RECOMBINANT DNA

for General Biology 2 Grade 11

Quarter 3 / Week 1

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NegOr_Q3_GenBio2_SLKWeek1_v2
 FOREWORD

The Department of Education through the Bureau of

Curriculum Development and Curriculum Standards
Development Division has crafted the Most Essential
Learning Competencies (MELCs) for teachers to address
the needs and demands of the learners brought about by
the pandemic.

This self-learning kit (SLK) will help the learners to have

full understanding on the important applications of
recombinant DNA. Learners will be able to outline the
processes involved in genetic engineering and appreciate
the important applications of recombinant DNA.

The writer ensures that the lessons are substantial,

simple, and interactive so that Filipino learners will learn
meaningfully.

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OBJECTIVES

At the end of the lesson, learners shall be able to:

K: discuss the applications of recombinant DNA;

S: outline the processes involved in genetic engineering; and

A: appreciate the importance of recombinant DNA by

listing its applications in daily life.

LEARNING COMPETENCIES
• Outline the processes involved in genetic engineering
(STEM_BIO11/12-IIIa-b-6)

• Discuss the applications of recombinant DNA

(STEM_BIO11/12-IIIa-b-7)

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Ma’am, why is it that Good question, Cardo!
the tomatoes do not The reason for that is
have the same size? the so-called
recombinant DNA.

But what is Another good

recombinant question, Cardo!
DNA?
Well, that will be our
lesson for today.

I. WHAT HAPPENED

PRE-TEST

Directions: Identify the word(s) described in each item by

filling in the correct letters. Write your answers in your
notebook.

1. It produces genetically engineered organisms.

R_CO_B_N_NT DNA

2. Genetically modified crops A_R_C_LT_R_L APPLICATIONS

3. Production of antibiotics, hormones, and vaccines

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 M_D_C_L AP_LIC_T_ON
4. It is a molecule which contains all information necessary
to build and maintain an organism.
D_O_YR_B_N_CL_IC A_C_D
5. Production of chemical compounds of commercial
importance
_ND_STRI_L A_PL_C_TI_N
6. It is a process using recombinant DNA technology to alter
the genetic makeup of an organism.
G_N_T_C ENG_N_ER_NG
7. It is the basic unit of heredity.
G_N_S
8. It produces copies of genes or segments of DNA.
G_N_ C_O_N_NG

9. An individual that supplies living tissue to be used in

another body.
D_N_R _RG_N_S_
10. A DNA nucleotide used as a vehicle to artificially carry
foreign gene/materials.
V_CT_R G_N_M_

II. WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

DISCUSSION

A Brief History of Recombinant DNA

The use of recombinant (r)DNA technology to produce

genetically engineered organisms started in the early 1970s with the
pioneering transfer of genes between bacteria of the same
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Escherichia coli (E. coli) species. Following these successful pilot
experiments, in 1978 Cohen and colleagues progressed to transfer
an insulin synthesis gene into a plasmid of E. coli, with that producing
the first genetically modified organism (GMO). By 1982, this protocol
received full approval from national drug regulatory authorities,
notably the US Food and Drug Administration, thereby enabling the
economically viable mass production of human insulin, a hormone
that regulates blood sugar levels and is made naturally by beta cells
in the pancreas. This facilitated the widespread commercial
availability of insulin at a price affordable to patients with the
metabolic disorders’ types 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus, who either fail
to produce or to metabolize sufficient insulin.

This proof of principle demonstration of the translational

medical benefits of genetic modification pioneered a trend in
biotechnology for molecular cloning methods to transfer genes
expressing desirable traits into another host organism thereby
producing favorable characteristics. This now involves both
prokaryotes such as bacteria (comparatively routine to modify
genetically by rDNA technology) and eukaryotes including yeast,
plants, insects, and mammals (comparatively complex to
manipulate via rDNA technology).

What is recombinant
DNA?

