LECTURENOTESFORGENDERSTATI STI

CS
1.0INTRODUCTI ON
Genderstat
isti
csisnotadi screteori
sol
atedfi
eld.Itrelat
estoal lfi
eldsofstati
sti
cs
andisatooltofacil
i
tat
ethechangeneededt oaddressgenderi ssues.Ident
if
yingthe
i
nformati
onr equi
redtoinf orm andunderst
andthepr obl
emsandgoal sconnected
withgenderissuesisessent i
altotheproduct
ionofgenderst atist
ics.Ther
efore,a
poli
cy-
ori
entedapproachr atherthant
hesi mpl
edi saggregati
onofdat abysexi sat
thecoreofgenderstat
ist
ics.

1.1CommonConcept s,Def i
nit
ionsandTer minologi
es
Gender-Genderi sdescribedast hedi
fferencesbetweenwomenandmen, boysand
gir
lswithinthesamehousehol dandwi t
hinandbet weencultur
esthatar esocially
andcultural
lyconst
ructed,andchangeov erti
me.Thesediffer
encesarereflect
edi n:
ther ol
es,responsi
bil
it
ies,accesst or esources,const
rai
nts,oppor
tuni
ties,needs,
percepti
ons,v i
ews,et c.
,concept ual
ized by bot h women and men and t heir
i
nterdependencerel
ati
onshi ps.

GenderAnal ysi
s-Thesy st
ematiccollect
ionandexami nati
onofi nf
ormat
ionon
genderdiff
erencesandsocialr
elati
onsi nordertoidenti
fyunderstandandredress
i
nequiti
esbasedongender .Iti
st heprocessofi denti
fyi
ngandcl assif
yingr
olesof
womenandmeni nagiveneconomi cactiv
ity,t
heirrel
ati
ons,accesst oandcontr
ol
overresour
cesandbenefit
s.

GenderAwar eness-Thisisdescri
bedasther
ecogniti
ont hatthel
if
eexper
iences,
expectat
ions,andneedsofwomenandmenar edif
ferent,andthatt
heymanytimes
i
nvolveinequit
y,andar
esubjectt
ochange(
www.sachet.org)
.

GenderBalance-Genderbalancei
st heequalandact
ivepar
ti
cipat
ionofwomenand
meni nal
lareasofdeci
sion-
making,andinaccesstoandcontr
olov err
esour
cesand
ser
vices.

GenderBias-Genderbi
asr
efer
stot
hepr
efer
enceorpr
ejudi
cet
owar
donegender
overanot
her.

GenderDiff
erent
ials-Thesearegapsanddi ff
erencesinhow menandwomen
experi
enceevery
dayl i
fe.Theyref
lectdi
ff
erencesi naccesst
oandcontr
olov
er
resour
cesanddecisi
onmakingpower.

GenderDi
saggregat
edDat
a-Thisisstat
ist
icali
nformati
onaboutsoci
all
ydef
ined
r
olesandact
ivi
ti
esofwomenandmeninanysocialoreconomi
cacti
vi
ty.

GenderDiscr
imi
nat
ion-Thisi
sthesystemati
c,unfavorabl
etreat
mentofi
ndiv
idual
s
onthebasisoft
hei
rgender
,whi
chdeniesthem r
ights,
opportuni
ti
esorr
esour
ces.

1|Page
GenderEqual i
ty-Genderequalit
yistheequalv alui
ngbysocietyoft hesimilari
ti
es
andthedi ff
erencesofgirl
s,women,boy sandmen,andt herolest heyplay.This
meanst hatgir
ls,women,boy sandmenhav eequalconditi
onsforr eali
zi
ngtheirfull
humanr ight
sandf orcontr
ibuti
ngto,andbenefit
ingfrom,economic,social
,cul t
ural
andpoli
ticaldevel
opment.Itisbasedonwomenandmenbei ngfullpartner
sint heir
home,theircommunityandt hei
rsoci
ety.Genderequali
tyst
artswithequalvaluingof
gi
rl
sandboy s.

GenderEqui t
y-Thi s means t he “f
airness oft r
eatmentf orwomen and men,
accordingt otheirrespectiv
eneeds,i ncludingt heequaltreatmentort r
eatment
consideredequival
entint er
msofr i
ghts,benef i
ts,obli
gati
onsandopportuni
ti
es”.To
ensuref air
ness,measur es mustof t
en be puti n pl
ace t
o compensatef orthe
hi
storicalandsocialdisadvantagesthatpr eventwomenandmenf rom oper
atingon
alevel pl
ayi
ngfiel
d.

GenderEquityI ndex-TheGenderEqui tyIndex( GEI)wasdev elopedtomakegender

i
nequiti
esmor ev isi
bleandt omoni tortheev oluti
oni nt hedifferentcountri
esoft he
world.The GEIi s based on i nfor
mat ion av ail
ablet hat can be compar ed
i
nternati
onal
ly,and itmakesi tpossiblet o classifycount riesand r ankt hem i n
accordancewi th a sel
ection ofgenderi nequi t
yi ndicatorsi nt hr
eedi mensi ons,
educati
on,economi cpar t
icipati
onandempower ment.TheGEIi scalcul
atedasa
responsetot heneedt or eflectallsit
uationst hatar eunf av ourabl
et owomen.I n
sit
uati
onswher ewomenar eatapr oporti
onaldi sadvantagewi threspecttomen, t
he
GEIdoesnotr eachitsmaxi mum v alueof100poi nts.Thef i
nalv al
ueont hei ndex
dependsont hedegr eeofnegat iveinequityforwomenpr ev ail
inginagi vencount ry
orregionregardlessofwhet hertheremayal sobei nequi t
iest hatareposi ti
vef or
women (that i
s to say negat i
ve f
or men) .
(
htt
p:/
/www.
soci
alwat
ch.
org/
taxonomy/
ter
m/527)

GenderI
ssue-A genderi
ssuei
sapoi
ntofundesi
rabl
egenderi
nequal
i
tyt
hat
r
equir
esi
nter
vent
ion.

GenderMainst
reaming-A st r
ategyformakingtheconcer nsandexper i
encesof
womenandmenani nt
egraldimensi
onoft hedesign,i
mplement ati
on,monit
ori
ng
andeval
uat
ionofthepoli
ciesandprogrammesinallpoli
ti
cal
, economicandsoci
etal
spher
essothatwomenandmenbenef i
tequall
yandinequali
tyisnotperpet
uat
ed.

GenderPari
tyIndex-Genderpar
it
yindexistherat
iooffemalet
omal eval
uesofa
gi
venindi
cator.TheGPImeasurespr ogr
esstowardsgenderequal
it
y.AGPIof1
i
ndicat
esparit
ybet weenthesexes;aGPIt hatvari
esbetween0and1t ypi
cal
l
y
meansadi spari
tyinfavourofmales;wher
easaGPIgr eat
erthan1indicat
esa
di
spari
tyi
nfavouroffemales.

2|Page
GenderStat
ist
ics-Thisisanar eathatcutsacrosstradi
ti
onalfi
eldsofstat
isti
csto
i
denti
fy,pr
oduceanddi sseminatestati
sti
csthatrefl
ectthereal
it
iesofthel i
vesof
womenandmen, andpoli
cyissuesrelat
ingtogender(www.unece.
org/st
ats/
gender)
.

GenderSter
eot
ypes-Genderst
ereot
ypescompri
seasetofcharact
eri
sti
csthata
par
ti
culargr
oupassignst
owomenormen( e.
g.househol
dchor
esdonotbelongto
men’sr
esponsi
bil
i
ties)
.

Sex-Sexref
erstothesetofbiol
ogicalandphysiol
ogicalchar
acter
ist
icsthatdef
ine
menandwomen.I ti
sthedi
ffer
enti
ationofindi
vi
duals,groupsoranentir
epopulat
ion
ofacount
rywit
hrefer
encetothei
rreproducti
vefuncti
ons.

SexDisaggr
egatedData-Stat
ist
ical
inf
ormat
ioncl
assi
fi
edbysex,
thati
s,bywhet
her
thesubj
ectofr
eferencei
sfemaleormale.

Engender-Theprocessofensuri
ngthatpl
anni
ngandprogrammingisappr
opr
iat
e
forandtakesi
ntoaccountt
hef emal
eandmal edi
ff
erencesandconcer
ns.

GenderIndi
cat
or-Agenderi
ndi
cat
orist
hatwhi
chi
ssex-
disaggr
egat
ed,
speci
fi
c,
l
ogical
,real
i
sti
c,r
elev
ant
,val
i
dandsensi
ti
ve.

2.0GENDERSTATI STICS
2.1Whatar egenderstatist
ics?
Fi
rstl
y,y ou wil
lrecallthatt he t
erms “
sex”and “gender”are both used when
descri
bing t
he production ofgenderstati
sti
cs because t
heyar e cl
oselyli
nked
concepts.Nevert
heless,iti
si mport
antt
ohav eaclearunderst
andingofhow “ sex”
and“gender”diff
erbecauset heseter
msareoftenconfused,ev
enbypr oducer
sand
usersofstati
sti
cs.

"Sex”referst otheclassi
fi
cati
onofpeopl easf emaleormal ebasedonbi ol
ogi
cal
dif
ferencest hatar
ef i
xedandunchangeable.
Or“ Sex”referstothesetofbiologicalandphysiol
ogicalcharact
eri
sti
csthatdef
ine
menandwomen.I tisthedif
fer
entiati
onofindi
vi
duals,groupsoranentir
epopulat
ion
ofacount rywi t
hrefer
encetotheirrepr
oducti
vefuncti
ons( UBOS,2013).

“Gender
”ref
erstosoci
all
yconst
ruct
eddiffer
encesinattri
butesandopportuni
ti
es
associ
atedwit
hbei
ngfemaleormaleandt hesoci
alint
eracti
onsandr el
ati
onshi
ps
betweenwomenandmen.Thesechangeoverti
meandacr osscult
ures.

Or“Gender
”refer
stothedif
fer
encesbet
weenwomenandmen,boysandgirl
swit
hin
thesamehouseholdandwithi
nandbetweencult
urest
hatar
esoci
all
yandcul
tur
all
y
const
ruct
ed,andchangeovert
ime(UBOS,2013)
.

3|Page
Sex Gender

Bi
ologi
cal di
ff
erences bet
ween Soci
al r
elat
ionshi
p bet
ween
womenandmen womenandmen

Dif
ferences ar
e f
ixed and Di
ff
erencesmaybechanged
unchangeabl
e

Di
ff
erences do notchange ov
er Women’ s and men’
s rol
es
t
imeandbetweencult
ures changeoverti
meandbet
ween
cul
tures

You may encount er t

he phr ases “gender-
disaggregated stati
sti
cs” or “dat
a
disaggr
egatedbygender
”,butthesetermsar e,i
nf act,
inaccurat
eandshoul dnotbe
used.Data,recor
dedincensuses,sur veysoradmi ni
str
ativ
er ecor
ds,canonlybe
classi
fi
edbyt heindi
vi
dualchar act
eri
sticsofther espondent– whet hertheyare
femaleormale–i not
herwords, t
hei
rsex.

Sex-di
saggregateddat aistheaccurateterm usedtor ef
ertodatathataretabul
ated
and presented separatel
yf orwomenand men,orgi rl
sand boy s.Theyar ean
essenti
alpartofgenderst atist
ics.Whensex -
disaggregateddat
aar eanaly
sed,they
provi
dei nf
ormat i
onaboutgenderdi spari
ti
esandt hegenderrolesofwomenand
meni nagivencont ext.

Keep i n mind thatneitherwomen normen ar e homogenous gr oups.Further

disaggregati
on( forexample,byage,l
evelofeducat
ion,pl
aceofr esi
dence,i
ncome,
ethnicit
y,rel
i
gion,disabi
li
tystatusandsexualori
ent
ation)prov
idesanev enclearer
pictureoft her elat
ivestatusofwomen and men and i susefulforidenti
fying
vulnerablegroups.

2.
1.1Definit
ionofgenderst
atist
ics
Genderstati
sti
csisaf i
eldofst at
ist
icswhichcutsacrossthetr
adit
ionalfi
eldsto
i
denti
fy,produceanddisseminatestati
sti
csthatr
efl
ectthereal
i
tiesofthelivesof
womenandmenandpol i
cyi
ssuesr el
ati
ngtogenderequali
ty(
Uni
tedNations,
2010).

OrGenderstat
ist
icsar
est
atist
icsthatr
efl
ectdi
ff
erencesandi
nequal
i
tiesi
nthe
si
tuat
ionofwomenandmeninallar
easofl
if
e(FAO,2016).

Genderst
ati
sticsaredef
inedbythei
rchar
acteri
sti
cs,
discussedi
nthet
abl
ebel
ow:
2.
1.2Characteri
sti
csofGenderStat
ist
ics
Charact
eristi
c Examples

Dat
a ar
e col
l
ect
ed and pr
esent
ed Per
cent
ageoff
emal
efar
mer
sandmal
e

4|Page
 di
saggr
egat
edbysexasapr
imar
yand f
armer
sthatownt
ract
ors.
ov
eral
lcl
assi
fi
cat
ion;

Dat
ar efl
ectgenderdi
ff
erences and Aspecial
i
zedsurv
eyonv
iol
enceagai
nst
i
ssues; women.Dataonmen’saccesstopaid
pat
erni
tyl
eave.

Data are based on concept s and A t i

me use sur vey that captures
defi
nit
ionsthatadequatelyrefl
ectt
he i
nformati
on aboutwomen’ sand men’ s
div
ersi
ty of women and men and speci
fi
crolesinunpaidwork(thatwould
captur
eallaspect
softheirli
ves; notbecoveredinalabourf
orcesurvey
).

Datacoll
ecti
ont oolsandmethodstake Ensuringthatacensuscol lectsdatanot
i
nto accountst ereoty
pes and social onl
yatt heholdi
ngbutal soati ndi
vidual
and cul
turalfactorsthatmayi nduce level
,sot hatwomen’ sroleineconomi c
genderbi
asesi nthedata. act
ivi
ti
esisaccurat
elyref
lected.

Datacapt ureint
ra-househol
dorintra- A census thatcoll
ects data on both
holdi
ng di f
fer
ences in ownershi
p of owner shi
p and management of
assets,resource all
ocati
on,deci
sion- resour
cesatindi
vi
duallevel
.
making,andsoon.
A househol
dsur veywi t
hquestionsfor
women and men about who usual l
y
makes specifi
c decisions wi
thin the
househol
d.

