TEST CODE 02112020

FORM TP 2021194 MAY/JUNE 2021

CARIBBEAN E XAM I NAT I O N S COUNCIL

CARIBBEAN ADVANCED PROFICIENCY EXAMINATION®

CHEMISTRY

UNIT 1 – Paper 02

2 hours 30 minutes

READ THE FOLLOWING INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY.

1. This paper consists of THREE questions. Answer ALL questions.

2. Write your answers in the spaces provided in this booklet.

3. Do NOT write in the margins.

4. Where appropriate, ALL WORKING MUST BE SHOWN in this booklet.

5. A data booklet is provided.

6. You may use a silent, non-programmable calculator to answer questions.

7. If you need to rewrite any answer and there is not enough space to do so on the
original page, you must use the extra lined page(s) provided at the back of this booklet.
Remember to draw a line through your original answer.

8. If you use the extra page(s) you MUST write the question number clearly in the
box provided at the top of the extra page(s) and, where relevant, include the
question part beside the answer.

DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO.

Copyright © 2020 Caribbean Examinations Council

All rights reserved.

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Answer ALL questions.

MODULE 1: FUNDAMENTALS OF CHEMISTRY

1. (a) Americium-241 is a radioactive isotope used in domestic smoke detectors.

Americium-241 has a half-life of 432 years and decays by emitting alpha particles to
produce neptunium.

(i) Define the term ‘radioactive isotope’.

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[1 mark]

(ii) Give the names and symbols for TWO other forms of radioactive emissions.

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[2 marks]

(iii) List THREE uses of radioactive isotopes.

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[3 marks]

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(iv) Determine the value of A and Z in the following equation.

241 A 4
95 Am → Np + He + energy
Z 2

[2 marks]

(b) The element rhenium consists of two isotopes 185Re and 187Re, in the atomic ratio of 2:3.
Calculate the relative atomic mass of rhenium to three significant figures.

[2 marks]

(c) A student was asked to investigate the relative oxidizing ability of the Group VII element
chlorine.

(i) List TWO chemicals and ONE piece of apparatus that the student may use to carry
out the investigation.

Chemicals ................................................................................................................

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Apparatus ................................................................................................................

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[3 marks]

(ii) Describe ONE physical change that the student may observe while carrying out
the investigation.

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[1 mark]

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(iii) Identify the oxidizing agent that the student may use while conducting the
investigation.

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[1 mark]

(iv) Write relevant half equations to illustrate the chemical changes that occur with
EACH element used to carry out the investigation.

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[2 marks]

(d) Define EACH of the following terms.

(i) Molar mass ............................................................................................................

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(ii) Mole ......................................................................................................................

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[2 marks]

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(e) Ammonium sulfate reacts with aqueous sodium hydroxide as shown by the equation below.

(NH4)2SO4 + 2NaOH → 2NH3 + Na2SO4 + 2H2O

A sample of ammonium sulfate was heated with 100 cm3 of 0.500 mol dm-3 aqueous
sodium hydroxide. To ensure that all the ammonium sulfate reacted, an excess of sodium
hydroxide was used. Heating was continued until all the ammonia had been driven off as
a gas. The unreacted sodium hydroxide remaining in the solution required 27.3 cm3 of
0.600 mol dm−3 hydrochloric acid for neutralization.

(i) Calculate the original number of moles of NaOH in 100 cm3 of 0.500 mol dm-3
aqueous sodium hydroxide.

[2 marks]

(ii) Calculate the number of moles of HCl in 27.3 cm3 of 0.600 mol dm-3 hydrochloric
acid.

[2 marks]
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(iii) Deduce the number of moles of the unreacted NaOH neutralized by the hydrochloric
acid.

Moles of unreacted NaOH ....................................................................................

[1 mark]

(iv) Calculate the number of moles of NaOH which reacted with the ammonium sulfate.

Moles of NaoH .......................................................................................................

[2 marks]

(v) Use your answer in (e) (iv) to calculate the number of moles and the mass of
ammonium sulfate in the sample.

Moles of ammonium sulfate ..................................................................................

Mass of ammonium sulfate ...................................................................................

[3 marks]

(vi) Write the ionic equation, including physical states, for the reaction between
ammonium sulfate and aqueous sodium hydroxide.

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[1 mark]

Total 30 marks
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MODULE 2: KINETICS AND EQUILIBRIA

2. (a) Table 1 below shows the initial rate of the reaction between Substance Q and Substance
R, measured in a series of experiments, with the following rate equation being deduced.

rate = k[Q][R]2

TABLE 1: RATES OF REACTION

Initial [Q]/mol Initial [R]/mol Initial Rate/mol

Experiment
dm–3 dm–3 dm–3 s–1

1 0.020 0.020 1.2×10–4

2 0.040 0.040

3 0.040 2.4×10–4

4 0.060 0.030

5 0.040 7.2×10–4

(i) Using the data from Experiment 1, calculate a value for the rate constant, k, and
state its units.

Rate constant, k ......................................................................................................