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Recombinant DNA

Molecules of DNA from two different species that are

inserted into host organism to produce new genetic
combinations that are of value to science, medicine,
agriculture, and industry .
It is often shortened to rDNA.
It is an artificially made DNA strand that is formed by the
combination of two or more gene sequences. This new
combination may or may not occur naturally but is
engineered specifically for a purpose to be used in one of
the many applications of recombinant DNA.

What are the important

applications of recombinant
DNA?

The three important applications are (1) agricultural applications

(applications in crop improvement), (2) medicinal applications
(applications in medicines), and (3) industrial applications.

I. Agricultural applications (applications in crop improvement)

Genetic engineering has several potential applications in
crop improvement, such as given below:

1. Distant hybridization
With the advancement of genetic engineering, it is now
possible to transfer genes between distantly related species. The
barriers of gene transfer between species or even genera have
been overcome. The desirable genes can be transferred even from
lower organisms to higher organisms through recombinant DNA
technology.

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2. Development of transgenic plants
Genetically transformed plants which contain foreign genes
are called transgenic plants. Resistance to diseases, insects and
pests, herbicides, drought; metal toxicity tolerance; induction of
male sterility for plant breeding purpose; and improvement of
quality can be achieved through this recombinant DNA
technology. BT-cotton resistant to bollworms is a glaring example.

3. Development of root nodules in cereal crops

Leguminous plants have root nodules which contain nitrogen-
fixing bacteria Rhizobium. These bacteria convert the free
atmospheric nitrogen into nitrates in the root nodules. The bacterial
genes responsible for this nitrogen fixation can be transferred now
to cereal crops like wheat, rice, maize, barley, etc. through the
techniques of genetic engineering thus making these crops too
capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen.

4. Development of C4 plants
Improvement in yield can be achieved by improving the
photosynthetic efficiency of crop plants. The photosynthetic rate
can be increased by conversion of C3 plants into C4 plants, which
can be achieved either through protoplasm fusion or recombinant
DNA technology. C4 plants have higher potential rate of biomass
production than C3 plants. Most C4 plants (sorghum, sugarcane,
maize, some grasses) are grown in tropical and subtropical zones.

II. Medicinal applications (applications in medicines)

Biotechnology, especially genetic engineering, plays an
important role in the production of antibiotics, hormones, vaccines,
and interferon in the field of medicines.

1. Production of antibiotics
Penicillium and Streptomyces fungi are used for mass
production of famous antibiotics penicillin and streptomycin.
Genetically efficient strains of these fungi have been developed to
greatly increase the yield of these antibiotics.

2. Production of hormone insulin

Insulin, a hormone used by diabetics, is usually extracted from
the pancreas of cows and pigs. This insulin is slightly different in
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structure from human insulin. As a result, it leads to allergic reactions
in about 5% patients. Human gene for insulin production has been
incorporated into bacterial DNA and such genetically engineered
bacteria are used for large-scale production of insulin.

3. Production of vaccines
Vaccines are now produced by transfer of antigen-coding genes
to disease-causing bacteria. Such antibodies provide protection
against the infection by the same bacteria or virus.

4. Production of interferon
Interferons are virus-induced proteins produced by
virusinfected cells. Interferons are antiviral in action and act as first
line of defense against viruses causing serious infections, including
breast cancer and lymph node malignancy. Natural interferon is
produced in very small quality from human blood cells. It is thus very
costly also. It is now possible to produce interferon by recombinant
DNA technology at a much cheaper rate.

5. Production of enzymes
Some useful enzymes can also be produced by recombinant
DNA technique. For instance, enzyme urokinase, which is used to
dissolve blood clots, has been produced by genetically engineered
microorganisms.

6. Gene therapy
Genetic engineering may one day enable the medical
scientists to replace the defective genes responsible for hereditary
diseases (e.g., hemophilia, phenylketonuria, alkaptonuria) with
normal genes. This new system of therapy is called gene therapy.

7. Solution of disputed parentage

Disputed cases of parentage can now be solved most
accurately by recombinant technology than by blood tests.

