CHAPTER 3

THE FORMATION OF NATION

At the end of the lesson, students will be able to:

1. Point out the use of the cross and sword in the Spanish conquest of the Filipinos;
2. Explain the events in the history of Spain before the colonization of the Philippines;
3. Compare the Magellan expedition with other expedition;
4. Point out the methods used by the Spaniards in Christianizing the Filipinos; and
5. Discuss the events that occurred leading to the establishment of Spanish colonization.

LESSON 1
START OF SPANISH COLONIZATION
The history of the Philippines from 1521 to 1898, also known as the Spanish colonial
period from 1565, was the period following the arrival of Magellan in the Philippines and during
which Spain financed expeditions to the Philippine islands and then ruled them as the Captaincy
General of the Philippines within the Spanish East Indies, initially under New Spain until Mexican
independence in 1821, which gave Madrid direct control over the area. It started with the arrival
in 1521 of European explorer Ferdinand Magellan sailing for Spain, which heralded the period
when the Philippines was a colony of the Spanish Empire, and ended with the outbreak of
the Philippine Revolution in 1898, which marked the beginning of the American colonial era of
Philippine history.

Ferdinand Magellan arrived in the Philippines on March 16, 1521.

Although the archipelago may have been visited before by the Portuguese (who
conquered Malacca City in 1511 and reached Maluku Islands in 1512), the earliest documented
European expedition to the Philippines was that led by Ferdinand Magellan, in the service of the
king of Spain. But before they go to Samar and Leyte they went to Cebu but they did not pass,
sighted the mountains of Samar at dawn on the 17th March 1521, making landfall the following
day at the small, uninhabited island of Homonhon at the mouth of the Leyte Gulf. On Easter
Sunday, 31 March 1521, at Mazaua (today believed to be Limasawa island in Southern Leyte) as
is stated in Antonio Pigafetta's Primo ViaggioIntorno El Mondo (First Voyage Around the World),
Magellan solemnly planted a cross on the summit of a hill overlooking the sea and claimed for
the king of Spain possession of the islands he had seen, naming them Archipelago of Saint
Lazarus.
Magellan conquered and sought alliances among the natives beginning with Datu Zula,
the chieftain of Sugbu (now Cebu), and took special pride in converting them to Catholicism.
Magellan's expedition got involved in the political rivalries between the Cebuano natives and
took part in a battle against Lapu-Lapu, chieftain of Mactan island and a mortal enemy of Datu
Zula. At dawn on 27 April 1521, Magellan invaded Mactan Island with 60 armed men and 1,000
Cebuano warriors, but had great difficulty landing his men on the rocky shore. Lapu-Lapu had an
army of 1,500 on land. Magellan waded ashore with his soldiers and attacked the Mactan
defenders, ordering Datu Zula and his warriors to remain aboard the ships and watch. Magellan
seriously underestimated Lapu-Lapu and his men, and grossly outnumbered, Magellan and 14 of
his soldiers were killed. The rest managed to reboard the ships.

Old oil painting of Manila, a walled city

The battle left the expedition with too few crewmen to man three ships, so they
abandoned the "Concepción". The remaining ships - "Trinidad" and "Victoria" – sailed to
the Spice Islands in present-day Indonesia. From there, the expedition split into two groups.
The Trinidad, commanded by Gonzalo Gómez de Espinoza tried to sail eastward across the Pacific
Ocean to the Isthmus of Panama. Disease and shipwreck disrupted Espinoza's voyage and most
of the crew died. Survivors of the Trinidad returned to the Spice Islands, where the Portuguese
imprisoned them. The Victoria continued sailing westward, commanded by Juan Sebastián
Elcano, and managed to return to Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Spain in 1522. In 1529, Charles I of
Spain relinquished all claims to the Spice Islands to Portugal in the treaty of Zaragoza. However,
the treaty did not stop the colonization of the Philippine archipelago from New Spain.
After Magellan's voyage, subsequent expeditions were dispatched to the islands. Five
expeditions were sent: that of Loaisa (1525), Cabot (1526), Saavedra (1527), Villalobos (1542),
and Legazpi (1564). The Legazpi expedition was the most successful as it resulted in the discovery
of the tornaviaje or return trip to Mexico across the Pacific by Andrés de Urdaneta. This discovery
started the Manila galleon trade, which lasted two and a half centuries.
Las Islas Filipinas was named after Philip II of Spain by Ruy López de Villalobos.

