our differentiation rules:
xn+1
Z
n
• x dx = + C (n 6= −1)
n+1
Z
1
• dx = ln |x| + C
x
Z
• cos x dx = sin x + C
Z
• sin x dx = − cos x + C
Z
• ex dx = ex + C

ax
Z
x
• a dx = + C (a > 0, a 6= 1),
ln a
We also learned that the integral is linear, i.e.
Z Z Z
• [f (x) ± g(x)] dx = f (x) dx ± g(x) dx
Z Z
• cf (x) dx = c f (x) dx.

where c is a constant.
Z 2 
4 x
Example 1: 2
+ 2 dx
1 x

MAC 2312 L1 - 1
We also learned about a technique called u-substitution which “undoes” the
Chain Rule. One part of the integral is substituted for a variable u which
makes the resulting integral easier to compute. However, it’s not always clear
what u we should choose for a particular integral. Here are two guidelines to
selecting u:

1. Make sure that whatever you select as u appears in the integral.

2. If u = f (x), then du = f 0(x)dx should appear in the integral as well, i.e.


the derivative of your u should typically be in the integral.
Z
Example 2: Evaluate tan x dx

Z
2
Example 3: Evaluate xex dx

MAC 2312 L1 - 2
Z eπ/2
cos(ln x)
Practice 1: Evaluate dx
1 x

As mentioned earlier, the integral of a sum or difference of two functions is the


sum or difference of the individual integrals. Is the same true of multiplication
and division?
x3 x2 x2 x4
Z Z Z Z
2 ?
= x dx = x · x dx = x dx · x dx = · =
3 2 2 4
This doesn’t seem to work. Just like how the derivative of a product of two
functions is not the same the product of the derivatives, we need to be careful
when we integrate a product of two functions.

Recall the Product Rule for two functions u(x) and v(x):
d dv du
[u(x)v(x)] = u + v .
dx dx dx
If we integrate both sides with respect to x we get
Z Z Z
d dv du
[uv] dx = u dx + v dx.
dx dx dx
By using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, and by simplifying the right
hand side of this equation, we get that
Z Z
uv = udv + vdu.
Solving for the first integral on the right-hand side gives
Z Z
udv = uv − vdu

MAC 2312 L1 - 3
This formula is called the Integration By Parts formula. It “undoes” the
Product Rule and can be used to integrate products of functions, among other
things (as we will see in the next lecture). Here are some examples to illustrate
how Integration By Parts (IBP) works:

Example 4: Find the antiderivatives of x sin(x).

Z 1
Example 5: Evaluate tet dt
0

MAC 2312 L1 - 4
Z
Practice 2: Evaluate x2 ln x dx

Extra Problems:
√ y 2 y 3 2y 3/2 2y 5/2
Z
• (y + y)(1 − y)dy (solution: − + − + C)
Z 2 3 3 5
• cos xesin xdx (solution: esin x + C )
2(x + 1)3/2 2x3/2
Z
1
• √ √ dx (solution: + + C)
Z x + 1 − x 3 3
(θ + 1) sin(2θ) cos(2θ)
• (θ + 1) cos(2θ)dθ (solution: + + C)
Z 1 2 4
4 3
• x4xdx (solution: − )
Z0 ln 4 (ln 4)2
• x sec2 xdx (solution: x tan x + ln | cos x| + C)

MAC 2312 L1 - 5

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