2.2IMPORTANCEOFGENDERSTATI STICS
(i
)Genderst at i
sticsar ethebasi sf oranal ysistoassessdi fferencesint hesi tuations
ofwomenandmenandhow t hei rcondi t
ionsar echangi ng.I nthisway ,gender
stati
sticsr aiseconsci ousnessandpr ov i
det heimpet usf orpublicdebat eand
change.
(i
i
)Genderst at i
sticsar eal sor equiredforr esear cht osuppor tthedev elopmentand
testi
ngofexpl anat i
onsandt heor i
estounder st andbet t
erhowgenderoper atesin
asoci ety
.Al loft heseusesf or mt hebasi sf ordev elopingpol iciestof oster
greatergenderequal i
ty.
(i
i
i)Genderst atisticsar eneededt o moni torandev aluatet heef f
ect iv
enessand
effi
ciencyofpol i
cydev elopment s.
(i
v)Genderst atisticshel pi nimpr ovingst ati
sticalsy stems.Forexampl e,gender
specialist
sbr i
ngt heirowndemandsf ordat aandi ndoi ngsoi denti
f ydeficiencies
i
nt hedat acur r
entlyav ai
lablet ot hem.Theypushf ori mprovement si nt he
concept s,met hods,t opi csanddat aser iest or efl
ectbet tertheact i
vi
tiesand
contributi
onsmadebywomenaswel lasbymen.Whi lerespondi ng t ot he
demands ofdat a user s,itisi mpor t
antt hatst ati
sticians take i nto account
stereotypesandsoci alandcul turalfactor sthatmi ghtpr oducegenderbi as.The

5|Page
 resul
tofsuchef
for
tsi
softennotsi
mplybetteri
nformati
ononwomenandmen,
butimpr
ovementsi
nmeasuri
ngthereal
i
tiesofeconomicandsoci
all
i
fe.

2.
3GENDERI SSUES
2.
3.1Whati sagenderi ssue?
Genderissuesr elat
et oallaspect sofwomen’ sandmen’ sl
ives,thei
rdiff
erent
opport
unit
ies,accesstoresourcesandneeds.Bydef i
nit
ion,
agenderissueisapoint
ofundesi
rablegenderinequal
it
yt hatrequi
resi
nter
venti
on.

Thereisgr owingawarenessar oundthewor ldthatpol

iciesandmeasur esaf f
ect
womenandmeni ndiffer entwaysandt hatpol
ici
esandplansneedt obedesigned
accordingl
y .In al
mostal lcount
ri
est odaythereareorgani zat
ionsthatworkt o
promoteequaloppor tunityf orwomenandmenandt odesignandi mplementspecial
measur estoensur eaful lrecogni
ti
onofwomen’ sandmen’ sinter
estsandneeds.At
theinternationalaswel last henati
onallevelinmanypar tsoft heworld,poli
cy
maker shav ebecomemor eawareoft heimpor t
anceofintegrati
nggenderissues
i
ntoalldev elopmentpoliciesandplans.
Assign:Whataresomeoft hei
nst
it
utionsinUgandaconcer
nedwi
thpr
omot
ing
genderequal
i
tyandwhatdot
heydoexactl
ytoachi
evet
his?

2.2.2Genderi ssueswor l
dwi de
(i
)Deci sionmaki ng
Womenandmendonotpar t
icipateequal l
yi npol iti
caldeci sionmaki ng.Almost
ev erywher e women hav et he rightt ov ote,butonl yi n 22 count r
ies does t he
repr esent ati
onofwomeni nparliament sexceed20percentoft het otalandonl yin6
count r
iesi st hisper centagehi ghert han30.I n1994,59count r
ieshadnowomen
mi nisters.Wi tht heexcept i
onofonl y16count ri
es,womenmi nist er
sar ef ewert han
15percentoft het otal
.Andwomenar eonl yslightl
ybet terr epr esentedatsub-
mi nisteriallevel:onl yin30count ri
est heper centageofwomeni sequalorov er10
percent .
Bycont r
ast ,womenpl ayani mpor tantroleatcommuni t
yandgr ass-rootslevels.In
manycount ri
est heyar ev eryact i
v einpeaceandenv i
ronment almov ementsand
organi zet hemsel vesi ngroupsf ori ncomegener ati
ngact iviti
esandv ari
ousf or
msof
trainingandassi stance.Sexbaseddi ff
erencesexi stal soi neconomi cdeci sion
maki ng.Womenr arelyachi evet opposi t
ionsi nfinancemi nistri
esandcent r
albanks
andar easmal lper centageofadmi nist
rati
veandmanager ialwor kers.Women’ sand
men’ sr oles al so differint he deci si
on maki ng i nt he househol d on i mportant
subj ects such as f ami l
ysi ze,al l
ocat i
on ofr esour ces and educat i
on and wor k
oppor t
uni ti
esf ortheirchi l
dren.
Assign:How manyof;presi
dents(worl
dwi
de),cabi
netmini
ster
s(Uganda),vi
ce-
chancell
orsi
n publ
i
cuniversi
ti
es,col
legepri
nci
pals(MUK),MUSSA leader
sar e
womenandhowmanyar emen.

6|Page
(i
i)Economi cl i
fe
Manyoft heact i
viti
esperfor
medbywomenar eunpai dandmostoft hisunpai dwork
i
sexcl udedi nt heaccount i
ngoft henationalpr oduct.Importantacti
v i
ti
esf orthe
survi
valofthepopul ati
onandf ortheli
vesofwomenandmensuchascar r
yingwater,
orgrowi ngfoodf orthefami l
yar everydi
ffi
cultt omeasur e,whilehousewor k,such
aschi l
d car eand mealpr eparati
on,fal
lsout sidet hepr oducti
onboundar i
esas
defi
nedbyt heSy st
em ofNat i
onalAccount s,andt her ef
oreisnotconsi deredin
conventionaldat acollect
ionmet hods.Empl oyedwomenandmendi ff
erint hetype
ofearningst heyreceivefortheirwork,wit
hmar ri
edmenbei ngmor eli
kelytobepai d
forthei
rwor kt hanwomen.Aquar t
erofthewomenwer enotpaidf orthewor kthey
perf
ormed( 25per cent)compar edwi t
honlyat enthoft hemen( 12per cent)(UDHS,
2011).

(i
ii
)Labourf orcepar t
icipat i
on
Women’ sshar ei nthel abourf or
cehasi ncreasedoverthey earsi nmanycount r
ies,
butthegapbet weent heper centageofwomeni npaidempl oy mentandt hatof
men’sremai nswi deinmanypar tsoft hewor ld.Womenandmenpar ti
cipat
eal most
equall
yint hel abourf orcei nEast ernEur opeandi ntheNor diccount ri
es,whilethe
gapiswi desti nNor t
her nAf r
icaandWest er
nAsi a–only21and25percentoft he
l
abourf orcear efemal e.Thi sdi f
ferencei slargel
yduetot heser iousundercount i
ng
ofwomen’ seconomi cact i
vit
ies,butitalsoshowst hescarceaccessofwoment o
for
malpai dempl oyment .Thepr oporti
onofwomenwhoar ecur rentlyemployedhas
fl
uctuat
ed,i ncreasingf rom 73% i n2000- 01t o81% in2006,decr easingto69% i n
2011,andt heni ncreasi ngsl i
ghtlyto73% i n2016.Thepr oporti
onofmenwhoar e
curr
entl
yempl oyed incr eased from 63% i n2000-01 to 94% i n2006,decr eased
sli
ghtl
yto91%i n2011andr emainedst ableat92%i n2016( UDHS, 2016).

(i
v)Agricult
ur e
Al argenumberofwomeni nt hewor l
dwor kinagr iculture.Int wooft hemost
populatedr egions–Sub- SaharanAf ricaandSout hernAsi a–t helargemaj or i
tyof
womenwor kint hi
ssector.Thecont ri
but i
onofwoment oagr icultur
alpr oductionand
thei
rsi t
uationi nruralareasar ecr ucialissuesi nt hef or mulationofdev elopment
poli
cies.Rur alwomenar eof t
enpoorandmost lywor kt opr oducef oodf ort he
householdr atherthanbenef it
ingf rom cr opsal es.Theyhav el i
mi tedaccesst o
productiver esources and do notbenef i
tequal ly wi th men f r
om t rai
ning and
i
nformat i
on pr ogr
ammes and f r
om l abour -
sav ing t echnol ogy t hat incr eases
productivi
tyandpr ofi
t.
Becauseofl egalandsoci albarrier
s,t heyof tendonothav eaccesst ol and,whi ch
reducesev enmor ethei
rchancest obecont actedbyagr icul
turalextensi onwor kers
andt obegr antedcredi
t.Mor eov er
,ev enifwomenper form muchoft hef arm wor k
andmakemanyoft hedeci si
onsi nt hehol ding,agr iculturalextensionser v i
cesar e

7|Page
of
tendesi
gnedf
ormenanddonotconsi
derwomen’
sspeci
fi
ccondi
ti
onsandneeds.

(v)Ageatf i
rstmar ri
age
Inmanycount r
ieswomenst illmarryveryy oungandhav echi l
drenov eral ong
childbeari
ngspan.I nZambi a,UgandaandNi ger,70percentormor ewomenhav e
givenbi r
thbef oreage20.Asur veyi
nBangl adeshfoundthat73percentofwomen
hadmar ri
edbyage15and82percentbyage16.Forawomanmar ry
ingy oung
meanst hatwit hhighpr obabi
lityshewil
lbei nsubor di
nat
eposi t
iont oherhusband,
whoi softenmanyy earsolderandwi dowedv er
ysoon.Pr egnancyatay oungage
representsaser i
ousr i
skf orthehealthofthemot herandt hechild.Teenagerswho
becomemot hersloset heiralreadylow chanceoff urt
hereducationandaccessi ng
trai
ningandoppor tunit
iesofapai demploy ment.

Onav erage,womenmar r
ymor et han4y earsearl
ierthanmen.Themedi anageat
fi
rstmar ri
agei s18.7yearsamongwomenaged25- 49and23. 3yearsamongmen
aged25- 49.
Atage15- 19,theproport
ionofwomenwhoar einunionis10timesthatofmen(20%
versus2%) .Earlymarri
ageincreasestheriskofteenagepregnancy
,whichcanhave
apr ofoundef fectonthehealthandl i
vesofyoungwomenandcancont ri
butet
ohigh
fert
ili
tyrates.

Womenaremorel
i
kel
ythanment
obedi
vor
cedorsepar
ated(
11%v
ersus5%)
,
(
UDHS,2016)
.

(vi
)Polygyny
Women/ menwhor epor
tthatt
heirpartnerhasot
herwivesareconsideredtobeina
polygynousmarriage.Thepercentageofwomenwhor epor
tbeinginapol ygynous
unionhasdecreasedsl i
ghtl
yfr
om 30%i n1995to29%in2000- 01to28%i n2006t o
25%i n2011and2016.Theper centageofmenwhor eporthavi
ngmul t
iplewiveshas
fl
uctuated,f
rom 14%i n1995to18%i n2000-01t
o16%i n2006and2011and13%i n
2016( UDHS,2016).

Womeni nKar amoj

ar egionaremostli
kelytor
eportco-wiv
es(58%),andwomenin
Kigezir
egionar el
eastli
kelytodoso(8%).Thepat
ternisthesameamongmen, wi
th
thoseli
vingi nKaramoj aregionbei
ngmostl i
kel
yt oreporthavi
ngmulti
plewi
ves
(27%)andt hoseli
vi
ngi nKigezir
egi
onleastl
i
kel
y(5%),(UDHS,2016).

Only2%ofwomenage15- 49repor
tedhavingmorethanonesexualpar
tneri
nthe
past12months.21% ofmenage15- 49repor
tedhavi
ngmor ethanonesexual
part
neri
nthepast12mont
hs(UDHS, 2016)
.

(vi
i) Ageatfi
rstsexualint
ercour
se
Onaverage,womeni nUgandahav ethei
rfir
stsexuali
nter
cour
seatyoungerages
thanmen.Themedianageatf ir
sti
nter
cour
seamongwomenage20- 49inUgandais
17.1year
s.Ei
ghteenpercentofwomenage20- 49havehadsexbyage15and62%

8|Page
byage18.Byage20,83% ofwomenage20- 49havehadsexuali
ntercour
se.The
medi
anageatf i
rsti
nter
courseamongmenage20- 49i
s18.
4y ear
s.Elevenpercent
ofmenage20-49fir
sthavesexbyage15,
and43%dosobyage18.Byage20, 70%
ofmenhavehadsexuali
nter
course(
UDHS,2016).

(vi
ii
) Choi ceoff amilyplanning
Moder nmet hodsoff ami l
yplanninghelpwomenachi evet hef ami l
ysi zet heydesire,
betterplantheirli
vesandassumeanexpandedr olei nsoci ety.Theuseofmoder n
familyplanni
ngi sspreading,alt
hought heavail
abil
ityofcont raceptivesi ssomet imes
l
imited,especiall
yf ory oungerandunmar r
iedwomenori nr uralar eas.Si xty-
two
percentofcur r
entlymar ri
edwomenwhoar eusingf ami l
ypl anningr epor tedthatthe
decisiontousecont r
acept i
onisusual lymadej ointlywi t
ht heirhusband,31% sai d
thatitismai nlytheirowndeci si
on,and7% sai dthati ti smai nlyt heirhusband’s
decision.Among cur r
ent l
ymar r
ied women who ar e notusi ng f ami l
ypl anning,
howev er,44%repor t
edt hattheymai nl
ymaket hedeci siont onotusecont racepti
on
j
ointlywiththeirhusband,wher eas41%r eport
edt hatitismai nlyt heirowndeci si
on
and12%r eport
edt hatitismainlythei
rhusband’sdeci sion( UDHS, 2016) .

(i
x)Educat i
onattainmentoraccess
Educationsignif
icantl
yaffectswomen’ sandmen’ sopportuni
ti
esi nlif
e.Educat ion
opens door sto empl oyment ,earni
ngs,car eerand socialadv ancement .Ital so
i
nfluencest heheal t
h ofi ndi
v i
dualsand t hei
rf amil
iesand theirpar t
ici
pation in
communi t
ylif
e.Therei salsoast rongr elat
ionshipbetweenthel evelofeducat ion
andageatmar r
iageandnumberofchi l
dren.Everywhereinthewor ld,womenand
menr eceivediff
erenteducat i
on,intermsofnumberofy earsandsubj ectsstudied.
19% ofwomenand13% ofmenaged6andol derhavenev erhadanyf or mal
education.8%ofwomenand9%ofmenhav ecompl etedpri
maryschool .Only6%of
womenand8% ofmenhav ecompl etedsecondar yschoolorgoneont ohi gher
education. Only8% ofwomenand 12% ofmenhav emor et hanasecondar y
education.Nearl
y7i n10women( 68%)and8i n10men( 79%)ar elit
erat
e( UDHS,
2016).