8. Diagnosis of disease
Recombinant DNA technology has provided a broad range
of tools to help physicians in the diagnosis of diseases. Most of these
involve the construction of probes: short segments of singlestranded
DNA attached to a radioactive or fluorescent marker. Such probes
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 are now used for the identification of infectious agents, for instance,
food poisoning Salmonella, pus-forming Staphylococcus, hepatitis
virus, HIV, etc. By testing the DNA of prospective genetic disorder
carrier parents, their genotype can be determined and their
chances of producing an afflicted child can be predicted.

9. Production of transgenic animals

Animals which carry foreign genes are called transgenic
animals.

Examples:
Cow, sheep, goat – therapeutic human proteins in their milk. Fish
like common carp, catfish, salmon and goldfish contain human
growth hormone (hGH).

III. Industrial applications

In industries, recombinant DNA technique will help in the
production of chemical compounds of commercial importance,
improvement of existing fermentation processes, and production of
proteins from wastes. This can be achieved by developing more
efficient strains of microorganisms. Specially developed
microorganisms may be used even to clean up the pollutants. Thus,
biotechnology, especially recombinant DNA technology, has many
useful applications in crop improvement, medicines, and industry.

What is genetic
engineering?

Genetic engineering

• It is the process of using rDNA technology to alter the genetic

makeup of an organism. Traditionally, humans have manipulated

genomes indirectly by controlling breeding and selecting offspring
with desired traits.
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• It involves the direct manipulation of one or more genes. Most

often, a gene from another species is added to an organism's genome

to give it a desired phenotype.
• It is the artificial modification of an organism’s genetic composition.
Genetic engineering typically involves transferring

genes from one organism into another organism of a different

species to give the latter specific traits of the former. The resulting
organism is called a transgenic or genetically modified organism
(GMO).

Source: https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/dineshbhati5209000/genetically-modified-organisms34236637

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 Five Basic Processes in Genetic Engineering

DNA Extraction Gene Cloning

Transformation Gene Design

Backcross
Breeding

Step 1: DNA extraction

The process of genetic engineering requires the
successful completion of a series of five steps.

DNA extraction is the first step in the

genetic engineering process. In
order to work with DNA, scientists
must extract it from the desired
organism. A sample of an organism
containing the gene of interest is
taken through a series of steps to
remove the DNA.

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 Step 2: Gene cloning
The second step of the genetic engineering process is gene
cloning. During DNA extraction, all of the DNA from the organism is
extracted at once. Scientists use gene cloning to separate the
single gene of interest from the rest of the genes extracted and
make thousands of copies of it.

Step 3: Gene design

Once a gene has been cloned, genetic
engineers begin the third step, designing the
gene to work once inside a different organism.
This is done in a test tube by cutting the gene
apart with enzymes and replacing gene regions
that have been separated.

Step 4: Transformation (e.g., plants)

The modified gene is now ready for the fourth step in the process,
transformation, or gene insertion.

Since plants have millions of cells, it would be impossible to insert a copy of the
transgene into every cell. Therefore, tissue culture is used to propagate masses
of undifferentiated plant cells called callus. These are the cells to which the new
transgene will be added.

The new gene is inserted into some of the cells using various techniques. Some
of the more common methods include the gene gun, agrobacterium,
microfibers, and electroporation.

The main goal of each of these methods is to transport the new gene(s) and
deliver them into the nucleus of a cell without killing it.
Transformed plant cells are then regenerated into
transgenic plants. The transgenic plants are grown to
maturity in greenhouses, and the seed they produce,
which has inherited the transgene, is collected. The
genetic engineer's job is now complete. He/she will
hand the transgenic seeds over to a plant breeder
who is responsible for the final step.

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 Step 5 : Backcross breeding (e.g., engineered crop) Transgenic
plants are crossed with elite breeding lines using traditional plant
breeding methods to combine the desired traits of elite parents
and the transgene into a single line. The offspring are repeatedly
crossed back to the elite line to obtain a high-yielding transgenic
line. The result will be a plant with a yield potential close to current
hybrids that expresses the trait encoded by the new transgene.

(Source:
http://passel-
test.unl.edu/beta/pages/informationmodule.php?idinformationmodule=957879329&topicorder=3&maxto=9&minto=1

PERFORMANCE TASK: SEQUENCING

Directions: Arrange the processes of genetic engineering in

ascending numerical order. Write your answers in your notebook.