[3 marks]

(ii) Complete Table 1 above by inserting the missing initial [Q], initial [R] and initial
rate for the reaction between Q and R.
[4 marks]

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(iii) The order of the reaction with respect to R is 2. State the meaning of the term
‘order of reaction’ with respect to R.

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[1 mark]

(iv) Deduce the overall order of the reaction between Q and R.

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[1 mark]

(b) A fixed mass of marble lumps is reacted with dilute hydrochloric acid at a constant
temperature. Outline why the rate of the reaction would increase if the lumps of marble
are reduced in size.

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[2 marks]

(c) When a 0.218 mol sample of hydrogen iodide was heated in a flask of volume V dm3, the
following equilibrium was established at 700 K.

2HI(g) H2(g) + I2(g)

The equilibrium mixture was found to contain 0.023 mol of hydrogen.

(i) Calculate the number of moles of iodine and the number of moles of hydrogen
iodide in the equilibrium mixture.

Number of moles of iodine .....................................................................................

[1 mark]

Number of moles of hydrogen iodide ....................................................................

[2 marks]
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(ii) Write an expression for Kc for the equilibrium.

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[1 mark]

(iii) Calculate the value of Kc at 700 K.

[2 marks]

(iv) Calculate the value of Kc at 700 K for the equilibrium of the reaction.

H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g)

[1 mark]

(d) Buffer solutions are necessary in a wide range of applications, ranging from biological
systems to industrial processes.

(i) State the meaning of the term ‘buffer solution’.

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[2 marks]

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(ii) Identify a reagent which could be added to a solution of ammonia in order to form
a buffer solution.

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[1 mark]

(iii) Consider the following equation which represents a buffer solution consisting of a
weak acid and its conjugate base in water.

HA(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + A-(aq)

Explain the effect on the buffer solution if the concentrations of hydrogen ions
[H+] and hydroxide ions [OH-] are increased separately.

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[2 marks]

(iv) Explain how the molecular structure of amino acids relates to their function as
buffers in human blood.

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[3 marks]

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(e) In a laboratory exercise students are asked to determine the pH of a buffer made by
the addition of measured quantities of ethanoic acid and sodium ethanoate.

(i) Identify TWO relevant pieces of apparatus and/or materials that may have been
used by the students to carry out the experiment.

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[2 marks]

(ii) Identify TWO relevant experimental steps that may have been taken by the students
to determine the pH of the buffer.

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[2 marks]

Total 30 marks

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MODULE 3: CHEMISTRY OF THE ELEMENTS

3. The Group II elements and the first row transition elements exhibit certain similarities and distinct
differences in their physical and chemical properties.

Table 2 provides information on the first ionization energy (IE), atomic radii (AR), electronic
structure (ES) of atom and oxidation number/state (OS) for some of the elements.

TABLE 2: INFORMATION ON THE FIRST IONIZATION ENERGY (IE),

ATOMIC RADII (AR), ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE (ES) AND OXIDATION NUMBER/
STATE (OS) FOR SOME ELEMENTS

Element 1st IE (kJ mol-1) AR (nm) ES OS

Magnesium 763 0.160 +2

Calcium 590 0.197

Strontium 548 0.215

Vanadium 650 0.122

Chromium 653 0.117

Manganese 717 0.117 [Ar]3d54s2

Iron 759 0.116 +2, +3

Cobalt 758 0.116

(a) (i) Complete Table 2 by inserting the missing electronic structure (ES) and the oxidation
state (OS) for EACH element listed. [5 marks]

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(ii) Explain the difference between the trend of the first ionization energy for the Group
II elements and the first row transition elements.

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[4 marks]

(b) (i) Account for the difference in oxidation state between vanadium and calcium.

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[4 marks]

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(ii) Comment on the following.

Calcium carbonate is more thermally stable than magnesium carbonate.

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[2 marks]

(c) (i) Explain the following observation in terms of the stability constant of the complex
ion formed.

When concentrated HCl is added to a pink solution of cobalt (II) chloride, the
solution turns blue.

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[3 marks]

(ii) Write a balanced equation for the reaction in (c) (i).

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[2 marks]

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(d) Ammonium vanadate, NH4VO3, is an orange solid. Tests are performed on NH4VO3 and
certain colour changes are observed.

(i) Complete Table 3 below to show the observations expected for EACH of the tests.

TABLE 3: TESTS ON AMMONIUM VANADATE

Test Observation

• A few cm3 of 3M NaOH is Colour formed .......................................................

added to a small amount of
solid NH4VO3, followed by
a few cm3 of 3M H2SO4.

• A few pieces of granulated Colour changes to

zinc are then added to the
solution above. ...............................................................................

then to

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then to

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and finally

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[5 marks]

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(ii) Write the formula of the species formed which is responsible for EACH colour
observed in (d) (i) in Table 3 on page 17.

Colour Formula of Species

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[5 marks]

Total 30 marks

END OF TEST

IF YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS CALLED, CHECK YOUR WORK ON THIS TEST.

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