(x)Accesstoinformat i
on
Accesstoinformationisessenti
ali
nincreasi
ngpeopl e’
sknowledgeandawareness
ofwhathappensar oundthem.Menar emor elikel
y( 10%)thanwomen( 5%)t o
accessallt
hreeformsofmedi a(newspaper,t
elev
ision,andradi
o)onaweekl
ybasi s.
Menar emor et hant wiceasli
kelyaswomen( 23% v ersus9%)tohaveusedt he
I
nterneti
nthepast12mont hs(UDHS,2016).

(xi
)Li
feexpect
ancy,
diseasesandcausesofdeath
Womenl i
veingener
allongert
hanmen.Di f
fer
encesbet
weenwomen’
sandmen’
slif
e
expect
ancyareashi ghas10– 12y ear
sinsomecount r
iesi
nEaster
nEurope.
Womenal sodieofdi ff
erentcauses.Indevel
opedcount
ri
es,bef
oreage65the

9|Page
l
eadi ngcauseofdeat hi sgener all
ycancerf orwomenandhear tdiseaseformen.
Afterage65,hear tdiseasebecomest hel eadingcauseofdeat hforbot hsexesand
deat hrat esf rom hear t
hdi seasesbecomehi gheramongwoment hanamongmen.
Also,whenwomenhav ehear tdiseaset heyar ealmostt wiceasl i
kelyasment odie
aftert he hear tat t
ack.Howev er ,r esearch has alway sf ocused mai nly on t
he
determi nant sofhear tdiseasesi nmen, whower ethoughtt obet heonlyonesatrisk.
Onlyr ecent ly,researcher shav ebegunt oinvestigat
er i
skf actor
sf orwomenandt o
l
ooki ntoway stopr otectt hem andhel ppr eventthedi sease.Anotherev i
dentsex
di
ff er
ent ialoccur sindeat hsduet oinjuriesandpoi sonings.
Onav erage, womenhav ehad2. 3lifetimesexual par
tners.Onav erage,menhav ehad
6.
3l i
fetimesexualpar tner
s.Lesst han1% ofwomenand9% ofmenage15- 49
smoket obacco( UDHS,2016) .Adul tmor tali
ty:144per1, 000womenand223per
1,
000menage15woul dbeexpect edt odiebef oreage50( UDHS, 2016).

(
xii
) Womenempower
ment
Bankaccountuseandmobi
l
ephoneowner
shi
p:Onl
y13%ofwomenand22%ofmen
haveabankaccountt hattheyuse, and46%ofwomenand66%ofmenownamobi l
e
phone.About7i n10women( 73%)andmen( 72%)whoownamobilephoneusei
t
forf
inancial
transacti
ons( UDHS, 2016).
Owner shi
pofpr operty:Thirt
y-ei
ghtpercentofwomenand54% ofmenage15- 49
ownahouseal oneorj oi
ntlywithsomeoneel se,and31%ofwomenand48%ofmen
ownl andaloneorj ointl
ywi t
hsomeoneel se.Mosthavenodocumentat
ion(
ti
tl
eor
deed)ofowner shi
p( UDHS, 2016).

(xi
ii) Violence
Menar emor eof t
ent hanwomenv i
cti
msofcr imes,homi cidesandst reetviolence.
Theyar eusuallyattackedbyst rangersoroccasi onalacquai ntances.Women,by
cont r
ast,areusuallyattackedbypeopl et heyknow andmostof tenbymenwi t
hin
theirownf amil
ies.
Justunderhal f(49%)ofwomenage15- 49agr eewi t
hatl eastonej ustifi
cati
onf ora
husbandhi tt
ingorbeat i
nghi swif
e;39%agr eethatbeatingisj usti
fi
edifshenegl ects
thechi l
dren,30% agr eethatitisjusti
fi
edi fshegoesoutwi thouttell
inghi m,26%
agreet hatitisjusti
fi
edi fsheargueswi t
hhi m,18% agr eet hatitisjust i
fi
edi fshe
refusestohav esexwi t
hhim, and14%agr eethatitisjusti
fiedifshebur nsthef ood.
Asl i
ghtlysmallerproporti
onofmenage15- 49(41%)agr eewi thatleastoner eason;
smal l
erproporti
onsofment hanwomenal soagreewi theachspeci fi
cr eason( UDHS,
2016) .

56%ofev er
-marri
edwomenand44%ofev er-marr
iedmenhav eexperi
encedphysi
cal
,
sexual
,oremotionalv
iol
encebytheircurr
entormostr ecentspouse/
part
ner(UDHS,
2016).Amongt hosewhohav eeverexper i
encedspousalviol
ence,39% ofwomen
and21% ofmenhav esustai
nedsomef orm ofinj
ury(UDHS,2016).Threein10
women( 33%)andmen( 30%)soughthelptostopviol
encetheyhadexperi
enced.

10|Page
2.4GENDERSTATI STI CSI NTHEPOLI CY- MAKI NGPROCESS
Atthei nter
nat i
onall ev el,aser iesofUni tedNat i
onsi ntergov ernment alresol ut
ions
provideamandat ef ort hedev elopmentofpol iciesont headv ancementofwomen
andgenderequal i
ty,aswel lasf orthest ati
sticsr equiredf ort heUni t
edNat ions
Conv entionont heEl i
mi nationofAl lFormsofDi scriminationagai nstWomeni n1979
andt hePl atformf orAct i
onoft heFour thWor l
dConf erenceonWomenhel di n
Beij
ingi n
1995.
Genderequal ityisal soaf undament alcomponentoft heSust ainableDev elopment
Goals( UN,2015) .Goalf i
v eisf ocused on genderequal it
yamong ot her s.The
avail
abi l
ity and accessi bili
ty ofgendersensi tive dat a arei nstrumentalt ot he
developmentandi mpl ement ati
onofpol iciest hatcanf acilit
atet heachi evementof
nati
onalandi nter nati
onalobj ectives.Thei mpor tanceofusi ngst at i
sti
calevidencet o
developappr opr i
atepol i
ciesi sr ecognizedi noneoft hest rategicobj ecti
vesoft he
Platf
or mf orAct ionoft heFour thWor ldConf er
enceonWomen.Theobj ecti
veH. 3i s:
“gener ateanddi ssemi nat egender -di
saggregat eddat aandi nformat ionforpl anning
andeval uation”( UnitedNat ions,1995a) .

Poli
cy -
maker srepresentst rategi
cusersofst ati
sti
caldat a.Therearecer t
ainstepsin
thestat i
sti
calpr oductionpr ocesswher edat aproducersneedt ointeractwithpoli
cy
maker s,inawayt hatcl earlyoutli
nesandr espect
st her oleandr esponsibil
it
iesof
bothact ors.Thosest epsar e:
()I
i dentifi
cationofgenderi ssuesinsociety:Thepr ocessst ar
tswi t
ht hereali
zati
on
thatagenderi ssueexi stsinsociet
yonwhi chgr eaterknowledgei sneeded.The
genderi ssuecoul drelatet oapar t
icul
arkeypol icyissuei nthecount r
y,suchas
pov erty
,andt her eal
izat i
onthatt hegenderaspect sofpov ertyarenotwel l
under stood.Alternatively,t
herecouldbeanexpl icitgenderissue, suchasgender -
basedv iol
ence,onwhi chpol i
cymaker sreali
zetheyneedmor einformati
on.
Assign:Menti
onanygenderi
ssuesi
nyoursoci
etyandpr
ovi
dej
ust
if
icat
ionf
orwhy
theyaregenderi
ssues.

(
i)Pr
i oduct ionofgenderst ati
st i
cs:Af t
erani ssuehasbeeni denti
fi
ed,t henextst ep
involvespr oduct i
onofst at
isti
cst omeasur ei t
.Thismi ghtinvolv
et hei nt
roduction
ofacompl etelynew instrument ,suchasasur veyongenderbasedv i
olence.
Alternativel
y ,i
tcouldinvolveanenhancementofexi st
ingdat acollection,thr
ough
the addi ti
on ofone ormor e questi
ons i n a surveyoradmi nistrati
vef orm,
expansi onofr esponseopt ionstoaquest ionoradmi ni st
rati
vefor m,orchanges
int hewayt hatquest ionsar easkedt o maket hem l essgender -bi
ased.Yet
anot herpossi bil
it
yi schangesi nt herecruitmentandt rai
ningofdat acollectors,
toensur et heyar eawar eoft heinterr
elationshi
pbet weent her elevantgender
issuesandt heirroleintheintervi
ewpr ocess.
Assi
gn:howwoul
dyoupr
oducegenderst
ati
sti
csf
oranyoft
hegenderi
ssues

11|Page
hi
ghl
i
ght
edi
n(i
)above.

(
ii
iMar
) keti
nganddi sseminati
onofgenderst at
ist
ics:Pr
oductionoft hestati
sti
csis
notenough.I nordertobeused,t heyneedt oreachthepol i
cymaker sandt hose
whoadv isethem.Theyal soneedt or eachtheadv ocates,suchaswomen’ s
groups,whocanputpr essur eont hepol i
cymaker sforthenecessar ychanges.
Finall
y,thestati
sti
csneedt or eachthosewhohav einfl
uencei nt hepolicyarena
butwho woul d nor
mal l
y notr ecognize genderissues.Di fferentpr oducts,
diff
erentmar keti
ngstrategiesanddi f
ferentdisseminat
iont echni quesmaybe
neededf oreachaudience.

Assi
gn:Whatar
esomeoft
heappr
oachest
hatcanbeusedt
odessi
minat
egender
st
ati
sti
cs.

(
ivGenderandpol
) icyanal ysi
s:Gener ally,nati
onalst atisticalagenci esar etasked
withproducingst atisti
csandar enotexpect edt oanal yzet hem f r
om apol i
cy
perspectiv
e.Indeed,i nmanycount riestherei sanexpl i
citrequirementt hatt he
nati
onalst ati
sti
calof fi
ceshoul dnotmakepol icyst atement s.I nstead,theyar e
meantsi mpl ytopr esentt he‘ facts’.Thesi tuat i
onmi ghtbedi fferentfordat a
producersi nsomeot herpar t
soft henat i
onalst at i
st i
calsy stem,suchast he
educati
onorheal thmi nistri
es.Howev er,thoser esponsi bl eforpol i
cyanalysisand
proposals willusual l
ydi fferf rom t hose r esponsi blef ort he pr oduct
ion and
publi
cati
onofst at i
sti
cs.Ther ef ore,genderandpol icyanal ysi
sof teninvolves
actorsout si
det henat i
onalst at i
sticalser vice,whoanal yzet hemeani ngand
impli
cati
ons oft he stat i
stics.Whi le nationalst atistici
ans ar e notdi rectl
y
responsiblefort hisst ep,t heyneedt o beawar et hatt hewayt heypr esent
stati
sti
cscani nfl
uencet heanal ysis.
Assi
gn:Fr
om thestati
sti
cspr
ovi
dedaboutt
hegenderi
ssuei
n(i
),whatmeani
ngs
canbeder
ivedfr
om them.

(
v)Useofgenderanal ysisforpol
icyactions:From agenderper spective,thehopei s
thatpoli
cieswillpromot emovementt owardsgenderequal i
ty.I
twoul d,ofcourse,
benaï vetoassumet hatpoli
cyisoftenbasedmai nlyonf actsandf igures.Many
diff
erentforcesi nfluencepolicy.Howev er,theexi st
enceofr el
iablef actsand
fi
guresst rengt
henst hehand ofanypol icyproponent .Ital so promot est he
developmentof‘ ev idence-
based’pol i
cy,rathert han poli
cyt hati s driven by
suppositi
on ori deol ogy.Further,i
tpr omot es sensibl
e debat e among pol icy
maker sont hedifferentopti
ons.

Assi
gn:Whatpoli
cy(pl
anofact
iont
obeadopt
ed)canaddr
esst
hegenderi
ssue
menti
onedi
n(i)above.

12|Page
(
viI
)denti
fi
cat i
onofgapsandf or
mul ati
onofnew quest i
ons:Ideall
y,gover
nment s
should be moni tor
ing policy implementation inr espect of both out puts
(deli
verables)andout comes( i
mpactont hesoci et
y).Otheract or
smi ghtbe
moni t
oringt heimpactofpol ici
esseent ohav epotenti
altoaddressgenderissues.
Forexampl e,an or ganizati
on wor ki
ng int hear eaofwomen’ shealth mi ght
moni t
ort heimpactofanewpol icyapproachinrespectofcont r
acepti
on,whilean
NGO pr ov i
dingser vi
cesf orbat ter
edwomenmi ghtmoni torthei mpactoft he
int
roductionofi nter
dict
s,suchasr emov i
ngav iol
entpartnerfrom thef ami l
y
home.Thi smoni tori
ngpr ocessmi ghtleadbackt othebeginningofthechai nby
establi
shingt hatthereareareaswher eknowl edgeislacki
ng.

Assign:Whatar
esomeoft hegapsint
hepol
i
cyr
ecommendat
ionsmadei
n(v)above
concerni
ngthegenderi
ssuein(
i).

Theabov edescripti
oni sv erygener al.Thepr ocesswi lldifferf
rom count rytocount ry
andf rom t opictot opic.I twilldependonwhi chact orsi nthenat ionalstat i
stical
offi
cear er esponsibleforapar ti
culari ssue.Forexampl e,itisli
kel ytodi ff
erift he
stati
sti
csconcer nedar epr oducedbyt hest ati
sticaloff i
ceorbyal ineagency .Itwi l
l
depend, also,ont helevelandbr eadthofawar enessofapar ti
cul
argenderi ssue, and
thedegr eet owhi chtheissuei spol i
ticall
yorot herwisesensi ti
ve.I
twi l
lalsodepend
ont heappr oachofgov ernment , andt heext entt owhi chi tpri
desitselfonpr oduci ng
evidence-basedpol icy,aswel lasoni tscommi tmentt ogenderequal it
y.Insome
cases, t
hepr ocessofaski ngf orst ati
sticsthatenhancegenderknowl edgemi ghtbe
i
nst i
gatedbysomeonewhoopposeschange,andi saski ngformor eev i
denceasa
delayi
ngt actic.

