Study Guide Human Physiology Summative Exam 1

Language of Anatomy and Physiology

1. Define the following terms:

a. Anatomy

b. Physiology

c. Homeostasis

2. What happens if homeostasis becomes unbalanced?

3. List the levels of body organization in increasing complexity from atoms to the
organism.

4. Diagram a body in the anatomical position and describe the significance of this
position in healthcare.

1
 5. Mark the following directional terms that we get by dividing the body into planes:
anterior, posterior, superior, inferior, ventral, dorsal, medial, and lateral

Image Source: OpenStax College (2013). Planes of Body. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution
4.0 International. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Planes_of_Body.jpg

6. Define the following directional terms:

a. Proximal

b. Distal

c. Superficial

d. Deep

e. Central

f. Peripheral

2
 7. Label the body cavities.

Image Source: Edgar. S. (2014). Scheme Body Cavities Numbered. Licensed under Creative Commons
Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported. Retrieved from
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Scheme_body_cavities_numbered.png

8. Label the abdominal quadrants and regions.

Image Source: Jmarchn (2015). Abdominal Quadrant Regions Cleaned. Licensed under Creative
Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported. Retrieved from
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Abdominal_Quadrant_Regions_Cleaned.png

3
Microbiology Basics

1. What is disease?

2. Match each of the following terms with its definition:

_____ carrier a. microorganism dependent on a host for survival
_____ infection b. microorganism capable of causing disease
_____ normal flora c. organism that harbors a pathogen
_____ pathogen d. microorganism that lives harmoniously in the body
_____ parasite e. symptoms caused by a pathogen

3. Compare and contrast bacteria and viruses.

Bacteria Viruses
Size

Structure

Ability to replicate
independently

Ability to form spores

Benefit to the body

4. What is a spore?

5. What is a fungus?

4
6. What information does each of the following tests give us?

a. Gram stain

b. Culture

c. Sensitivity

7. List 5 common portals of entry.

8. List 5 common portals of exit.

9. Describe how pathogens spread:

a. From person to person

b. From the environment to a person

c. From tiny animals to a person

5
Cells

1. Review the parts of a cell and their function.

Image Source: Herlihy, B. (2018). Figure 3.2 A Typical Cell. The Human Body in Health and Illness (6th
ed.) St. Louis, United States: Elsevier.

Nucleus

Nucleolus

Chromatin Threadlike structures in the nondividing cell that contain DNA;

chromatin threads form chromosomes in a dividing cell
Cytoplasm

6
Ribosomes Site of protein synthesis

Rough ER Contains ribosomes where protein is synthesized

Smooth ER Site of lipid and steroid synthesis; synthesis of glycogen in liver and
skeletal muscle
Golgi Finishes and packages protein for export
Apparatus
Lysosomes

Mitochondria

Cytoskeleton

Centrioles

Cell
Membrane
Cilia

Flagellum

Microvilli

2. For each of the following transport mechanisms give a brief description and
indicate whether they are active or passive transport.

a. Osmosis passive Diffusion of water (solvent) from an area with more water
to an area with less water; the water compartments are separated by a
semipermeable membrane

b. Filtration passive The pushing of water and dissolved substances from an

area of high pressure to an area of low pressure; the water and dissolved
substances are pushed

7
 c. Diffusion passive Movement of a substance from an area of high
concentration to an area of low concentration

d. Endocytosis active Taking in or ingestion of substances by the cell

membrane
e. Transport Pumps active Moves a substance uphill (from an area of low
concentration to an area of high concentration); requires an input of
energy (adenosine triphosphate)

f. Pinocytosis active Engulfing of liquid droplets (cellular drinking)

g. Facilitated Diffusion passive Helper molecule within the membrane assists

movement of substances from area of high concentration to area of low
concentration

3. What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

Mitosis: the division of the cell nucleus into two genetically identical daughter
cells
Meiosis: the division that occurs during sexual reproduction

4. List the phases of mitosis.

5. Which body cells replicate most rapidly? skin

8
6. Match each of the following terms with its definition:

___e__ atrophy a. cells are changed from their normal appearance

__b___ necrosis b. cells die due to lack of oxygen or nutrients
___c__ hyperplasia c. cells multiply more rapidly to replace lost ones
___a__ dysplasia d. cells become larger due to exercise
___d__ hypertrophy e. cells become smaller through disuse

9
Tissues and Membranes

1. Compare the various types of tissue by putting check marks in each box that
applies.
Epithelial Connective Nervous Muscle
Most Abundant Body Tissue X

Transmits Electrical Signals X

Protects, Absorbs, and X

Secretes
Moves the Skeleton X

Supports, Protects, and X

Transports
Stores Fat X

Has no Blood Supply X

Allows Organs to Stretch and

Contract

2. Review various types of connective tissue. Which one serves as a source of

energy?
Loose Connective Areolar (tissue glue; beneath skin & between muscles)
Adipose (cushion and insulation; subcutaneous)
Reticular (framework of lymphoid organs)

Dense Fibrous Tendons, ligaments, capsules, and fascia (binding)

Skin (dermis)
Collagen fibers are strong and flexible; elastin fibers allow
stretch
Cartilage Hyaline (support & protect; ends of long bones, nose, &
tracheal rings)
Fibrocartilage (cushion; intervertebral discs & pads in knee)
Elastic cartilage (framework; external ear & larynx)

Bone Support & protect

Blood Transportation

10
Lymph Drainage & immune response

3. The cutaneous membrane may also be called “skin” (True, False).

4. Serous membranes line body cavities that open to the exterior of the body (True,
False).

5. What organs does each of the following serous membranes cover and lubricate?

a. Pericardial

b. Peritoneum

c. Pleural

11
Integumentary System

1. List 7 functions of the cutaneous membrane (skin).

2. Label the 2 layers of the skin and the structures in them.

12
Image Source: Herlihy, B. (2014). Figure 7-1 The Skin. The Human Body in Health and Illness (5th ed.)
St. Louis, United States: Elsevier.

