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Chapter-3

The document outlines the importance of bibliographic research in academia, emphasizing the need for researchers to read and write extensively. It details the steps involved in conducting bibliographic research, including selecting sources, evaluating their quality, and referencing styles such as MLA, APA, Chicago, and Harvard. Additionally, it provides guidance on using search engines and Boolean operators to effectively locate relevant documents.

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aouachriadjassem2005
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5 views

Chapter-3

The document outlines the importance of bibliographic research in academia, emphasizing the need for researchers to read and write extensively. It details the steps involved in conducting bibliographic research, including selecting sources, evaluating their quality, and referencing styles such as MLA, APA, Chicago, and Harvard. Additionally, it provides guidance on using search engines and Boolean operators to effectively locate relevant documents.

Uploaded by

aouachriadjassem2005
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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El Chahid Cheikh Larbi Tebessi University, Tebessa

Faculty of Exact Sciences and Natural and Life Sciences


Department of Natural and Life Sciences
1st year

Methods of working and terminology 1

Discovery unit │Credits: 2 │ Coefficient: 2


Introduction to bibliographic research

Charles Darwin said:


“The naturalist's life would be a happy one if he could only observe and
dispense with writing".

The researcher must not only “do science” but also “write his science”.
Introduction to bibliographic Research

It's important to realize that research at university isn't just about


handling equipment and observing,

that he spends more than half his time, reading what others have written
on the subject, or writing his own articles.
Introduction to bibliographic Research

• It is the set of steps allowing you to search, identify and find documents
relating to a subject.

So! It requires :

• Perfect knowledge of multiple sources of information.

• Mastery of research tools and strategies.


What is Referencing?

• The process of acknowledging other people’s work when you have used it in
your research.

• It allows the reader to locate your source material as quickly and easily as
possible.

• You are expected to reference every time you use someone else’s words or ideas
in your own work.
What is a reference list?

• The reference list is a detailed list of all the


sources that you have cited within your
work.

• The reference are listed in alphabetical


order in the reference list according to the
main author surname.
Bibliographical references
 It is a set of elements that describe a document and enable the Reader
to identify it.

 These elements are as follows: Author(s) - Year - Title -Publisher- url.

Last name+ First Publisher No. of pages


Year Book title
name initial

Example:
Bassaglia Y. (2013). Biologie cellulaire. Maloine, 3ème édition, Paris. 500p

-Mebarkia, N., Neffar, S., Djellab, S., Ricarte, A., & Chenchouni, H. (2020). New
records, distribution and phenology of hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) in semi-arid
habitats in northeastern Algeria. Oriental Insects, 1-30.
Are there specific styles for writing bibliographical references?

Yes, there are several

See the table below.


Tab 1: Reference styles
What are the 4 common citation styles?

The four common citation styles are MLA, APA, Chicago, and Harvard.

MLA and APA use a reference list at the end of the work that cites only the

sources used in the body of the paper.

Chicago and Harvard can use a bibliography at the end of the paper, which

highlights all the sources consulted in the creation of the paper.


APA Style

Author's name (Last name+ initial of the first name). (Copyright Year). Title of the
book (Edition). Publisher.

Van Veen, M. P. (2014). Hoverflies of Northwest Europe: identification keys to the


Syrphidae. Brill.

Mitchell, J.A., Thomson, M., & Coyne, R.P. (2017). A guide to citation. My Publisher.

In-text citation: (Smith, 2020)


MLA Style

Author's name (Last name+ First name). title, Edition. Publisher. (Year of publication).

Van Veen, Mark. Hoverflies of Northwest Europe: identification keys to the Syrphidae.
Brill, (2014).

Rotheray, Graham., and Francis Gilbert. "The natural history of hoverflies. Forrest
Text, (2011).

In-text citation: (Juniper, 2016, p. 16).


Citing a bibliographic reference in the text
1. Alphanumeric system (Vancouver)

2. The alphabetical order system (Harvard)


Arranges the names of authors in alphabetical order followed by the
year of publication in parentheses.

1 author 2 authors 3 authors +


(Gould,1997) (Mebarkia and Amri ,2022) (Mebarkia et al.,2020)

If more than one work is cited, separate the citations with semicolons:

(Gould,1997; Mebarkia et al.,2020; Mebarkia and Amri ,2022)


What are the steps in bibliographic research?

1- Prepare your research

2- Select information sources.

3- Search and locate documents

4- Evaluate the quality of sources.

5- Set up alert
1. Prepare your research

1. Define the subject: have a clear idea of what you want to achieve
= read documents on the same subject.

Using the Mind mapping


= asking a set of simple questions.
1. Prepare your research

Methodology How? Who? Which groups are


concerned by the question?
Mind
Mapping
What is the importance Why? What? What is the purpose of
of the subject? the study?
When?
Where?
What's the geographic Which period are we
context? talking about?
2- Select information sources.

When selecting sources of information (references), please


consider :

• The type of documents;


• The type of resources.
2- Select information sources.
Type of documents and resources used for bibliographic research.
Type of documents Utility
Dictionaries and encyclopedias Understanding new concepts.

Books or monographs, periodicals Deepen the research.


Theses, dissertations, research reports Get the latest research results
you search in the bibliographic
information, which means words that
describe the publication (for example
Bibliographic databases
title, authors, abstract, keywords).
Examples of websites that search in
bibliographic databases are: Web of
Science, Scopus and PubMed.
3- Search and locate documents

A browser is software that displays web pages.


e.g Google chrome

Search engine is a website that helps users to find web pages.


search engine (e.g. Google)

The Google Chrome browser includes the Google search engine.


Mozilla Firefox Brave Opera

Microsoft Edge Google Chrome


3- Search and locate documents

Use of Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT.):


These are used to establish a logical connection between the specified words and
find the required information (see example below).

Smoking AND Allows very precise research: the relationship


cardiovascular disease between smoking and cardiovascular disease.
Smoking OR Allows a very broad search: tobacco,
cardiovascular disease cardiovascular disease, both together.
Smoking NOT Allows targeted research: everything about
cardiovascular diseases smoking except cardiovascular disease.
3- Search and locate documents

Advanced search: this is a more refined search mode than the simple
search, by crossing several criteria (discipline, level, periode, etc.) This
search mode generates a more restricted, but also more precise, list of
results.
4- Evaluate the quality of sources.

 Research work must be based on reliable information. Any


information whose source is unknown should be discarded.

 The main criteria for reliable sources can be summarized as


follows: the name(s) of the author(s) and publisher; the date of
publication of the document; the reputation and popularity
index of the site…
5- Set up alert

A publication alert notifies the researcher when articles from a new issue are
available.

Users receive messages from the various tools on which they have set up their
alerts.

Depending on the case, these messages are received in the user's e-mail.
Click the Alerts Envelop.
Click Create Alert button and fill out search
words and email address.
Don't hesitate to change tools
if your search proves
unsuccessful or
if the search mode doesn't
suit you.

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