2.5USERSOFGENDERSTATI STI CS
Becausegenderst atist
icshel pt oi l
lumi nat egenderdi spariti
es,gov er
nmentpol icy-
maker sandpl anner si nv ari
ousf iel
dsar et hepr i
mar yaudi ence.Howev er,therei s
alsoawi derrangeofpot entialgenderst ati
sticsuser s.Servicepr ovidersr el
yon
thesest atisti
cst oi dentifygender -relatedi ssuest oensur etheef fectiveallocationof
resour ces.Genderst atisti
csal so pr ovi
dei mpor tantquant i
tati
v ei nformat i
on f or
analyst sandr esear cherswor kingi ngov ernmentbodi es,academi cinstit
utionsand
privat
esect oror gani zat
ionsandassoci ations.Adv ocacygroups, especi allywomen’ s
organizat i
ons,r elyongenderst atisti
cst oshedl ightonpr oblemst hatar enotr eadi ly
appar entandt ol obbyf orr efor m.( Thecaseofdomest i
cv i
olencei sapower ful
i
llustr
at i
onoft hei mpor tanceofgenderst atist
ics.Becausei tisalat entpr oblem, law-
maker si nmanycount rieshav ebeensl ow tor espondt ot hei ssueofdomest ic
viol
ence.Bypr esent ingdat aaboutv icti
msofv i
ol ence,women’ sr ightsgr oupshav e
i
nf l
uencedl egalchange) .Fort hegener alpubl ic,genderst ati
st i
cshel pt odi spel
stereot y
pesandencour agedebat eont opi cssuchast hechangi ngr olesofwomen

13|Page
andmen.
Assign:Speci
fytheusersofgenderst
ati
sti
csandt
hepur
posesf
orwhi
cht
heyut
il
ize
them withcl
earexamples.

2.6PRODUCERSOFGENDERSTATI STICS
I
tmi ghtappearobv iousthatstati
sti
cianswor kingi
nt heNat i
onalStatisti
calOffices
(NSOs)ar et he primarypr oducers ofgenderst atist
ics.Indeed,censuses and
householdsur v
ey sar esomeoft hemosti mpor t
antsour cesofdat aconcer ning
vari
ousgenderr elatedconcepts.Howev er,otherstat einstit
uti
onst hatcollectdat a,
generall
yinthefor m ofadministr
ati
ver ecor ds,arealsov i
talsourcesofi nformation
andof tenhavemor eup-to-
dat efi
gurest hanacensust hatist ypi
callyconduct ed
onceev eryteny ears.Arangeofadmi ni str
at i
vedat a,f r
om gov ernmentmi ni
stries,
regi
sters,t
axaut horit
iesandannualr epor tsf rom mi crofi
nancei nsti
tuti
ons,canal l
i
lluminategenderissuesprovidedtheyar edi saggregatedbysex.
Assi
gn:Speci
fypr
oducer
sofgenderst
ati
sti
csandt
ypeofi
nfor
mat
iont
heypr
oduce
wit
hexamples.

2.2Gendermai nstr
eami ngreferstoapr ocessofassessi ngt heimplicationsfor
womenandmenofanypl annedactioninallareasandatal llevel
s.Inthiscont ext
,
wear er efer
ri
ngnotonl yt oproduci
ngspeci f
icdat arel
evantt ogenderi ssuesbut
applyingagenderper specti
vethroughoutthest agesofstatisti
calproduction.This
process means r ef
lecti
ng genderissues in allstati
sti
cs and ensur i
ng t hatal
l
stat
isticsonindi
vi
dualsar ecol
lect
edbysexsot hatdispar
it
iesandv ariat
ionscanbe
analysed.

Theconcept sofgendermai nstr

eami ngandusi ngagenderper spectivearenotnew,
butt heycanof t
enseem abstractanddi f
fi
culttoapplyinpractice.Further
more,the
terms t hemsel ves may be unfamiliarto many people,and i tis common f or
statisti
ciansanddat apr
oducerst ohav emisconcepti
onsaboutt her equir
ementsfor
dev elopi
ng gender st ati
sti
cs. Tabl e bel ow summar izes some common
mi sconceptionsaboutgenderstatist
icsandprov i
dessuggestedr esponses.
Mi sconceptions Responses

1.Al
lthedataaresex-
disaggr
egat
ed, The pr oducti
on of sex- di
saggr egated
so we al ready hav e gender datai sonlyonecomponentofgender
st
ati
sti
cs. stat
isti
cs.To be mor e effect
ive,t he
stat
isti
cs offi
ces should also pr oduce
stat
isti
csrelevanttokeygenderissuesi n
thecount r
yandt hatmi ghtaf f
ectonl y
one sex ( for example,dat a on t he
preval
ence of ear ly marri
age among
adolescentgir
ls).

14|Page
2.Adding a categor
yf or“sex”and Gener all
y,pr oducing gender st atist
ics
changi
ng our dat a-
col
lect
ion using existi
ng inst r
ument s does not
methodswillbetooexpensi
ve. i
nv ol
vemuchaddi ti
onalcost .Of tenan
extraquesti
onoracol umni ndicat ingsex
canbeaddedt oanexi sti
ngsur vey .The
mai n cost is incur r
ed i n pr oduci ng
additi
onaltabulat
ions,buti nt hedi gital
erathiscostismi nimal.Furthermor e,i
fa
genderperspectiveispr operlyintegr ated
acrossthewor koft hest atisti
csof f
ice
andaddr essedf r
om t heear lyst agesof
planni
ng,additi
onalorunexpect edcost s
canbeav oided.

3.There are no genderspecial

i
sts/ Genderspeci ali
stsandf ocalpoi ntsar e
focalpoint
s,andst at
ist
icsoff
ices greatassett ost ati
sticsofficesast hey
havet oo few staf
ft o under
take provide exper tise and gui dance.
genderanalysi
sorpr oducegender Howev er,al
lstaffshoul dbetrainedint he
stati
sti
cs. corecompet enciesofconduct i
nggender
analysisandpr oducinggenderst ati
sti
cs.
In addi ti
on,t he skills and knowl edge
neededt oproducegenderst ati
sti
csar e
tr
ansf erabletoal lstati
sti
caloper ati
ons
and wi llbenef i
tt henat ionalst ati
sti
cal
system asawhol e.

4.Disaggregat
ing data by sex wil
lI nfact,sex- disaggr egateddataarer i
cher
adverselyaffectt
hequali
tyoft he and mor e compr ehensive than non-
data. disaggr egated dat a.Sex- di
saggregat ed
datacanr evealcr i
ti
calinformati
ont hat
would ot herwise r emai n hi
dden.When
dataar epr oducedf r
om asampl esurv ey
theargumentcanbemadet hatthatsex -
disaggr egated dat a arel ess accur ate
because ofi ncreased sampl i
ng error s.
Howev er,thesampl i
nger r
orwilli
ncrease
l
esst han1. 5t i
mes,andi nmostcases,
thispot entialincreaseofer r
orwillbef ar
outweighed by t he benef i
ts obtained
from thedi saggr egat i
on.

15|Page
 5.Genderdiff
erences inl abour(for The pr ocess of pr oducing gender
example,womenhar vestcropsbut st atisticsdoesnotr equiremaki ngv alue
do not t ransport pr oduce t o j
udgement saboutt her ol
esofwomen
mar ket
s) are nor mal because and men i n soci ety.The t asks oft he
womenar ephy sical
l
yweakerand st atisticsof ficesar et opr oducedat athat
stayathometocar eforchil
dren. accur at elyref lectthesi tuati
onwi thi
nt he
count ry ,tocompar edat aunderr elevant
i
ndi cat ors and t o highlightst atist
icall
y
significantdi spar i
ti
esbet weent hesexes.
Policy -
maker s, r esear chers, gender
adv ocat es and ot her speci al
ists wi l
l
make deci si ons about whet her any
gender di fferences t hat ar er evealed
through st at i
stics ar e undesi rable or
probl emat i
c.

Theway sinwhichgenderst ati

sti
csar econceptual
izedhav echangedov ertime,and
thereconti
nuest obesomemi sunderstandi
ngaboutwhet hergenderstatisti
csare
equival
entto“ stati
sticsaboutwomen”orwhet hert heyalso requi
reaccur atel
y
capturi
ngdatar elevanttomen.Hi stor
icall
y,demandf orgender-sensi
tiv
est ati
sti
cs
came f rom women’ s organi
zations and was par tofWomen i n Development
approach.Thus,ear l
yef for
tsdi d consistofcompi l
i
ng data aboutwomen and
presenti
ngitindedi catedpublicati
ons.Howev er,todayweunder st
andt hatgender
stati
sti
cscutacr ossallfi
eldsandpr ov i
decompar i
sonsbet weent heexperiencesof
womenandmen.

2.
7GENDERANALYSI S
Genderanal ysisisoneoft hemosti mport
anttool
si nthepr oducti
onofgender
st
atisti
cs.Genderanal ysisisamet hodwhi
chencompasses:
 Cr it
ical
lyexami ningthedifferentrol
esofwomenandmen( andgi r
lsandboy s)i
n
ordertounder standwhatt heydo,theresour
cestheyhaveandt heirneedsand
pri
oriti
esinaspeci fi
ccont ext;
 Sear ching fort he underl
y i
ng causesofgenderi nequal
it
ies;and hi ghl
ighti
ng
gender-specif
icv ari
ablesinor dertoachi
eveposi
ti
v echangef ordisadvantaged
groups

Genderanaly si
siscommonl yusedbydev elopmentplannersandpolicy-
maker sat
the earl
yst ages ofpoli
cyand pr oj
ectdesign,and as partofmoni t
ori
ng and
evaluat
ion.Anumberofor ganizati
onshavedev el
opedf r
amewor ksforconduct i
ng
genderanalysis,anddataproducer sshoul
dchooseamet hodologythatsuit
st heir
purposesandi scomprehensiv
e.TheSoci o-
Economi candGenderAnalysi
sappr oach
(SEAGA)i soneexampleofamet hodol
ogythatguidesusersinthei
ranalysi
soft he

16|Page
socio-economicfact
orsthatdet
erminewomen’
sandmen’ spri
ori
ti
esandpotenti
ali
n
ordert obett
erunderst
andwomen’ sandmen’scapaci
ti
es,vul
nerabi
l
iti
es,r
esour
ces
andl i
veli
hoods.

2.7.1Genderanalysi
scat egori
es/domai ns
Notwi t
hst
andingthesel ectedmet hodology,al
lgenderanal ysisframeworksguide
theusertoconsiderasetofquest ions,div
idedbycat egory(somet i
mesrefer
redto
as“ domains”
).Wit
hineachdomai n,anumberofi ssues, whi
chcanbef r
amedassub
-questi
ons,ar
eexplored.Thet y
picalgenderanaly
siscat egor
ies,andwhattheyentai
l
,
aredescri
bedbelow:

a)Rol esandResponsi bili

ties(Whodoeswhat ?)
Thiscategoryreferstot heway si nwhichmenandwomenbehav eandspendt hei
r
ti
me,wi thaf ocusonwher eandwhen( f
orexampl e,dailyandseasonalpat ter
ns).
Thisdomai nconcer nst hegenderdi v
isi
onofl abouranddi sti
nguishesbet ween
producti
ver ol
es( acti
vit
iest hatpr oducegoods,ser vi
cesandeconomi cresources,
suchaspai dwor k,self
-empl oymentorsubsi stencefarming)andr eproducti
ve( non-
market)rol
es( unpaidact i
v i
ti
est hattakeplaceathousehol dlevel,suchaschildcar e
and fueland wat ercol lecti
on) .Women’ s and men’ s communi t
y parti
cipation
(vol
untarywor katcommuni tylevelthatcont r
ibutestotheov eral
lwel l
-bei
ngoft he
communi ty
)shoul dalsobet akenintoconsideration.

b)Asset s,Resour cesandOppor t

uniti
es( Whoownswhat ?)
Thisdomai nr efer st oaccesst olivel
ihoodasset sandr esour cesandt hecapaci tyto
uset hem wi thoutconst r
aint .Theconceptof“ assets”br oadlyi ncludes:nat ur
al
asset s( forexampl e,l and,f orestsandwat erways);phy sicalasset s( forexampl e,
housi ng,equi pmentand communi cations t echnologi es) ;f inancialasset s( f
or
exampl e,capi tal,i ncome and cr edit.
);publ ic servi
ces ( heal t
h,educat i
on and
transpor t
ation) ;andsoci albenef i
ts(forexampl e,socialnet wor ksandv aluechains).
Accesst okeyr esour cesandasset scani nv olveassessi ngowner shipar rangement s,
aswel lastheabi li
tyt ouset hem, astwosepar ateareasofi nqui r
y.Ont heonehand,
therei sagr eatdealofev idencet hatsuppor tstheconnect ionsbet weenwomen’ s
proper tyowner shipandsoci alprotecti
oni npr ov i
ding,f orexampl e,t heabi l
it
yt o
weat hereconomi cshocks,pr otecti
on f rom domest i
cv iolenceand a meanst o
enhancei nfl
uencei nt hecommuni ty.
Genderanal y sisshoul dal soconsi derthei nter-r
elati
onshi psbet weenwomenand
men,andcar efulanal ysiscanpr ovidei nsightsnotonl yi ntowhohasaccesst o
asset sandr esour ces, butal sowhoexer cisescont rolov err esour cesordeci deshow
theywi llbeused.

c)Patt
er ns ofPowerand Decisi
on-
Maki
ng (Who exer
cises cont
roloverwhich
decisi
ons? )
Thi
s categoryi s cl
osel
yli
nked wi
ththe pr
evi
ous one because i
trequi
res an

17|Page
understandi
ngofwhet herwomenormenmakedeci sionsabout ,andhav ei nfl
uence
over,assets and r esour
ces.Genderanal ysi
sr equires separatei nqui
r i
es about
accesst oasset sandt heexerci
seofcont roloverthei ruse.Forexampl e,insome
Cent r
alAsianandSub- Sahar
anf amil
ies,theex t
rai ncomet hatwomenear nf r
om
sel
linghome- producedgoodsisaddedt ot hehousehol dbudget ,andt heheadoft he
household( mostof tenamal eelder)makesdeci si
onsabouthow i twillbeused.
Analysisshouldbegi natthefamily/househol dlevelbutshoul dal soconsi derthe
extenttowhi chwomenandmenar erepresentedindeci sion-makingatcommuni t
y
andnat i
onallevels.

d)Knowl edge,BeliefsandCul turalNorms( Whoknowsorbel i

eveswhat ?)
Insomegenderanal ysisframewor ks,thiscategoryconcer nsgenderdi fferencesi n
formalknowledge( such aseducat i
on,t r
aini
ng orext ension services)and al so
requi
resconsiderationoft heway sinwhi chwomenandmenaccessi nformat i
on( f
or
example,dowomenhav eaccesst ot heinternet
?Domenr eceiveinformat ionby
radi
o when wor king? ).Wi t
hin dif
ferentmet hodologies,thisar ea ofi nqui r
yal so
consi
dersper cepti
onsofgenderi dentityandexami nest hebeliefsandst ereotypes
aboutwomenandmen,t hatis,whatar econsi der
ed“ appropri
ate”mal eandf emale
rol
es,quali
ti
esandgoal s.

