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HumanEyeNotes

The document discusses the anatomy and function of the human eye, including its parts such as the retina, eye lens, and pupil, as well as common vision defects like myopia and hypermetropia. It also explains optical phenomena such as dispersion, atmospheric refraction, and scattering of light, detailing how these principles affect our perception of colors and celestial bodies. Additionally, it covers the reasons behind the appearance of rainbows, the twinkling of stars, and the color of the sky.

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Sumer Singh
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9 views

HumanEyeNotes

The document discusses the anatomy and function of the human eye, including its parts such as the retina, eye lens, and pupil, as well as common vision defects like myopia and hypermetropia. It also explains optical phenomena such as dispersion, atmospheric refraction, and scattering of light, detailing how these principles affect our perception of colors and celestial bodies. Additionally, it covers the reasons behind the appearance of rainbows, the twinkling of stars, and the color of the sky.

Uploaded by

Sumer Singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ME CLASSES

By Rahul Tripathi

Human Eye and Colourful world

Human Eye : It is a natural optical instrument which is used to see an an object.

Parts of Human Eye

1. Retina : It is a light sensitive screen behind the eye on which inverted image is formed.
It has two light sensitive cells : rods and cones.
Rods : It is sensitive towards intensity of light.
Cones: It is sensitive towards colour of light.

2. Eye lens : It’s a convex lens made up of jelly like fluid and its curvature can be adjusted
through ciliary muscles. It form inverted image on the retina.

3. Pupil : It is hole in the middle of iris through which light enters .

4. Iris : It controls the amount of light entering into


the eye by adjusting the size of pupil.

5. Optical Nerve : It is a nerve which carry electrical


signals to the brain where image is
correctly interpreted.

How Pupil works


Pupil has a variable aperture whose size is controlled by iris .
a) In bright light : Iris contract the pupil to allow minimum light to enter the eye.
b) In dim light : Iris expand the pupil to allow more light to enter the eye.

Persistence of vision : Time for which sensation of object retain in the brain. It is 1/16 of a
second.

Power of accommodation : It is ability of eye lens to adjust its focal length according to the
placement of object.

Cataract : It is a defect of vision in which cloudy or milky layer appear over the eye lens
which may cause partial or complete loss of vision.
It is corrected by cataract surgery.
Defects of Vision

1. Myopia (short sightedness or near sightedness )


It is a defect of vision in which a person can see nearby objects clearly but can’t see
distant objects clearly.

Consequence : Image is form in front of


Retina
Cause of Myopia :a) Due to increase in size
of eye ball.
b) Due to increase in
power of eye lens.
Result : a) Near point becomes less than 25
cm.
b) Far point becomes less than
infinity.

Correction : It is corrected by using of


concave lens of suitable power.

2. Hypermetropia (long sightedness or far sightedness )


It is a defect of vision in which a person can see nearby objects clearly but can’t see
distant objects clearly.
Consequence : Image is form in behind the
retina
Cause :a) Due to decrease in size of eye
ball.
b) Due to decrease in power of eye
lens.
Result : a) Near point becomes more
than 25 cm.
b) Far point becomes remain
infinity.

Correction : It is corrected by using of


convex lens of suitable
power.

Presbyopia
It is a defect of eye in which a person can’t see nearby as well as distant objects clearly.
It is a natural part of ageing process.
Cause : Gradual weakening of ciliary muscles and diminishing flexibility of eye lens.
Correction : It is corrected by using bi-focal lens. It’s upper part is concave for distant
vision and lower part is convex for near vision.
Dispersion
The phenomenon of splitting of light into its component colour is called Dispersion.
When white light passes through a glass prism , it split into VIBGYOR.

Reason for Dispersion


Different colour of light have different
wavelength so they bend at different angles
w.r.t the incident ray.

Spectrum : The band of coloured component


of a light beam is called spectrum.White
light is a spectrum of seven colours VIBGYOR.

Why red coloured light is used in lighthouse and in Danger signals.


Because red colour has longest wavelength least deviation.

How Rainbow is formed


1. Rainbow is always form after rain in a direction
opposite to the the direction of sun.
2. Tiny Water Droplets trapped in the cloud behave as
a glass prism,then Refraction , Total Internal Reflection
and then Dispersion cause formation of rainbow .

Atmospheric Refraction
The refraction of light due to changing optical density of earth’s atmosphere is called
Atmospheric Refraction.
Phenomenon based on Atmospheric Refraction
1. Star appear to rise from its actual height.
2. Twinkling of stars
3. Early sunrise and delayed sunset
4. Sun appears oval during sunrise and sunset.

Why stars appear to rise from its actual height


Light from stars come from a region of lower optical
density to a region of higher optical Density , so it keeps
on bending toward the normal and appear to rise from
its actual height.

Why Stars Twinkle


Stars Twinkle because of atmospheric Refraction.
Due to changing optical density of earth’s atmosphere different intensity of light come
from the Stars from one moment to the next. It makes the stars to twinkle.
Why Stars Twinkle But not the planet
Star is a point source of light.So different intensity of light comes to our eyes from one
moment to the next. It make the stars to twinkle.
But Planet is a collection of point source of light ,So when some of the point sources are
dimmer then at the same time other point source look brighter due to which overall
brightness of the planet remain the same.So planet don’t twinkle.

What’s the reason for 2 min early sunrise and 2 min delayed sunset

Atmospheric refraction cause advance sunrise


and delayed sunset.
Light from the sun comes from a region of lower
optical density to a region of higher density , so
light keeps on bending towards the normal.
Due to this sun appear to rise before it has
crossed the horizon and show sunrise.

Scattering of Light
The phenomenon in which a beam of light is redirected in many directions when it interacts
with the particles of the atmosphere.
The colour of scattered light depends upon the size of scattering particles. Smaller particles
are more capable of scattering light of shorter wavelength from the blue end and bigger
particles scatter light of longer wavelength.

Phenomenon based on scattering of light


1. Why sky looks blue
2. Why sky looks dark to the astronaut
3. Why sun look reddish during sunrise and sunset

Why Sky looks Blue


As colour of scattered light depends upon the size of scattering particles and our
atmosphere basically consists of particles of very fine size which are more capable of
scattering light at the blue end. So sky looks blue to us.

Why sky looks dark to the Astronaut


As Astronaut observes the sky from such a height where there is no atmosphere , no
atmosphere means no scattering of light. So sky looks dark to the astronaut.

Why sun look yellowish during noon and reddish during sunrise and sunset
At noon sun is at overhead at minimum distance from the earth so negligible scattering of
light occurs . So it look whitish or yellowish at noon.
During sunrise and sunset , sun is at horizon at maximum distance from us. Due to this all
the colour of light get scattered away and the light that reaches to our eyes is of longest
wavelength, that is red. So sun looks reddish during sunrise and sunset.

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