Conquest under Philip II

In 1543, Ruy López de Villalobos named the islands of Leyte and Samar Las Islas
Filipinas after Philip II of Spain. Philip II became King of Spain on January 16, 1556, when his
father, Charles I of Spain, abdicated the Spanish throne. Philip was in Brussels at the time and his
return to Spain was delayed until 1559 because of European politics and wars in northern Europe.
Shortly after his return to Spain, Philip ordered an expedition mounted to the Spice Islands,
stating that its purpose was "to discover the islands of the west".In reality its task was to conquer
the Philippines for Spain.
On November 19 or 20, 1564 a Spanish expedition of a mere 500 men led by Miguel López
de Legazpi departed Barra de Navidad, New Spain, arriving off Cebu on February 13, 1565,
conquering it despite Cebuano opposition.
In 1569, Legazpi transferred to Panay and founded a second settlement on the bank of
the Panay River. In 1570, Legazpi sent his grandson, Juan de Salcedo, who had arrived from
Mexico in 1567, to Mindoro to punish the Muslim Moro pirates who had been plundering Panay
villages. Salcedo also destroyed forts on the islands of Ilin and Lubang, respectively South and
Northwest of Mindoro.

Pages of the Doctrina Christiana, an early Christian book in Spanish and Tagalog. The book
contained Latin and baybayin suyat scripts. (1593)
In 1570, Martín de Goiti, having been dispatched by Legazpi to Luzon, conquered the Kingdom of
Maynila(now Manila), a puppet-state of the Sultanate of Brunei.Legazpi then made Maynila the
capital of the Philippines and simplified its spelling to Manila. His expedition also
renamed Luzon Nueva Castilla. Legazpi became the country's first governor-general. In
1573, Japanexpanded its trade in northern Luzon. In 1580, the Japanese lord Tay Fusa established
the independent Wokou Tay Fusa state in non-colonial Cagayan.When the Spanish arrived in the
area, they subjugated the new kingdom, resulting in 1582 Cagayan battles. With time, Cebu's
importance fell as power shifted north to Luzon. The archipelago was Spain's outpost in the orient
and Manila became the capital of the entire Spanish East Indies. The colony was administered
through the Viceroyalty of New Spain (now Mexico) until 1821 when Mexico achieved
independence from Spain. After 1821, the colony was governed directly from Spain.

Miguel López de Legazpi

During most of the colonial period, the Philippine economy depended on the Galleon
Trade which was inaugurated in 1565 between Manila and Acapulco, Mexico. Trade between
Spain and the Philippines was via the Pacific Ocean to Mexico (Manila to Acapulco), and then
across the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean to Spain (Veracruz to Cádiz). Manila became the
most important center of trade in Asia between the 17th and 18th centuries. All sorts of products
from China, Japan, Brunei, the Moluccas and even India were sent to Manila to be sold for silver
8-Real coins which came aboard the galleons from Acapulco. These goods,
including silk, porcelain, spices, lacquerware and textile products were then sent to Acapulco
and from there to other parts of New Spain, Peru and Europe.

Spanish colonists
The European population in the archipelago steadily grew although natives remained the
majority. During the initial period of colonization, Manila was settled by 1200 Spanish
families.In Cebu City, at the Visayas, the settlement received a total of 2,100 soldier-settlers
from New Spain (Mexico). At the immediate south of Manila, Mexicans were present at
Ermita and at Cavite where they were stationed as sentries. In addition, men conscripted
from Peru, were also sent to settle Zamboanga City in Mindanao, to wage war upon Muslim
pirates.There were also communities of Spanish-Mestizos that developed
in Iloilo, Negrosand Vigan. Interactions between native Filipinos and immigrant Spaniards plus
Latin-Americans eventually caused the formation of a new language, Chavacano, a creole
of Mexican Spanish.They depended on the Galleon Trade for a living. In the later years of the
18th century, Governor-General Basco introduced economic reforms that gave the colony its first
significant internal source income from the production of tobacco and other agricultural exports.
In this later period, agriculture was finally opened to the European population, which before was
reserved only for the natives.