Youwi l
lhavenot i
cedthatt hereisconsi derableov erl
apbetweengenderanal ysis
domai ns.Forexampl e,we anal yse whetherwomen hav e access to ext
ension
servi
cesandt raini
ngasan“ asset”,orwhet hert heyunderst
andandusespeci fi
c
veter
inarypracticesas“ knowl edge”.Whenconduct i
nggenderanal ysi
s,wedonot
needt o beov erl
yconcer nedaboutt hecat egoryofi nqui
ry.Thecat egori
esar e
generalbecauset heyareusedf orgenderanal y
sisi nanyset t
ing.Consequently,
exampl esofar easf orf
urtheri nquir
ythatar er el
evanttogenderanal ysi
sandt hat
couldbegener atedf r
om thecat egori
esabov ear eli
stedbelow.

Usi
ngGenderAnal
ysi
stoI
dent
if
yPriori
tyIssuesinAgr
icul
tur
e
Corequest
ion Samplef
urtherquesti
ons

Rolesand  Whatist he shar

e ofwomen /men i
nthe
Responsi
bil
i
ties agr
icul
tur
all
abourfor
ce?

Whodoeswhat
?  How much time do women /men spend i
n
agr
icul
tur
all
abour
,di
saggregat
edbycr
op?

 Towhatext
entdofemaleandmal
eagr
icul
tur
al
hol
der
susehir
edl
abour?

 How much ti
me do women and men spend
col
l
ect
ingandprepar
ingwater/f
ir
ewood/ot
her
sol
i
dfuel
sforthehousehol
d?

18|Page
  Howisl
abourdiv
idedbet
weenwomenandmen
i
nfi
sher
iesv
aluechai
ns?

Assetsand  What is the shar

e of femal
e and mal
e
Resources agr
icul
tur
alhol
der
sbyregi
on?

Whoownswhat
?  Howar
ewomen’
spr
oper
tyr
ight
spr
otect
ed?

 Whatasset
sdor ur
alfemal
e-headedhousehol
ds
andmale-
headedhousehol
dshav e?

 Whatki
ndsofremunerat
iondowomenandmen
r
ecei
ve,byl
abourst
atusandbyact
ivi
ty?

 Whati sthe aver

age numberofl
ivest
ock by
species for female and male agri
cul
tur
al
holders?

 Whataccessri
ghtsdowomenandmenhav eto
for
est
sandt onon-
woodproductsoff
orest
s(f
or
exampl
e,honeyormushr
ooms) ?

PowerandDeci
sion-  Whatarethe femal
e and male membershi
p
Maki
ng r
atesi
nwaterusersassoci
ati
ons,andhow are
womenandmenr epr
esentedinWUAdecision-
Whocontrol
swhat?
maki
ngposi
ti
ons?

 Howdowomenandmenmakedeci
sionsabout
usi
ngf
ert
il
izer
s?

 Whatar
et hepatter
nsofcr edi
tusei
nfemal
e-
andmal
e-headedhousehol
ds?

 Whati mpactdo gendernorms have on the

abil
it
yofwomentot ravelf
rom r
uralv
il
lagesto
urbanmarket
s?

Knowl
edge,Bel
ief
s  Whati
stheaver
ageeducati
onall
eveloff
emal
e
andNorms andmal
erur
alhousehol
dheads?

Whoknowswhat
?  How are women represent
ed in agr
icul
tur
e
depar
tment
sinhi
ghereducati
on?

 Whataretheenr
olmentandcomplet
ionrat
esof
women and men intechni
caland vocat
ional
educat
ioni
nagri
cul
tur
e?

19|Page
  Towhatext entdofemal
eandmal eagri
cul
tur
al
holdersrecei
ve ext
ensi
on ser
vices? On what
topics?

 Whatkindsofknowledgedowomenandmen
haveaboutt
hetreat
mentofcommonli
vest
ock
di
seases?

2.8HOW TOPRODUCEGENDERSTATI STICS

2.8.1Ov eral
ldesi gn
Thepr ocessofpr oducinggenderst ati
stics,l
ikeot herst at
ist
ics,i
nvol
v esar angeof
highlyinterr
elatedact i
v i
ti
es.Eachoft heseact i
vi
ties,andt hewayt heyarel inked
together,canhav easi gnif
icantimpactont hequal ityoft hef i
nalproduct .Itis
therefor
ei mpor tanttoviewthepr ocesshol i
sti
cally–f rom anendt oendper spect i
ve
–t oensur et hatalltheactivi
ti
esar eli
nkedef fici
ent l
yandseaml essl
yandt hatt hey
form awel l-
integratedpackage.Cl earl
ydef i
nedobj ectivesandsoundmeasur ement
practi
cesshoul ddrivetheoverall
designoft hepr ocess.

2.
8. 2Keysteps
I
nbr oadterms,theprocessofproduci
nggenderst
ati
sti
csissi
mil
artothatf
orot
her
fi
eldsofstati
sti
cs.I
ttypi
call
yinv
olvesanumberofkeystepswhi
chincl
ude:

2.8.2. 1St ep1:I denti

fyRel evantGenderI ssuesandTopi cs
I
nt hef i
rstst epofpr oduci nggenderst ati
stics,cri
ti
calgenderissuesandgapsi n
i
nf ormat ionar eidenti
fi
ed.Genderst ati
sticsshoul drespondtothegoals,obj
ecti
ves
andt argetsofnat i
onalpoliciesandpl ans.Genderst ati
sti
csshouldalsobeproduced
i
nor dert oshedl ightonspeci fi
cpr oblemst hatarenotadequat el
yaddressedin
nationalpol i
cy .Bothdat auser s(f
orexampl e,poli
cy-makersandplanner
sinrelev
ant
mini stri
es)anddat aproducer s(stat
isti
cians)ar ei
nvolvedatthi
sstagebecausethey
need t or each consensus aboutpr i
ority areas and the obj
ectiv
es behi
nd the
product i
onofgenderst ati
stics.

St
ep1canbeachi evedt hrough:
 Rev i
ewnat ionalpolicies,plansandcommi t
ment s:Ast arti
ngpointforidentif
ying
crit
icalgenderi ssuesi st or evi
ew andconsul tnationalpol i
cye.g.TheNat i
onal
Dev el
opmentPl anbyNPAandi nt
ernat ionalcommi tment sandt arget
s,suchas
theUni tedNat ionsSust ainableDevel opmentGoal s( SDGs) .Thesedocument s
canser veasr oadmapst hathighli
ghtgendergaps.
 Rev i
ewcur rentresear ch,dataandst udi esongendert opics:Thesecani l
luminate
impor t
antgendergapst hatmaynotbecl earfrom ar evi
ewofnat i
onalpolicy(or
which maybe i nsuf fi
cientl
yaddr essed i n nationalplans and pr ogrammes) .
Studiesatnat i
onalandr egionallevelar eof t
enmor ei nstr
ucti
vei nidentif
ying
issuest hataret oospeci ficorlocalisedt obecov eredbyi nt
ernati
onalhuman

20|Page
 ri
ghtsanddev el
opmenti nstrument s.Forexampl e,SIDA’sbr iefonWomenand
FoodSecur i
ty.
 Conductgenderanal y sistoi denti
fykeyi ssues:Genderanal ysisshouldbeused
wheni dent i
fyingr el
ev antr esearchquest i
onsbecausei tprovidesast r
uctur
ei n
whicht oconsi dergenderdi f
ferencesandgaps.Att hisstage,genderanal y sis
questi
onsar eusedt or evealwher einformationanddat aarelacking.
 Holdconsul tationswi thst akeholdersrepresent i
ngdatapr oducer sanddat auser s:
Consultations, orwor kshops, offervaluableoppor t
uniti
esf ordat auser
sanddat a
producerst oengagei ndi alogueaboutt her esult
sofgenderanal ysi
s( orvalue
chainanal ysis)andt ocomet oaconsensusont hepr i
orit
ygenderi ssuest hat
requi
ref urt
heri nvestigation.Topi cs are gener all
y selected f ortheirpol icy
i
mpl i
cationsandt heext entt owhi chtheyf urtherthegoal swi thi
nnationalplans
ongenderequal i
ty.

2.8.2.2St ep2:Li stRel ev antSt ati

sticsandI ndicators
Oncey ouhav ei dent i
fiedpr iori
tygenderi ssues,t henextst epint hepr ocessi sto
determi newhi chdat aar eneededt ounder st andandmeasur et hei ssuesmor e
effectivel y.First l
y, itiscr i
ticaltoensur et hatt herei sagr eementoncent r alconcept s
anddef ini
tionsandt hatt heyar efreef rom bias.Thi scanbeachi ev edbyev al
uat i
ng
existingst atisticalconcept sanddef init
ionsi nor dert oensur et hatt heydonot
i
nadv ertent l
y/uni ntentional l
ycont aingenderbi ases.Keepi nmi ndt hati nor dert o
el
imi nat ebi as,i tmaybenecessar yt odev el
opnew def i
niti
onsorr e-
wr iteexist i
ng
quest ionnai res.
Becausegenderneut r
ali ndicatorsar eof t
ennotsuf fi
ci enttopr ov i
dei nformat ion
aboutdi ff
erencesi nt hest atusofwomenandmen, it’
sr ecommendedt hatoneuses
gender -sensitivei ndi cators.Gender -
sensi t
ivei ndicator si ncl
udebot h quant itati
ve
i
ndi cator sbasedonsex-di saggregat eddat a– separ at emeasur esf ormenand
women – and i ndi catorst hatcapt ure qual i
tati
ve changes,f orexampl e,an
i
mpr ov ementi nf emal eempower ment .Ther ear eal argenumberofsampl edat asets
andgenderi ndi cat orst hathav ebeendev elopedbyi nternationalorganizat i
ons,andi t
canbeusef ult or ev iewt heset ypesofi nfor mationt oident ifyexi
stingindi cat
orsand
gener at eideasaboutnewones.

2.8.
2.2.1Whati sanindicat
or?
Ani ndi
catorisapointer.I
tcanbeameasur ement,anumber,afact
,anopini
onora
percepti
ont hatpoi
ntsataspecifi
ccondit
ionorsi
tuati
on,andmeasureschangesin
thatconditi
onorsi t
uati
onov ert
ime.Inot
herwords,i
ndicat
orsprov
ideacloselook
attheresult
sofi ni
ti
ati
vesandactions.

Gender-
sensi
ti
veindi
catorshavethespecialf
unctionofpoi
nti
ngoutgender-
related
changesinsoci
etyoverti
me.Thei
rusefulnessl
iesinthei
rabi
li
tytopointt
ochanges
i
nt hestatusandrolesofwomenandmenov erti
me,andt her
eforetomeasur e
whethergenderequityisbeing achi
eved.Becauseuseofi ndi
catorsand other

21|Page
rel
evanteval
uat
iontechni
queswilll
eadtoabetterunderst
andi
ngofhowr
esul
tscan
beachieved,usinggender-
sensi
tiv
eindicat
orswillalsofeedint
omoreeff
ecti
ve
fut
ureplanni
ngandprogram del
iv
ery.

2.
8.2.2.2Categori
esofindicator
s
Quantit
ati
veindicat
orscanbedef i
nedasmeasur esofquanti
ty,suchasthenumber
ofpeoplewhoownsewi ngmachi nesinav i
l
lage.
Qualit
ati
veindicat
orscanbedef inedaspeople'sjudgement
sandper cept
ionsabout
a subject
,such as the conf i
dence those people hav
ein sewing machines as
i
nstrumentsoff i
nanci
alindependence.

2.8.2.2.3Interpretati
onanduseofi ndicator s
Quant itat
ivei ndicators are usual lyi nterpr eted usi
ng for
malmet hods such as
statisti
caltests,andt her esultsoft heset est sarethenusedtosuggestchangesi n
policy.Quant it
ativeindicatorsar eof tenpr esentedi nawayt hatisqui t
edistanced
from t heev entst heyar edescr ibi
ng.Forexampl e,examiningincreasesinliter
acy
ratesmayt ellyouv eryli
tt
leaboutt hei ncredi bl
eeffortwomenhav emadet obecome
l
iterate.Becauset heyar edi stancedi nt hiswayandar eexpr essedint er
msof
number s,quantitati
veindicatorsareof tenal socalled"har
d"or"object
ive"
.

Ont heot herhand,qualitat

iveindi
catorsar egenerat
edbyi nfor
malst udi
esandt he
resul
tsoft hesestudiesar eof t
enpr esentedinadescr ipt
ivefashionratherthan
analysedbyst at
ist
icalorot herf or
malt echniques,alt
hought heyar esubjectto
quantifi
cati
on.Becauset heydescr i
bepeopl e'
sv i
ewpoint
s,thesetypesofindicat
ors
arealsoknownas" subjecti
ve"or"soft
"indicat
ors.

What ev erindicatorischosen,itmustmeett wot ests,thatist het estsof" r

eli
abil
ity"
and" v
al i
dit
y".Val i
ditymeanst hatt heinfor mat i
ont hati ndicatorspr ovidemustbe
closet ot hereal i
tytheyaremeasur ing.Way sofensur i
ngani ndicatorisv al
idare:1)
common sense;2)whet hert he indicatorr ef l
ects simi l
arf indings i n di
ff
erent
situati
ons;and3)whet herdi
f f
erentsur veyi nst rument sy i
eldoruncov erthesame
i
ndi cators.Ingener al,t
hevali
dityofani ndicatorcanbeenhancedbyt ri
angulati
on,or
useofmul ti
plesour cesofinf
ormat i
onanddat a.Itisint hiscont extthatquant i
tat
ive
andqual i
tati
veappr oachescanbef rui
tfull
ymi xed.Reliabili
tymeanst hatindi
cator s
usedmustbeaccur ateandconsistent;ani ndi catorisr el
iableifmul t
ipleusesoft he
samei nst r
ument( ani nt
ervi
ew,asur vey ,et c.)y iel
dt hesameorsi mi l
arresults.
Whet herquant i
tativ
eorqual i
tati
veindicatorsar echosen,t heymustmeett hesetwo
teststobeusef ul
.

2.
8.2.
2.4Cri
ter
iaf
ortheselect
ionofindi
cat
ors
 Indi
cator
s shoul
d be dev el
oped in a par
ti
cipat
oryf
ashi
on,i
ncl
udi
ng al
l
stakehol
der
swhereverpossi
ble.

 I
ndi
cat
orsmustber
elev
antt
otheneedsoft
heuser
,andatal
evel
thatt
heuser

22|Page
 canunder
stand.

 Al
li
ndi
cat
orsshoul
dbesex-
disaggr
egat
ed.

 Bot
hqual
i
tat
iveandquant
it
ati
vei
ndi
cat
orsshoul
dbeused.

 I
ndi
cat
orsshoul
dbeeasyt
ouseandunder
stand.