I. Gene design

II. Transformation
III. DNA extraction
IV. Backcross breeding

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 V. Gene cloning
1. __________
2. __________
3. __________ 4. __________
5. __________

III. WHAT I HAVE LEARNED

POST-TEST
A. MATCHING TYPE. Match column A with column B. Write your
answers in your notebook.
A B

1. Transformation A. Crop improvement

2. DNA extraction
B. Extraction of DNA from a
3. Recombinant DNA
donor organism
4. Gene cloning
C. Gene insertion into vector 5.
Agricultural application

6. Genetic engineering
D. Combination of two DNA
7. Gene design
molecules form new genetic
8. Medicinal application combination

9. Backcross breeding E. Produce a genetically

10. Industrial application engineered product
genome

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 F. Production of
antibiotics,
hormones, and vaccines

G. Copying of DNA from donor

organism

H. Alters the genetic makeup

of an organism

I. Designing of gene from a

different organism

J. Production of
chemical compounds

B. Read and understand each item carefully. Write your answers in

your notebook.
1. Discuss the applications of recombinant DNA.
_______________________________________________________________
2. List down at least three important applications of
recombinant DNA in daily life.
a. ____________________________________
b._____________________________________
c._____________________________________

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REFERENCES

https://medcraveonline.com/JABB/application-of-
recombinantdna-technology-genetically-modified-
organisms-to-theadvancement-of-agriculture-medicine-
bioremediation-andbiotechnology-industries.html

https://www.biologydiscussion.com/dna/recombinant-
dnatechnology/applications-of-recombinant-dna-
technology-3applications/15650

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0020723800873741
9#:~:text=Genetic%20engineering%20is%20accomplished%2
0in,vector%20in%20an%20appropriate%20host

http://www.fao.org/3/Y4955E/y4955e06.htm

https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Genetic-Engineering

http://agbiosafety.unl.edu/education/summary.htm

https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/What-is-

Recombinant-DNA.aspx

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/genetic-engineering.asp

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 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF NEGROS ORIENTAL

SENEN PRISCILLO P. PAULIN, CESO V

Schools Division Superintendent

JOELYZA M. ARCILLA EdD

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

MARCELO K. PALISPIS EdD JD

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

NILITA L. RAGAY EdD

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent / CID Chief

ROSELA R. ABIERA
Education Program Supervisor – (LRMS)

ARNOLD R. JUNGCO
PSDS – Division Science Coordinator

MARICEL S. RASID
Librarian II (LRMDS)

ELMAR L. CABRERA
PDO II (LRMDS)

RUSSEL C. CADAY
Writer

IVANNE RAY A. GIDOR

Layout Artist
_________________________________

ALPHA QA TEAM

LIEZEL A. AGOR
MA. OFELIA I. BUSCATO
ANDRE ARIEL B. CADIVIDA
THOMAS JOGIE U. TOLEDO

BETA QA TEAM

LIEZEL A. BESAS
JOAN B. VALENCIA
LIELIN A. DE LA ZERNA
PETER PAUL A. PATRON
THOMAS JOGIE U. TOLEDO
DISCLAIMER

The information, activities and assessments used in this material are designed to provide
accessible learning modality to the teachers and learners of the Division of Negros Oriental. The
contents of this module are carefully researched, chosen, and evaluated to comply with the set
learning competencies. The wri ters and evaluator were clearly instructed to give credits to
information and illustrations used to substantiate this material. All content is subject to copyright
and may not be reproduced in any form without expressed written consent from the division.

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ABOUT THE AUTHOR
RUSSEL C. CADAY finished his Bachelor’s Degree in
Secondary Education major in Biological Sciences at Negros
Oriental State University, Bais Campus II in 2017. He is currently
pursuing his Master’s Degree in Education major in General
Science at Central Philippine State University , San Carlos
Campus. Currently , he is a teacher I at Owacan Provincial
Community High School of Jimalalud District in the Division of
Negros Oriental.

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