Tomb of Miguel López de Legazpiin San Agustin Church (Manila)Intramuros

During Spain’s 333 year rule in the Philippines, the colonists had to fight off the Chinese
pirates (who lay siege to Manila, the most famous of which was Limahong in
1573), Dutch forces, Portuguese forces, and indigenous revolts. Moros from western Mindanao
and the Sulu Archipelago also raided the coastal Christian areas of Luzon and the Visayas and
occasionally captured men and women to be sold as slaves.
Some Japanese ships visited the Philippines in the 1570s in order to export
Japanese silver and import Philippine gold. Later, increasing imports of silver from New World
sources resulted in Japanese exports to the Philippines shifting from silver to consumer goods. In
the 1570s, the Spanish traders were troubled to some extent by Japanese pirates, but peaceful
trading relations were established between the Philippines and Japan by
1590. Japan's kampaku (regent), ToyotomiHideyoshi, demanded unsuccessfully on several
occasions that the Philippines submit to Japan's suzerainty.
On February 8, 1597, King Philip II, near the end of his 42-year reign, issued a Royal
Cedula instructing Francisco de Tello de Guzmán, then Governor-General of the Philippines to
fulfill the laws of tributes and to provide for restitution of ill-gotten taxes taken from the natives.
The decree was published in Manila on August 5, 1598. King Philip died on 13 September, just
forty days after the publication of the decree, but his death was not known in the Philippines
until middle of 1599, by which time a referendum by which the natives would acknowledge
Spanish rule was underway. With the completion of the Philippine referendum of 1599, Spain
could be said to have established legitimate sovereignty over the Philippines.

Activity
Name:________________________________________ Score:___________
Yr and Section:_______________ Date:____________
Answer the following questions:
1. Why was there a need to divide the world between Spain and Portugal?
-
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________.
2. Relate the events of the Magellan expedition to the East. Use the following as guide in
your account:

a. the hardships that were experience by the expedition;

b. Magellan in Homonhon;
c. Magellan in Limasawa;
d. Magellan in Cebu;
e. Battle of Mactan; and
f. Significance of the expedition

3. Was Magellan able to convince the king of Spain? What was the result of their discussion?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________.

Beginning of Christianism
Answer the following:
a. Who were with Legaspi when he arrived in the Philippines?
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________.

b. Where were the first missions near in Manila established:

______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________.
c. Enumerate the missionary orders that arrived in the Philippines.
______________________
 ______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________

d. How was the Christianization of the Philippines executed?

______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________.
e. How did Christianity in the Philippines prosper?
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________.

Start of Colonial Rule

Answer the following:
a. When did the Spaniards arrive in the Philippines? Did they immediately establish a colony
in the archipelago?
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________.
b. What news about Manila reached Legazpi?
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________.
c. What characteristics of Manila pushed Legazpi to decide to establish a settlement there?
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________.
d. What occurred in Luzon on August 15, 1571? Was the role played by Juan de Salcedo in
Luzon important? Why?
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________.

LESSON 2

Spanish control

Spanish Colonial Bureaucracy

Level of government Headed by Description

Monarch of Civil and Spiritual Authority (through

Spain Royal Patronage)