 I
ndi
cat
orsmustbecl
ear
lydef
ined.

 Thenumberchosenshouldbesmall
.Aruleoft humbisthatupt
osi
xi
ndi
cat
ors
canbechosenf
oreachtypeofi
ndi
cator(
input-outcome)
.

 I
ndi
cat
orsshoul
dbet
echni
cal
l
ysound.

 I
ndi
cat
orsshoul
dmeasur
etr
endsov
ert
ime.

 Theul
ti
mat
efocusshoul
dbeonout
comei
ndi
cat
ors.

2.8.
2.2.5Exampl esofindicat
ors
(i
)% of av ail
able credit,fi
nancialand t echnicalsuppor t servi
ces going to
women/ menf rom government/non-gov ernmentsour ces.
(i
i
)Av erage househol d expenditure of f emal e/male headed househol ds on
education/heal t
h.
(i
i
i)Number s of women i n l ocal i nstit
utions ( e.g. women' s associati
ons,
consciousnessr ai
singorincomegener ati
nggr oups,l ocalchurches,ethnicand
ki
nshipassoci ati
ons)rel
ati
vetopr ojectar eapopul ation,andnumber sofwomen
i
nposi ti
onsofpoweri nlocalorganisations.
(i
v)Numberofwomenwhopar ti
cipat
ei npubl i
cpr otestsandpol iti
calcampai gni
ng,
ascompar edt othenumberofmen.
(v
)At ti
tudeofmenandwoment owardswi febeat i
ng
(v
i)Levelofawar enessofmenandwomencocer ni
ngt heirri
ghttov ote

2.8.
2.3Step3:I denti
fyandAssessDat aSour ces
Oncet herelevantindi cator
shav ebeenlisted,thenextst agei
npr oducinggender
stat
isti
cs invol
v es the assessmentofsour ces ofdat a.This process can be
envi
sagedast wodi scr et
esteps:(1)aninventorytoidentif
yavai
labledatasour ces
and( 2)anev aluati
ont oassessthequalityoft heexist
ingdatasour ces,i
ncluding
whethertheyareappl icabletothegenderissuesbeingstudiedandwhet hert
herear e
anydatagaps.

Inter
msofst ep( 1)
,whethertherel
evantdataareavail
ableoraccessi
blewil
ldepend
onsex-disaggregateddatahav i
ngorigi
nall
ybeen“ a)coll
ected,b)t
abul
ated,
and/or
c)publi
shedatt hetimeoft hecensusorsur v
ey.”Assessingthequali
tyofthedata
wil
lrequiretheconsi der
ati
onoff act
orssuchaswhet hertherewasanybiasinhow
thesurveyorcensuswasdesi gnedandconducted.

23|Page
Pot
enti
al datasour cest oconsi derincl
ude:
 Populat i
onandhousi ngcensuses
 Livi
ngSt andar dsMeasur ementsur veys
 Demogr aphicandHeal thsur veys
 Labourf orcesur v
eys
 Househol dbudgetsur v
ey s
 Business/ent erpri
sesur veys( especi
all
ywhenprivat
efar
ms/ent
erpr
isesand
indi
vidual entr
epr eneursinagr icul
turear
eincl
uded)
 Foodconsumpt i
onsur veys
 Timeusesur vey s
 Admi nistr
ativer ecords
 Specially-
designedsur veys

Assign:Provi
dedet
ail
soft
hevar
ioussur
veyscar
ri
edoutbyUBOSandt
hef
ocusof
thesesurveys

Eachoft hesedat asour cesusespeci ficmet hodologiesandi ndi

cators,andwhi l
e
somepr oducesex-disaggregat eddataandgender -
relevantinf or
mationmor ereadily,
nonear einherentl
ymor eorlessgender -
sensit
ivethanot hers.Thedegr eetowhi cha
parti
culardatasour cepr ovidesgenderr elevantinf ormation lar
gelydependson
effect
iveplanning,designanddat acoll
ecti
onmet hods.Thet ablebelowsummar izes
somekeypoi ntst oconsi derwhenassessi ngwhet herparticulardatasourcescan
producegender -r
elevantdata, orwaysthattheycouldbei mpr oved.

Over
viewofDat
aSour
cesandRelev
ancet
oMeasur
ingGenderI
nequal
it
ies
Dat
asource Rel
evance

Agri
cult
ural  Ani mportantsourceofdataaboutv ar
iousaspect
sof
census/sur
vey agri
cul
turalproducti
on,such as composi t
ion offar
m
l
abour and gender di f
ferences i n management of
agri
cul
turalholdi
ngs,owner ship ofagricul
tur
alasset
s,
accesstoservi
cesandagricultur
al pr
acti
ces.

 Becauset heyareusual lyconductedonceev er

ydecade,
agri
culturalcensuses ar e mor e sui
tabl
ef orpr ovi
ding
baseli
nedat athanf ormoni tori
ngpur poses.Howev er,if
properl
y desi gned,t hey can pr ov i
de good sampl i
ng
fr
amesf orsubsequentagr i
cultur
alsurveyswhichcanbe
used onamor er egularbasi sto coll
ectdetailed and
subtlei nformati
on ( f
orexampl e,agr i
cult
uralwor k at
secondar yandt ert
iarylevels,seasonalworkort hemat i
c
surveyswi thagenderf ocus) .

 Thenew WCA 2020r

ecommendsaspeci
fi
cthemeof

24|Page
 i
tems - “ I
ntr
a-household dist
ri
bution of manager
ial
decisi
onsandowner shiponthehol ding”-f
orexpl
ori
ng
gender roles int he management of hol di
ngs and
owner shi
p of agricul
turalassets such as l
and and
l
ivestock.

Popul
ati
on /  Provi
desasetofbasicdataonpopul
ati
onandl
i
ving
housi
ngcensus condi
ti
onsi
nrur
alar
easdi
saggr
egat
edbysex.

 Canbeusedt ostudyparti
cul
arsubgr
oupsfrom agender
per
spect
ive(forexample,el
derl
ymenoradol escentgi
rl
s
i
nruralareas)orissues(forexampl
e,labourmi gr
ati
on
pat
ter
ns).

 Censusdat
acanbecombi nedwi
thot
herdat
asour
cest
o
i
mpr ov
egenderanal
ysi
s.

 Shoul
dbespecial
lydesi
gnedt
oav oi
dgenderbiasandto
ensur
ethatquest
ionsi
ncl
udegender
-r
elev
antconcept
s.

Populat
ion-
based/  Cancov
ermul
ti
pleordi
scr
etet
opi
cs.
householdsurv
ey s
 Becauset heyareoft
enconduct
edonar ecurr
ingbasi
s,
(demographi
cand
they can be usefulto show trends over ti
me or
heal
th,l
abourforce
diff
erenceswit
hinandbet
weenpopulat
iongroups.
part
ici
pati
on,etc.
)
 General
lyfl
exi
bletoall
ow theaddit
ionofshortmodules
of specific questi
ons t o obtain gender-
rel
evant
i
nformati
on( f
orexample,addi
ngamodul eondomest i
c
vi
olencetoademogr aphicandhealthsur
vey,orasking
about parent
alleave or gender-
speci
fi
c barri
erst o
employmentinalabourf
orcesurv
ey).

Busi
ness/  Canbeaspeci
all
ydesi
gnedsur
veyorbasedonbusi
ness
ent
erpr
isesur
vey recor
ds.

(whenagri
cul
tur
al  Mostusefulwhensex-di
saggr
egateddataar
ecollect
ed
enter
pri
ses aboutbusi
nessowners,managersandemployeesin
enter
pri
sesofall
sizesandasindi
vidual
entr
epreneur
s.
ar
eincl
uded)
 Canprovi
deinfor
mationaboutt
hetypesofagricul
tural
busi
nesseswomenandmenoper at
e,thei
rsuccessr at
es
andworkingcondi
ti
onsforfemal
eandmal eempl oyees.

 Shoul
dcoveragri
cult
uralenter
pri
ses,byt
ype,size,
l
ocati
onandvalue(andincludemicr
obusinesseswher
e
womenareusuall
yov er
represent
ed).

25|Page
Ti
meusesur
vey  Essenti
alf
oresti
mati
ngwomen’ sandmen’ spar
ti
cipat
ion
i
n unpaid work and i
nfor
mall abour,as wel
las t he
di
stri
buti
onofhouseholdresponsi
bil
it
iesandchil
dcar e,
andthebalanceofwor
kandf reeti
me,amongothers.

 Provi
desinsi
ghtsint
othequanti
tyandtypeoflabourfor
househol
d producti
on by cr
op,locat
ion and type of
management.

 Cri
ti
calthatdataar edisaggr
egatedbysexandalsoby,
forexample,age,educati
on,l
abourfor
cest
atus,l
ocat
ion
andhouseholdcomposi ti
on.

 Impor t
antt hatdefini
ti
ons ofact i
vit
ies be sufficient
ly
preciset o suppor
tgenderanal ysi
s( forexampl e,t i
me
dedicatedt o“domesti
cchor es”istoov ague;i
nsteadi t
could i ncl
ude cooking and l aundry, wor k t
y pical
ly
performedbywomen, orhomeandcarr epair
s,wor kthat
menusual l
yundert
ake).

 Methodologi
esshoul
dconsi
dermeasur
inghow chi
ldr
en
andolderpeoplespendt
hei
rtime,aswellasseasonal
var
iat
ionsinti
meuse.

 Awel l
-desi
gnedsur
veycanbest andal
oneandsuffi
cient
forgenderanal
ysi
s.Ontheotherhand,ti
meusesurvey s
canalsobeusedtocomplementpopulat
ionsur
vey
s.

Administ
rat
ive  Eff
ecti
venessofadmi ni
str
ati
verecordsdependsonhow
recor
ds dataarecollectedatnati
onal,r
egionalorsub-r
egi
onal
l
evelsandrecordingt
hesexoftheindiv
idual
.

 Canproduceinf
ormationrel
evanttowomen’seconomi c
empowerment(forexample,recor
dsonsoci albenef
it
s,
pensi
ons,t
axes,
businessandlandregi
str
ati
on).

 Can produce i
nformati
on aboutsex and stat
us (for
example, bi
rt
h and mar r
iage regi
str
ati
on, school
enrol
mentandregist
eredunemploy
ed).

 Lawenf
orcementandj
ust
icesyst
em recor
dscanpr
ovi
de
i
nfor
mati
onaboutprot
ect
ionofther
ightsofwomenand
gi
rl
s.

 Because t
hei
rpr i
marypur pose i
sadmi ni
str
ati
on,t
hey
maybeinsuff
ici
entforgenderst
ati
sti
cs.

26|Page
2.8.
2.4St ep4:Pr oduceandAnal y seDat a
Thef our thst ager equirest r
anslating“ raw dat a”( meani ngbasi ci nformat ionabout
womenandmencont ai nedi ndat abases)t opr oducegenderst ati
sticst hatcanbe
mor eeasi lyunder stood bydat auser s.St age4 can beconcept uali
zed ast wo
separatest eps: (
1)pr oduci ngdat aand( 2)anal y singt hedat a.
 Dependi ngont her esultsofassessmentcar r
iedoutear li
er,thepr oduct ionof
data mayent ailthe r e-t
abulat i
on and r e-pr ocessing ofdat af r
om pr evi
ous
censusesandsur vey s.Re-tabul ati
oni st hesi mpl estmeansofpr oduci ngsex-
disaggr egat eddat a,buti tshoul donl ybeunder takeni fthedat asour cesar e
unbiased, orift her esultingstat i
sticscanbepr esentedwi thacl eardi scussionof
potent ial biaseswi thint hedat aandhowt hismi ghtaffecttheiraccuracy .
 Al ternat i
v ely,new dat acol l
ectionpr ocessesmayneedt obepl anned,desi gned
andi mpl ement ed( whi chcoul dent ailaddi ngmodul esorquest ionst oexisti
ng
surveyi nst rument s ort he cr eation ofent i
relynew i nstr
ument s).I tmaybe
possi blet ocombi nesur veysondi fferentt opi cst oaddr essmor ecompl exgender
i
ssues, butt hesur v ey smustcov erthesamet imeper i
odandcont ext.
 Dev elopi ngnew dat acol l
ectionmet hodsf orgenderst ati
sticsdoesnotdi f
fer
fr
om t hepr ocessofpr oducinganyot herst atist
ics,wi t
ht heexcept i
ont hata
genderper spect i
veshoul dbei ncor por atedt hr oughout .

2.8.
2.4.1Pl anni
ngNewDat aCollecti
onMet hods
Atthispoi ntinthepr ocessofpr oduci
nggenderst ati
sti
cs,youwi l
lhavei
denti
fi
ed
gapsi ndat aandwi llbeawareoft heproblems,error
sorweaknessesi nprevi
ous
datacollectionprocesses.Therefore,addr
essingthesedef i
cienci
esshoul
dbet he
focusoft henewdesi gn.Caref
ulat t
enti
onshouldbegi v
ent ot
hef ol
lowi
ngsteps:

 Dev
eloping(
ormodi
fyi
ng)gender
-speci
fi
cst
ati
sti
cal
conceptsanddefi
nit
ions
t
hatref
lectt
hedi
ver
sit
iesofwomenandmenandt hegenderissuesi
nquesti
on

 Choosi
ngt hemeasur
ementi
nst
rument
,samplesi
zeanddefini
ngtheuni
tsof
enumerat
ion(f
orexampl
e,i
ndi
vi
dual
,househol
dorhol
ding)andtheuni
tsof
anal
ysi
s

 Determini
ngt hedesi gnanddat ai tem cont entoft hequestionnair
e.Adv i
sory
groupscanpr ovider ecommendat i
onsont hedesi gn(orre-
desi
gn)andcont entof
surveyquestionnaires.Pilottest
sandf i
eldt estscanbeconduct edpr i
ortot he
surveylaunchi nordert oassesst heappr opr i
atenessoftheselectedquestions
and the quest i
onnai re design.Fi eldtesting wi llhelpto confirm thatkey
defi
niti
onsandt er
msar ecl earforbot hfemal eandmal erespondents,andt hi
s
processwi l
lalsoassi sti
nest imati
ngr esponser ates,sampl
eerror,samplesizes
andpopul at
ionv ar
iabili
ty.

27|Page
 Selectingandt r
aini
ngdat acollect
or s,enumeratorsandf i
eldstaff.Enumerators,
i
nt ervi
ewer sandsuper visorsshoul dal lreceivet raini
ngont hegender -
rel
ated
i
ssuest hatt heymayencount erint hef i
eld(i
ncluding,way sofaski ngquestions,
under standing thedi f
ferentr esponsesofwomen and men,av oidi
ng gender
stereot y
pesandspeci fi
cdat acol l
ectionmet hodst hatshouldbeempl oyed,such
ashow t orecordhousehol dmember s/t hehousehol dhead) .Somet y
pesof
sur v
ey s,forexampl ethosef ocusingongender -basedv iol
ence,requireparti
cular
sensitivi
tiesandmor eext ensivetraining.Inaddi tiont otrai
ning,staffshoul d
receivecompr ehensiv
emanual swi t
hr elevantguidanceandi nformat i
on.