3. What do the following substances in skin do?

a. keratin

b. melanin

c. sebum

4. Name 2 functions of subcutaneous adipose tissue (hypodermis).

5. Most layers of the epidermis consist of dead epithelial cells. (True, False)

6. Skin wrinkles as we age due to a loss of collagen and elastin in the dermal layer.
(True, False)

7. Cyanosis of the nails and skin is an indication of lack of sufficient oxygen to the
tissues (True, False).

8. Hair shafts and fingernails are dead keratinized tissue (True, False).

9. Apocrine glands are located in the dermis throughout the body and produce
sweat to cool the body (True, False).

10. Sebaceous glands are associated with hair follicles (True, False).

11. Many sensory receptors are located in the dermal layer of the skin (True, False).

12. How does the body produce heat?

13
13. Define:
a. Radiation

b. Evaporation

c. Conduction

d. Convection

14. What methods does the body use to:

a. Raise body temperature?

b. Lower body temperature?

14
Skeletal System

1. List 5 functions of the skeletal system.

2. Label the bones of the axial and appendicular skeleton.

15
Herlihy, B. (2014). Figure 8-1 Skeleton. The Human Body in Health and Illness (5th ed.) St. Louis, United
States: Elsevier.

3. Choose 2 of the bones you labelled that fit into each of the following categories:

a. Long bones

b. Short bones

c. Flat bones

d. Irregular bones

4. Label the following bone structures on the diagrams below: compact bone,
spongy bone, periosteum, diaphysis, epiphysis, epiphyseal disc, red bone
marrow, yellow bone marrow, medullary cavity.

16
Herlihy, B. (2014). Figure 8-3 Bone. The Human Body in Health and Illness (5th ed.) St. Louis, United
States: Elsevier.

5. Define:

a. Ossification

b. Osteocyte

c. Osteoblast

d. Osteoclast

6. At approximately what age:

a. Is ossification complete?

b. Does longitudinal bone growth stop?

7. What triggers bone remodelling to occur?

8. What does red bone marrow do?

9. Describe the structures found in a typical synovial joint.

a. Articular cartilage

b. Joint capsule

c. Synovial membrane

d. Synovial fluid

17
 e. Bursae

10. List and compare the major types of joints found in the body and give an example
of each type

How Movable Motion Where Found

Hinge flex

Pivot Rotation Radius, ulna

Saddle Flexes, extends

Gliding Sternum

Condyloid

Ball-and-socket

11. Describe each of the following joint motions:

a. Flexion

b. Extension

c. Plantar Flexion

d. Dorsiflexion

e. Hyperextension

f. Abduction

g. Adduction

h. Inversion

i. Eversion

j. Supination

18
k. Pronation

l. Circumduction

19
 Muscular System

1. List 3 functions of the muscular system.

2. Label the following muscles on the diagram below and describe their function:
sternocleidomastoid, deltoid, pectoralis, abdominal Muscles (as a group - not
individual muscles), biceps brachii, quadriceps (group), and vastus lateralis.

20
Herlihy, B. (2014). Figure 9-7 Major Muscles of the Body. The Human Body in Health and Illness (5th ed.)
St. Louis, United States: Elsevier.

3. Label the following muscles on the diagram below and describe their function:
trapezius, intercostals, diaphragm, latissimus dorsi, rotator cuff (as a group – not
individual muscles), triceps brachii, gluteus maximus, hamstring (group).

21
Herlihy, B. (2014). Figure 9-7 Major Muscles of the Body. The Human Body in Health and Illness (5th ed.)
St. Louis, United States: Elsevier.

4. Review the structure of the muscle organ.

22
Image Source: Herlihy, B. (2018). Figure 9.2 Muscle Structure. The Human Body in Health and Illness
(6th ed.) St. Louis, United States: Elsevier.

5. Number in correct sequence the events that occur from nerve stimulation to
muscle contraction.
_____ calcium is pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the muscle relaxes
_____ stimulation of the muscle receptors causes calcium release from the
sarcoplasmic reticulum
_____ an electrical nerve impulse reaches the neuromuscular junction
_____ acetylcholine is released from the nerve and travels to the muscle membrane
_____ muscle contraction occurs
_____ calcium binds to troponin on the actin fiber and moves it to expose myosin
binding sites
_____ myosin heads rotate, sliding actin toward the center of the sarcomere
_____ myosin binds to actin forming a cross-bridge

6. What is the function of ligaments and tendons? What are tendons made of?

7. Compare the structure and function of the 3 main types of muscle tissue.

Skeletal Smooth Cardiac

(Visceral)
Location

Description

Function

8. Describe muscle tone. Why is it a necessity?

23
24