• Composed of 6 to 10 appointed
Spanish Empire royal councilors
• Governed all the Spanish colonies in
Council of
the King’s name, and had legislative
Indies
power
• Served as the court of appeals for
the colonies
Viceroyalty of New
Spain(abolished Viceroy of New Governed New Spain on the King’s
after Mexicogained Spain behalf
independence in 1821)
• Initially exercised executive (as
Governor), legislative, judicial (as
President of the Audiencia), military
(as Captain General), and
ecclesiastical (as Vice Patron)
powers
Captain General
• By 1821 or 1875, the office became
Governor General
• Appointed by the King with the
advice of the council and probably
the Viceroy prior to 1821
Central Government in Manila • Balanced by the Audiencia
• Had full spiritual authority over the
army and navy as military Vicar
General of the islands
• Advised the Captain General,
Archbishop of especially in matters concerning the
Manila governance and provisioning of the
Church in the Philippines
• Ecclesiastical governor of the
islands’ suffragan dioceses, headed
by bishops.
 • Appointed dignitaries or the staff of
a diocese, if the captain general
failed to do so
• Functioned as the Supreme Court
and advised the Captain General
• Initially composed of four judges
(oidores), an attorney-general
(fiscal), and a constable, with
attached advocates for the accused,
Real Audiencia
a defender of the naturales
de Manila
(“natives”), and other minor
officials; the number of oidores and
fiscales would be increased after
• Took charge of government upon
the death of the governor (mayor)
up to the arrival of his successor
Local government
Bishops of
Suffragan
Dioceses
• Exercised executive and judiciary
powers in the province
• Collected tribute
• Until the mid-19th century, he had
Alcalde Mayor the privilege to engage in trade
(for Provinces) (indulto de comercio), which
occasioned many abuses against the
local population
Provincia/Alcadia Mayor • No provision was made restricting
the alcalde mayor to engage in trade
• If a provincia was large, the alcalde
mayor had a corregidor to
administer
Corregidor (for over corregimientos (provincial
Districts)
district)
• Exercised executive and judiciary
power
Junta Provincial • Provincial council which assisted the
(1893-1898) alcalde mayor
 • Composed of a public prosecutor,
finance administrator, treasurer,
vicars forane, provincial doctor, and
four principles of the capital elected
by the capitanesmunicipales of the
province
• Administered over a pueblo,
assisted by other pueblo officials
• Position was initially restricted to
the local married men of the elite
(principalia)
Gobernadorcillo • By 1768, the position became
elective. Any person elected
acquired elite status, diluting the
political power given by the Spanish
to the hereditary datus the
old Principalía class.
Pueblo/Municipio
• Equivalent of the pre-Maura Law
Capitan gobernadorcillo
Municipal • Head of the tribunal municipal
(1893-1898) • Elected by the residents of the
municipio
Municipal council composed of the
municipal captain, the chief lieutenant,
Tribunal
the lieutenant of police, the lieutenant
Municipal
of fields and the lieutenant of livestock,
(1893-1898)
all of which were elected by the
residents of the municipio
• Administered over a barangay of 40
to 50 families
• Collected tribute in the barangay
• Position was originally hereditary
among the local elites of the pre-
Cabeza de colonial period
Barangay
Barangay • Position was made elective in 1786;
the gobernadorcillo and other
cabezas chose a name and
presented it to the Governor
General for appointment to the
position in a specific barangay.
 • After three years of service, a cabeza
was qualified for election to the
office of the gobernadorcillo.

Political system

Fort San Pedro was first of many fortresses to protect the islands from invaders such as pirates
and other colonizers.

The Spanish quickly organized their new colony according to their model. The first task
was the reduction, or relocation of native inhabitants into settlements. The earliest political
system used during the conquista period was the encomienda system, which resembled the
feudal system in medieval Europe. The conquistadores, friars and native nobles were granted
estates, in exchange for their services to the King, and were given the privilege to collect tribute
from its inhabitants. In return, the person granted the encomienda, known as an encomendero,
was tasked to provide military protection to the inhabitants, justice and governance. In times of
war, the encomendero was duty bound to provide soldiers for the King, in particular, for the
complete defense of the colony from invaders such as the Dutch, British and Chinese.
The encomienda system was abused by encomenderos and by 1700 was largely replaced by
administrative provinces, each headed by an alcalde mayor (provincial governor) The most
prominent feature of Spanish cities was the plaza, a central area for town activities such as the
fiesta, and where government buildings, the church, a market area and other infrastructures
were located. Residential areas lay around the plaza. During the conquista, the first task of
colonization was the reduction, or relocation of the indigenous population into settlements
surrounding the plaza.
National government

Chinese settlers in the Philippines

Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas(1734)

On the national level or social class, the King of Spain, via his Council of the Indies (Consejo de las
Indias), governed through his representative in the Philippines, the Governor-General of the
Philippines (Gobernador y Capitán General). With the seat of power in Intramuros, Manila, the
Governor-General was given several duties: head of the supreme court, the Royal Audiencia of
Manila; Commander-in-chief of the army and navy, and the economic planner of the country. [All
executive power of the local government stemmed from him and as regal patron, he had the
authority to supervise mission work and oversee ecclesiasticalappointments. His yearly salary
was 40,000 pesos. The Governor-General was commonly a peninsular Spaniard, a Spaniard born
in Spain, to ensure loyalty of the colony to the crown or tiara.