 Choosing met hods fordat a coll

ecti
on and pr ocessi
ng.The choi ce ofdat a
coll
ectionmodeshoul dt akei ntoconsiderat
iont hefactthatmet hodsvaryinthei
r
eff
ectivenessi nr eachingwomenandmen( f orexampl e,tel
ephonei nter
views
usi
ngl andlineswoul dnotr eachhousehol dsrelyingsolel
yonmobi lephonesand
couldexcl udewor ki
ngmenandy oungadul t
swhoar el esslikel
ytobei nt he
home) .Likewise,thesui tabil
it
yofspeci f
ictopicsandsur veyquest i
onsshouldbe
considered( forexampl e,therear epr i
vacyandconf i
dential
i
tyconcer nswhen
aski
ngsensi t
ivequestions) .

 Screening forpotenti
algenderbi as in quest
ionnaires ordur i
ng the survey
process.weneedt obeawar eofpot ent
ialgenderbiaswi t
hindatasources,we
alsoneedt obeawar eofhow bi asmayappeari nre- draf
tedquesti
onsort he
developmentofnew sur v eys.Thet ablebelow descr ibessomeoft het ypi
cal
causesofgenderbi as,r
elatedtoeachoft heconsiderationsli
stedabove,and,in
response,suggest
smeasur esthatcanbet aken.

CommonCausesofGenderBiasandSolut
ions
Causesofgender Measur
estoavoi
dgenderbi
as
bi
as

Questi
onsar
e  Forexample,
anagri
cult
ural
census/surv
eymayuse
worded uncl
earquesti
onsaboutworkonthehol
dingsot
hat
“work”i
sconstr
uedtomeanonlyremunerat
ed
vaguel
y,
employment.
ambiguousl
y
 Quest
ionsshoul
dbesi
mpl
e,cl
earanduseev
ery
day
ort
heyr
einf
orce
t
erms.
st
ereot
ypes
 Keywordsthatappl
yonlyt
oonesex(forexampl
e,
“
housewi
fe”
, “
shepher
d”,
“fi
sher
man”
,“husbandr
y”,
“
manhours”)shoul
dnotbeused.

28|Page
Communi
cat
ion  Occurwhenrespondent
sdonotunder
standa
quest
ionnai
rebecauset
heter
minol
ogyistoot
echni
cal
pr
obl
ems
orcomplex.

 Theimpactmaybegr
eat
eronf
emal
eint
erv
iewees
thanonmales.

 Fi
eldtesti
ngofdr
aftquesti
onnai
resanduseoffocus
groupscanhel
ptogaugehowquest ionswil
lbe
underst
oodsothattheycanthenbeadjust
ed.

 Int
erviewers / enumerat
ors shoul
d be gi
ven
explanator
ynot
est
ohelpwit
hter
minol
ogy.

Thewr ong  Occurswhentheselectedrespondentisnoti

nthe
respondent posi
ti
ont or
eportcorrect
lyonhouseholdmember sand
employeesi
nabusi nessoragricul
tur
alholdi
ng.
i
ssel
ect
ed
 Forexample,malerespondent
smayr eportthatwomen
areeconomical
lyinact
ive,
eventhoughtheyengagein
i
nformalorunpaidworkonanagr icul
tur
alholdi
ng.

 Ski
ll
edenumerat
orsshouldbesel
ectedandthey
shoul
drecei
vecomprehensi
vetr
aini
ngandguidancei
n
genderi
ssuest
hattheymayencounteri
nthefiel
d.

Thehousehol
d  Refer
st oident
ify
ingtheper
sonwhohasthedominant
(hol
der
) posit
ioninthehousehold/hol
dingi
nmakingdeci
sions
rel
ati
ngt othefamil
y/holdi
ng.
headis
i
naccurat
ely  Useasani ndi
cat
orf
ordecisi
on-makingcanbe
misleadingandmaynotrepresenthowdecisi
onsar
e
usedt
orepr
esent
actuall
ymade.
deci
si
on-
maki
ng
 Somemet hodsforsel
ecti
ngtheheadordecisi
on-
makercani ntr
oducebiasift
heyarebasedon
assumptionsthatthehousehol
d(hol
ding)hasa
hi
erar
chical st
ruct
ure.

 Othermethodsmaybeinadequateforcapturi
ng
i
nformati
onabouthowdeci si
onsareactual
lymadein
thehousehol
d(holdi
ng)
,forexample,i
sthereapri
mary
decisi
on-
maker,orar
edecisionsshar
ed?

Pr
obl
emswi
th  Enumerator
scani ntr
oducebiasint
hewaythatt
hey
askquesti
ons( duetopersonal
prej
udi
ces,
poor
enumer
ator
s/
tr
aini
ng,car
elessness).

29|Page
 i
nter
viewer
s  Thesexoft heintervi
ewercanbecr i
ti
cal,because
womenar emor el i
kelytodisclosecert
aintypesof
pri
vat
einformationt ofemaleintervi
ewersandment o
maleint
erviewers(forexampl e,aboutsexualheal
thor
famil
yplanningpractices)
.

 Bot
hwomenandmenshoul
dber
ecr
uit
edasst
aff
.

Obscuri
ngt
he  Insomecases, r
espondentsdeliberatel
ygiveincorrect
t
ruth; i
nformat i
onbecauseofsoci etalgendernormsorf or
otherreasonsincludi
ng,fearofdisclosi
ngthet ruthor
under
-r
epor
ti
ng
suspici
onaboutt hesurveyitsel
f(forexample, aman
maydenyt hathiswif
ewor ksonanagr i
cult
ural holdi
ng;
orawomanmaydenyt hatshehasexper i
enced
domest i
cv iol
ence).

 Somerespondent
sunder-
repor
tbecausetheydonot
ful
l
yunderst
andthequest
ionsordonotremember
i
nformat
ion.

 Women’ sdomest i
cchoresandwor kinhouseholdplot
s
(ki
tchengardens)i
sfrequent
lyunderreporteddueto
widespreadconcepti
onsthattheseactiv
iti
esdonot
consti
tute“work”(
seeabove,regardi
ngt hewordi
ngof
questi
ons).

 Enumerator
sshoul
dbetr
ainedintheuseofprobi
ng
quest
ionsandprompt
stoassistr
espondent
s.

2.
8.2.
4.2Processi
ngData
Consi
derat
ionneedstobegivent
opot ent
ialgenderbiasthatcanariseatthestage
ofdataediti
ngandimputat
ion.I
tisrecommendedt hatsubjectmatterspeci
ali
sts,
whoar eal
sot rai
nedingenderi
ssues,formulaterulesfordat aediti
nganddat a
i
mputati
ont oavoi
dassumpti
onsbasedongenderst ereot
ypes.

2.8.2.
4.3Dat aAnaly
sis
Dataanal ysisisacr it
icalpartofpr oducinggenderst ati
sti
cs.Here,at
tenti
oni s
usuallyfocusedont heuseofpar ti
cularmeasurestopr esentthedatainawayt hat
i
llustr
atescr i
ti
cal
genderdispari
ti
esandconv ey
saparticularmessage.I
ncontrastto
thepr esentati
onofstatist
icali
nfor
mat ion,dat
aanalysisisameansof“ tel
li
ngt he
story”aboutthedatathatarepresented.

Whenini
ti
all
yanaly
singt
hedat
a,y
oucanconsi
dert
hef
oll
owi
ngmeasur
es:
(
i)Cross-
tabul
ati
on

30|Page
(
ii
)Basi
cdescr
ipt
iveanal
ysi
s

Cross-tabul
ati
on
Sex -
disaggr
egateddatashoul dbecross-t
abulatedwit
hothervari
abl
es(suchasage,
rural
/ur banresidence,educati
onalat t
ainmentandl abourforcepart
ici
pat
ion)in
ordert oproducegenderst ati
sti
csthatillust
ratet
hediffer
encesbetweenfemales
andmal esandamongv arioussub-groups,especi
all
ythoset hatarepart
icul
arl
y
vulnerabl
eornotv i
sibl
eingeneralst
atisti
cs.

Descript
iveanaly
sis
Descript
ive anal
ysi
s ofdat ai nvol
ves,“the cal
cul
ati
on ofsimpl
e measures of
composi t
ionanddi st
ri
buti
onofv ar
iabl
esbysex,andf oreachsex,t
hatfacil
i
tate
str
aightf
orward gender-
focused comparisons”,bet
ween di
ff
erentgr
oups int he
populati
on.

 Proportionsandper centagesar eusedtocompar ewomenandmen,andt o

i
ndicatet heway si
nwhi chwomenandmenar edi
str
ibutedacr ossacat egory(for
example,t hepr oport
ionofwomencompar edwit
hthepr oportionofmeni nrural
employment )
,orsexdi str
ibuti
onswithi
nasi ngl
ecat egor y( forexample,the
percentageofpar l
iamentarianswhoarefemaleormale,indicatingagendergap) .
Becauset hesum ofper centagesofwomenandmenal way sequal s100,onlyone
i
ndicatori stypi
call
ypr esentedinatabl
eorgraph(i
nthecaseofgenderst at
ist
ics,
thi
sisusual lytheshar eofwomen) .

 Rati
oisasinglenumberthatexpressestherel
ati
vesizeoft wonumbers(for
exampl
e,t
hesexatbirt
hratioi
sacommonmeasur ethatexpressest
henumber
ofmalebi
rt
hsper100f emalebi
rths;i
notherwords,t
herati
odemonst r
atest
he
degr
eetowhichonesexoutnumberstheot
her)
.

 Ratesmeasur ethedy namicsofchangeordepi ctincidence:t henumberof

event
sthatoccurwithi
nagi vent i
mei nt
erv
al,di
videdbyt henumberofmember s
ofthepopulati
onwhower eexposedt other i
skoft heev entduri
ngthatti
me
i
nterv
al(forexample,fert
il
it
yr atesandmat er
nalmor tali
tyr at
esarecommon
measuresusedingenderstatistics.Therural
outmi gr
ationr ate,di
saggr
egat
edby
sexandage,isanot
herexampl e).

 Median and mean ar e measur es ofcentraltendency,while qui

ntil
es and
standarddeviat
ionar emeasuresofdi spersi
on.Theyar enotoft
enpr esentedin
genderstat
ist
icsconcerningagricul
turebutcanbeusef uli
nill
ust
rati
ngconcept s
such as the distri
buti
on (medi an orquinti
le)ofweal th acr
oss a speci fi
c
populati
on,t
heav erage(mean)timewomenspendonunpai ddomest i
cwor kand
theav er
age(mean)si zeoflandownedbywomenandmen.Sex- disaggregated
dataacrossdist
ributi
ons(forexampl e,
quinti
l
edistr
ibut
ionofincome)canr eveal

31|Page
 ver
yspeci
fi
cpat
ter
nsandar
easofinequal
i
ty,andcanalsohelpt
odiffer
enti
ate
bet
weenwomenandmenindi
ff
erentgr
oups(here,
dif
fer
enti
ncomelev
els).

2.
8.2.4.4Dat aI nterpretati
on
 The dat a anal y si
s pr ocesses described abov eresulti n sex-di saggregat
ed
statisti
cs.Thi sl evelofanal ysi
sist het y
picalst
oppingpoi ntformanyst ati
sti
cal
publ i
cations, i
nwhi chdat aarepresentedi ntabl
es,asper centagesorr at
ios,wit
h
lit
tleornoi nterpretati
onorcont extualinfor
mat i
on.Thiskindofpr esent ati
onmay
besuf f
icientf orgenderspeci al
ist
s, butmostdat ausers,especi al
l
yi ftheyarenot
fami li
arwi thst ati
stics,willhavedi ffi
cultyful
lyunderst anding “women’ sand
men’ sdi fferentneedsandaspi r
at i
onsaswel last hepowerdi fferent
ialsand
relati
onalf actorst hatexpl ainwomen’ sand men’ saccesst or esourcesand
ser vi
ces.”

2.8.2.5St ep5:Pr esent ati

onandDi sseminat i
on
Forst atisti
ciansanddat apr oducer s,pr
esent i
nganddi sseminatinggenderst at
isti
cs
i
st hel astst ageint hepr ocess.Howev er
,f ormanydat ausers,t hei
rfi
rstencount er
with genderst atist
icswi l
lbe t hrough publ i
cati
onsordat abasespr oduced and
dissemi nated.Youwi llrecal
lt her easonst hatwepr oducegenderst ati
sti
cs:tor ai
se
awar enessamongst akeholder s(specifi
cally,t
ofocust heatt
entionofpolicy-
maker s
andot hersonpr i
ori
tygenderi ssues),tosuppor tfurt
herresearchandt ocont r
ibut e
topol i
cyr eform.Toachi evet hesegoal s,thedat amustbepr esent edcl
earlyandi na
formatbestsui tedtot heaudi ence.

How t hedat aar epr esented wi

l
linfl
uencetheext entt o whi
ch datauserswi l
l
understandt heinfor
mat i
onandapplyt hefi
ndingsintheirwork.Iti
sv er
yusefulto
considerdat a presentati
on and di
sseminati
on in paral
lel
,since the choi
ce of
presentati
onmet hodisdependentontheaudienceandhowt hegenderstati
sti
cswil
l
bedissemi nated.

2.
8.2.5.1EffectiveDat aPr esentati
onStrategies
Al
thoughdi fferentdataset swi llbeusedtoi llustr
atear angeofgenderi
ssues,t
he
ov
er al
lobjectivesinpresent inggenderstati
sticsar et
hesame:
 t oclearl
yhi ghli
ghtgenderdi spar
it
iessot hatpol
icy-maker
scanpr i
ori
ti
zeand
addressthem;
 t ofacil
i
tatecompar isonsbet weenwomenandmen;
 t oconveyt hekeypoi ntsthatresul
tfrom dat aanal
ysis;
 t oreachawi derangeofdat ausers;
 t oencouragef ur
therr esearchandstudy .