Provincial government

On the local level, heading the pacified provinces (alcaldia), was the provincial governor
(alcalde mayor). The unpacified military zones (corregimiento), such as Mariveles and Mindoro,
were headed by the corregidores. City governments (ayuntamientos), were also headed by
an alcalde mayor. Alcalde mayors and corregidores exercised multiple prerogatives as judge,
inspector of encomiendas, chief of police, tribute collector, capitan-general of the province, and
even vice-regal patron. His annual salary ranged from P300 to P2000 before 1847 and P1500 to
P1600 after 1847. This could be augmented through the special privilege of "indulto de
commercio" where all people were forced to do business with him. The alcalde mayor was usually
an Insulares (Spaniard born in the Philippines). In the 19th century, the Peninsularesbegan to
displace the Insulares which resulted in the political unrests of 1872, notably the 1872 Cavite
mutiny and the Gomburza executions.

Municipal government
The pueblo or town is headed by the Gobernadorcillo or little governor. Among his administrative
duties were the preparation of the tribute list (padron), recruitment and distribution of men for
draft labor, communal public work and military conscription (quinto), postal clerk and judge in
minor civil suits. He intervened in all administrative cases pertaining to his town: lands, justice,
finance and the municipal police. His annual salary, however, was only P24 but he was exempted
from taxation. Any native or Chinese mestizo, 25 years old, proficient in oral or written Spanish
and has been a cabeza de barangay of 4 years can be a gobernadorcillo.
Any member of the Principalía, who speaks or who has knowledge of the Spanish
language and has been a Cabeza de Barangay of 4 years can be a Gobernadorcillo. Among those
prominent is Emilio Aguinaldo, a chinese mestizo,and who was the Gobernadorcillo of Cavite El
Viejo (now Kawit). The officials of the pueblo were ->proficient. taken from the Principalía, the
noble class of pre-colonial origin. Their names are survived by prominent families in
contemporary Philippine society such as Duremdes, Lindo, Tupas, Gatmaitan, Liwanag, Mallillin,
Pangilinan, Panganiban, Balderas, and Agbayani, Apalisok, Aguinaldo to name a few.

Barrio government

Every barangay was further divided into "barrios", and the barrio government (village or
district) rested on the barrio administrator (cabeza de barangay). He was responsible for peace
and order and recruited men for communal public works. Cabezas should be literate in Spanish
and have good moral character and property. Cabezas who served for 25 years were exempted
from forced labor.
In addition, this is where the sentiment heard as, "Mi Barrio", first came from.

Old view of a street in Cebu

The Residencia and the Visita

 To check the abuse of power of royal officials, two ancient Castilian institutions were
brought to the Philippines: the Residencia, dating back to the 5th century, and the Visita, which
differed from the residencia in that it was conducted clandestinely by a visitador-general sent
from Spain and might occur anytime within the official's term, without any previous
notice. Visitas could be specific or general.

Maura law
The legal foundation for municipal governments in the country was laid with the
promulgation of the Maura Law on May 19, 1893. Named after its author, Don Antonio Maura,
the Spanish Minister of Colonies at the time, the law reorganized town governments in the
Philippines with the aim of making them more effective and autonomous. This law created the
municipal organization that was later adopted, revised, and further strengthened by the
American and Filipino governments that succeeded Spanish.

Economy

A sketch of a Manila galleon used during the Manila-Acapulco Trade

Malacañang Palace was the seat of the colonial government of the Philippines.

Puerta de Santa Lucia gate is one of the gates of the walled city (Intramuros), Manila.

Manila-Acapulco galleon trade

The Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade was the main source of income for the colony during
its early years. Service was inaugurated in 1565 and continued into the early 19th century. The
Galleon trade brought silver from New Spain, which was used to purchase Asian goods such
as silk from China, spices fromthe Moluccas, lacquerware from Japan and
Philippine cotton textiles. These goods were then exported to New Spain and
ultimately Europe by way of Manila. Thus, the Philippines earned its income through the trade of
the Manila-Acapulco Galleon.
The trade was established and operated primarily for the benefit of Spain and Spaniards.
While the trade did bring some results which were beneficial to the Philippines, most effects were
disadvantageous. However, the trade did result in cultural and commercial exchanges between
Asia and the Americas that led to the introduction of new crops and animals to the Philippines
such as tamarind, avocado, guava, papaya, pineapple, horses and carabao. These gave the
colony its first real income. The trade lasted for over two hundred years, and ceased in 1815 just
before the secession of American colonies from Spain.

Royal Society of Friends of the Country

José de Basco y Vargas, following a royal order to form a society of intellectuals who can
produce new, useful ideas, formally established the Spanish Royal Economic Society of Friends
of the Country, after the model of the Royal Basque Society. Composed of leading men in blocal
and foreign scholarships and training grants in agriculture and established an academy of design.
It was also credited to the carabao ban of 1782, the formation of the silversmiths and gold beaters
guild and the construction of the first papermill in the Philippines in 1825. It was introduced in
1780, vanished temporarily in 1787–1819, 1820–1822 and 1875–1822, and ceased to exist in the
middle of the 1890s.
Royal Company of the Philippines

On March 10, 1785, King Charles III of Spain confirmed the establishment of the Royal
Philippine Company with a 25-year charter.[29] After revocated the Royal Guipuzcoan Company
of Caracas that had a monopoly on Venezuelan trade, the Basque-based company was granted a
monopoly on the importation of Chinese and Indian goods into the Philippines, as well as the
shipping of the goods directly to Spain via the Cape of Good Hope. The Dutch and British bitterly
opposed them because they saw the company as a direct attack on their Asian trade. It also faced
the hostility of the traders of the Galleon trade (see above) who saw it as competition. This
gradually resulted in the death of both institutions: The Royal Philippine Company in 1814 and
the Galleon trade in 1815.
The first vessel of the Royal Philippine Company to set sail was the "Nuestra Señora de los
Placeres" commanded by the captain Juan Antonio Zabaleta.

Taxation
Also there was the bandalâ (from the Tagalog word mandalâ, a round stack of rice stalks to be
threshed), an annual forced sale and requisitioning of goods such as rice. Custom duties and
income tax were also collected. By 1884, the tribute was replaced by the cedula personal,
wherein everyone over 18 were required to pay for personal identification. The
local gobernadorcillos were responsible for collection of the tribute. Under the cedula system
taxpayers were individually responsible to Spanish authorities for payment of the tax, and were
subject to summary arrest for failure to show a cedula receipt.
Aside from paying a tribute, all male Filipinos as well as Chinese immigrants from 16 to 60 years
old were obliged to render forced labor called “polo”. This labor lasted for 40 days a year, later it
was reduced to 15 days. It took various forms such as the building and repairing of roads and
bridges, construction of Public buildings and churches, cutting timber in the forest, working in
shipyards and serving as soldiers in military expeditions. People who rendered the forced labor
was called “polistas”. He could be exempted by paying the “falla” which is a sum of money. The
polista were according to law, to be given a daily rice ration during their working days which they
often did not receive.
 Town of Jaro, Iloilo, Philippines

Spanish rule of the Philippines was constantly threatened by indigenous rebellions and invasions
from the Dutch, Chinese, Japanese and British. The previously dominant groups resisted Spanish
rule, refusing to pay Spanish taxes and rejecting Spanish excesses. All were defeated by the
Spanish and their Filipino allies by 1597. In many areas, the Spanish left indigenous groups to
administer their own affairs but under Spanish overlordship.
Activity
Name:________________________________________ Score:___________
Yr and Section:_______________ Date:____________

Answer the following questions:

1. Did the Spaniards encounter problems in spreading Christianity in the Philippines?

Why?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________.
2. How did the Spaniards face the said problems?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________.
3. What was the role played by the Council of the Indies? Was the Council of the
Indies important?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________.
4. What types of government did the Spaniards establish in the Philippines?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________.
5. What powers did the government-general possess?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________.
6. Why did the Spaniards create provinces?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________.
7. What type of provinces did the Spaniards establish in the Philippines? Who were
the only people who could occupy government positions in these provinces?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________.
8. How were the provinces divided? Who administered the pueblo? Who
administered the barangay?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________.
9. Explain the principal duties of the gobernadorcilloand the cabeza?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________.
10. What were the cities established by the Spaniards in the Philippines?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________.
11. Why were the laws not legislated or formulated in the Philippines during the
Spanish time?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________.
12. How come no one in the Philippines made laws?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________.
13. Why were the friars considered the most powerful in the Philippines?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________.
14. In what language were laws written? Were these laws understood by the
Filipinos?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________.
15. What were the offices run by the Spanish government in the Philippines?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________.
16. Why did the Spanish government implement monopoly as an economic policy?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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17. What was the Manila-Acapulco galleon trade? Why was it important?
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18. Why was forced labor implement? What was its effect on the family of answer?
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19. Why did the Filipinos lose their right to own lands which they inherited from their
ancestor?
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20. What were the ordinances that the Spaniards implemented for the use of land by
the Filipinos?
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