Tabl
esar eabasicf or
m ofdatapresentat
ion.Theycanbeeffecti
veintwof ormats:
smal
ltablesthatil
lust
ratepoi
ntsmadewi thinthetextofapubli
cati
on;orlargeand
comprehensi
vet ables used i
n annexes.Explanator
yinfor
mation (def
ini
ti
ons or

32|Page
met adata)shouldbepr ovidedinnotesi mmedi atelybelow t hetable.Ifdataar e
missing,ory ouwantt odr aw at
tent
iont oaspeci fi
cr elat
ionshipbetweent hedata,
formatsot herthant ablesshouldbesel ect
ed.Ot herf ormsofdat apresentati
on,
i
ncluding,graphs,charts,mapsandi nfographics,canbev er
yef f
ecti
veforthev i
sual
presentati
onofspeci fi
ct ypesofgenderdat a.Thet ablebelow highli
ghtsseveral
way sofpresenti
ngdat aandsomeoft heirkeyfeatures.

Featur
esofDataPr
esentat
ionTool
s
Type of Graph or Featur
es
Chart

Li
nechar
ts  Showt
rendsov
ert
ime.

 Showdi
ff
erencesacr
ossv
ari
ousgr
oups.

 Generall
y,ali
nechar
tbegi
nswithzeroint
hey-axi
sofa
var
iable,unl
esst
hismakesitdi
ff
icul
ttodi
rect
ly
compar ewomenandmen.

Barchar
ts  Easyt
ounderst
andvisual
l
ybecausethelongert
hebar,
thegr
eatert
heval
ue.Barchar
tsarebestfordat
athat
(
ver
ti
cal
or
donotvaryt
oogreat
lyinmagnit
ude.
hor
izont
al)
 Clust
eredbarchar
ts(separatebar
srepr
esent
ing
womenandmen)al lowf oreasycompar
isonoft
he
sexes.

 Hor
izont
albarchar
tsarepr
efer
ablewhent
herear
e
manycategor
iesorcat
egor
ieswit
hlongl
abel
s.

St
ackedbarchar
ts  Il
lust
rat
ethedistr
ibut
ionofvar
iableswithi
nafemal
e
andmal epopul
ationandareusefulfordat
aset
swit
h
twoormor ecategori
es.

 Ef
fect
ivef
orcat
egor
iest
hatt
otal
100per
cent
.

 St
ackedbarchartsar
elessef
fect
ivewhenther
earet
oo
manysegmentsineachbarorthecat
egori
esaret
oo
smal
ltobevisi
ble.

Pi
echar
ts  Canbeusedasanal ter
nat
ivetostackedbarchart
sto
i
llustr
atetheper
centagedi
stri
buti
onofqualit
ati
ve
(categori
cal
)var
iabl
es.Cat
egoriesmusttotal100
percent.

 Theyareusef
ulf
orpr
esent
ingdi
rectcompari
sons
betweenwomenandmenbecauset hesi
zesofthe

33|Page
 “
sli
ce”ofpi
ear
eeasyt
ocompar
evi
sual
l
y.

 Piechartscanbediff
icul
ttoreadwhenmany
categori
esarei
ncluded.General
ly
,whent
herear
emore
thanfiv
ecategor
ies,abarchartshoul
dbesel
ect
ed.

Scat
terpl
ots  Usedtoshowtherelat
ionshi
pbetweentwov ar
iabl
es,
whicharepl
ott
edagainsteachotheri
norderto
i
ll
ustr
atepat
ternsi
nhowt heyaregrouped.

 Theyar eusef
ulwhenmanydat apointsneedtobe
displayedt
hatcannoteasi
lybepresentedinbarchar
ts
ortables,f
orexample,dat
arel
atedtoregionsorsub-
regions

 i
nacount
ry.

 They ar
e al
so usef
ulf
ori
dent
if
ying and anal
ysi
ng
outl
i
ersi
nthedat
a.

Themat
icmaps  Dat
aov erl
aidonmapsshowthegeogr
aphi
c
di
str
ibuti
onofapart
icul
arv
ari
abl
e.

 Theycanbeusedt oil
lustr
ateregi
onalcl
usterswi
thi
na
count
ryorisol
ateddif
ferencesinr
egionsthatdi
ff
er
si
gnif
icant
lyfr
om thenorm.

 Mapsareusefulf
oradvocacypurposesandar
ereadi
l
y
under
stoodbythegeneral
publi
c.

I
nfogr
aphi
cs  I
nfographicsaregr
aphi
cil
l
ustr
ati
onsofdata;
theyar
e
i
ncreasinglyusedf
ormasscommunicat
ion.
(
inf
ormat
ion
 Aweaknessisthatt
heycanover-
simpl
i
fydataandso
gr
aphi
cs)
ar
eofli
mitedusetoresear
cher
sorspecial
i
sts.

 Howev
er,t
heydoconveyi
nfor
mati
oneffi
cient
lyt
oa
wi
deaudi
enceandcanbeusedforadv
ocacyand
pr
omoti
onalmat
eri
als.

Remembert hatdatapresent
edintable,
char torgraphf orm ar
eusedt oenhancethe
descri
pti
vetext
.Stati
sti
calcompi
lati
onsthatconsi stexclusi
vel
yoft abl
es,char
tsand
graphsshouldbeav oi
ded.Sel
ecti
ngtheappr opr
iatemet hodforpresenti
ngdatawil
l
dependonthepointsandkeymessagest hatareconv eyedinthetext.

2.
8.2.
5.2Di
ssemi
nat
ionofGenderSt
ati
sti
cs

34|Page
Thefinalst
agei
nproducinggenderstat
ist
icsisdi
sseminat
ionort
hecommuni cati
on
ofkeyinfor
mati
onthatthedatareveal
.Att
entionshoul
dbepaidtothetargetgroups
(t
hecor eaudi
enceofdat auser
s)andapl anfor“mar
keti
ng”thepart
iculart
y peof
publ
icati
on.

Theaudiencef orgenderst at
ist
icsisdi
verseandmostl i
kelytoconsistofanumber
ofl
ocalinsti
tutions,aswel lasinter
nati
onaldevelopmentor gani
zati
ons.Inor
derto
bet
terunderstandt heaudienceforgenderstat
ist
ics,andtheirneeds,i
tcanbeusef
ul
toi
nformall
ymapt hetypicaltar
getgroupsthatexistint
hecount ry.

Whenconsi deri
nggenderst at
ist
ics, tar
getgroupscani ncl
udethef oll
owi ng:
• Gov ernmentmi nistr
iesoragenci es(forexampl e,mi ni
str
iesofagr i
cul t
ure,l
abour
andsoci alpr otect i
onandpar liament arycommi ttees)
• Gov ernmentbodi esfort headv ancementofwomenorpr omot inggenderequal ity
(forexampl e, Commi tteesonWomenandFami l
yAf fai
rs)
• Women’ sor gani zati
ons( NGOsorwomen’ sf acti
onsofpol it
icalpart
ies)
• Resear chandadv ocacyi nstituti
onswi thaf ocusongender ,agricult
ure,rural
dev elopment ,env ir
onment alpr otecti
onandcl imat echange,amongot hers
• Librariesandi nfor mat i
oncent res
• Medi aout l
ets( notet hatinaddi tiontomai nstream medi a,therearespeci al
ized
gendernewsl i
st servesandi nf ormationnet works,someofwhi chal sohav ea
regional focus)
• Internat ionaldev el
opmentor gani zat
ions,especi all
ythosewi thgenderequal ity
mandat es( forexampl e,UNWomenandUNDP)

2.9ASSURI NGDATAQUALI TY
Quali
tyassurancefr
amewor ksdefinewhatismeantbydat
aquali
tyandhowi tcan
beachi ev
ed.Quali
tyisdef
inedint ermsofmeeti
nguserneeds,andtheref
orehas
severalcomponents.Forexampl e,theUNECE Quali
tyFr
amewor kidenti
fi
esthe
fol
lowingsevencomponent
sofst atist
ical
dat
aqual
it
y:

1.Relev ance:Thedegr eetowhi chstat

isti
csmeett heneedsofusers.Relev
ance
thereforer eferstowhet herthest at
isti
csthatareneededar eproduced,and
whet her t he stati
sti
cs t hat are produced ar e needed. I
t al
so cov er
s
met hodologicalsoundness,andpar t
icul
arl
yt heextenttowhichtheconcepts
used( def
init
ions,
classi
fi
cationsetc.
)refl
ectuserneeds.

2.Accur
acy:Theclosenessofst
ati
sti
calest
imatestot
ruev
alues,wi
tht
hepr
ovi
so
t
hatabsol
uteaccuracycanbedi
ff
icul
ttodeter
mine.

3.Ti
mel i
ness:Thel
engthofti
mebet
weendat
abei
ngmadeav
ail
abl
eandt
heev
ent
orphenomenontheydescr
ibe.

35|Page
4.Punctual
it
y :Punct
ual
it
yreferstothetimelagbetweenther
eleasedat
eofdat
a
andthetargetdatewhentheyshouldhavebeenr
eleased.

5.Accessibil
it
y:Thephysicalconditi
onsinwhichuserscanobtaindata:whereto
go,how t o order,deli
v eryti
me,cl earpr
ici
ng poli
cy,conveni
entmar keti
ng
condit
ions(copyri
ght
,etc. )
,avai
labil
i
tyofmicr
oormacr odata,vari
ousformats
(paper
, f
il
es,CD-ROM,Internet
…),etc.

6.Clar
ity:Cl ar
it
yr ef
ersto whet
herdata are accompanied by suf
fi
cientand
appropriatemetadat
a,whet
heri
ll
ust
rat
ionssuchasgr aphsandmapsaddv alue
tothepr esent
ati
onoft hedat
a,and whetherinfor
mationondat aqualit
yi s
avai
lable.

7.Compar abi l
it
y:Theextentt owhi chdi ff
erencesbetweenst at
ist
icsar eattr
ibuted
t
odi fferencesbet weent hetruev aluesoft hestati
sticalchar act
erist
ic,ort o
methodol ogicaldi
ff
erences.Compar abili
tyi
ncludes:
 Compar abil
i
tyovert i
me–t heext enttowhi chdat afrom differ
entpoi ntsin
timecanbecompar ed.
 Compar abil
i
tythrough space – t he ex t
entt o which dataf r
om di ffer
ent
count riesand/orregi onscanbecompar ed.Thepr ov i
sionandappl i
cati
onof
internat i
onalst
andar dsispar t
icularlyimportanthere.
 Compar abil
i
tybetweendomai ns–Theext enttowhi chdat af rom differ
ent
stat i
sticaldomainscanbecompar ed.

3.
0THEROLEOFUBOSANDACTI VITIESTOPRODUCEGENDERSTATI STI
CS
TheMandateofUgandaBur eauofStatist
ics(UBOS)i senshri
nedintheUBOSActNo
12ofJune1998t o:
Develop and mai ntai
n a NationalSt ati
sti
calSy stem (NSS)so ast o ensur
e
coll
ecti
on,analysis andpubl icat
ionofi nt
egrated,rel
evant
,reli
abl
eandt imel
y
off
ici
alstati
sti
calinfor
mat ion;
Constit
uteacoor dinat
ing,monitori
ngandsuper v
isorybodyfortheNSS.

UBOSact iv
iti
eswit
hreferencet opr
oducinggenderstati
sti
csi
nclude:
• At echnicalt
eam (taskteam)i nchargeofgenderhasbeenpr oposedunderthe
Planf orNati
onalStatist
icalDevel
opment( PNSD).Thesectorsinvolv
edincl
ude;
UBOS, MGLSD,MoES, MoH, MAAFetc.
• Insti
tuti
onali
zat
ion of t he gender stat
isti
cs funct
ion i
n UBOS,wi t
hint he
Directorat
eofStat
isticalCoordi
nat
ionServices(
DSCS) .

36|Page
• Twoof fi
cer sresponsiblef orgenderst atisti
csdev el
opment
• Providedt echnicalsuppor tf orthei ntegrationofgenderi nmajordev el
opment
fr
amewor ksincluding;thePMA, PEAPandNDP.
• Apr ocesst odev elopdi stri
ctstrategicPl ansforStati
sti
csinit
iat
edi naselected
dist
ricts.Thepr ocesst oensur emai nstreami ngofgenderintheplans
• Amodul eongenderv iolencewasi ncludedi ntheUDHS2011&2016.
• A chapt eron genderwas i ncluded i nt he 2002 and the up-coming 2012
Popul ati
onandHousi ngCensushasaspeci fi
cobjecti
veongender .
• UgandacensusofAgr icultur
e2009/ 10.Thepr ocesstoprepareagenderr eport
wasst artedonbuthasnotbeencompl eted.
• Achapt eront i
meusewasi ntroducedi nUNHS2005/ 06andhasbeeni ncluded
subsequent ly
.

Challengesf acedbyUBOSi npr oduct i

onofgenderst atisti
cs
• Li mitedunder standi ngandawar enessaboutgenderr elatedi ssues/concer ns
andgendermai nstreami ngi nt heNSS.
• Li mitedknowl edgeandunder standingofnat i
onalandi nter nati
onaldevelopment
agendaongenderst ati
sticsi nt heNSS.
• Lackofcoor dinationandcol l
abor ati
onbet weendat apr oducer sonone-handand
subject-mat terexper tsongenderaswel lasresearchandt raininginst
it
utionson
theot her.
• I nadequat ecapaci tyt ocol lectandanal y zegenderst at i
stics.
• I nadequat egenderr esponsi vedat amanagement( int ermsofcol l
ecti
on,anal y
sis,
product i
on, dissemi nationandar chivi
ng) .
• I nadequat egenderst at i
sticali nfrastruct ureintheNSS i nt er msofsampl i
ng
frames, classifications, concept s,definitionsandmet hods.
• Li mited under standi ng and appr eciation ofqual itativet echniqueswhi ch can
captur e genderdi fferentials and t her ef or
e are a keygenderdat a collecti
on
met hodology .

Wayfor war dtoaddr esschal l

enges
• Creat i
ngawar enessaboutt heimportanceofgenderst ati
sticsingov er
nment
processes.
• Impr ov ing/promot i
ngdemandf oranduseofgenderst ati
sti
cs.
• Coor dinat ingandcol labor at
ingwithallstakeholder sofgenderst ati
sti
cs.
• Facilit
at inginformationshar i
ngatnat i
onal,regi
onalandi nternati
onallev
elsonall
aspect sofgenderst atisti
cs.
• Dev elopi ngdocument sandmat eri
alstogui det hepr oducti
onanduseofgender
statistics.
• Buildingandst rengtheni ngt hecapacityofal lst akeholdersint heNSSdi rect
ly
i
nv olvedi ntheproduct ionanduseofgenderst atistics.
• Planni ng and suppor ting the producti
on,di ssemi nat
ion and use ofgender
statisticsi ntheNSS.

37|Page
• Of
fer
ingt
echni
cal
suppor
ttopr
oducer
sanduser
sofgenderst
ati
sti
cs.
• Of
fer
ingt
echni
cal
suppor
ttopr
oducer
sanduser
sofgenderst
ati
sti
cs.

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