2026 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 31, NO.

3, MARCH 2016

Line Current Distortion Compensation

for DCM/CRM Boost PFC Converters
Yang-Lin Chen, Student Member, IEEE, and Yaow-Ming Chen, Senior Member, IEEE

Abstract—This paper proposes a line current distortion com-

pensation method, which is a fusion of the conventional vari-
able on-time (VOT) control and the average current mode (ACM)
control, for DCM/CRM boost PFC converter with zero current
switching (ZCS)/zero voltage switching (ZVS)/valley switching
(VS)/switching frequency limitation (SFL) functions. In this pa-
per, the mathematical analyses of the line current distortion for the
DCM/CRM boost PFC converter with ZCS/ZVS/VS/SFL functions
are also derived to explain the causes of the line current distor-
tion. In order to increase efficiency, the ZVS/VS/SFL functions
are needed but the line current will be further distorted. To com-
pensate the distorted line current, the ACM-based VOT (ABVOT) Fig. 1. Circuit diagram of the boost PFC converter.
control for the DCM/CRM boost PFC converter is proposed. In
addition, the constant-on-time-based noise-immunity S/H method
is proposed to replace the multiplier, which is always needed for
the conventional ACM-based control. The performance of the pro- either ZCD function or ZVS function. They cannot be adopted
posed ABVOT control with S/H method will be demonstrated by for the DCM boost PFC converter or the PFC converter with
simulation and experiment results. both ZVS/VS and SFL functions.
Index Terms—Average current mode (ACM), multiplierless, In order to reduce THD in DCM operation, the average current
power factor correction (PFC), variable on-time (VOT). mode (ACM) control has been used [13]. However, the ACM
control has not been adopted for CRM boost PFC converter
I. INTRODUCTION with ZCS/ZVS/VS/SFL functions, simultaneously. Therefore,
OR the purpose to increase the power quality of ac grid and an ACM-based compensation method is proposed to improve
F to reduce the line current distortion, the power factor cor-
rection (PFC) is a necessary function for the ac–dc conversion.
the line current distortion caused by DCM/CRM operation and
ZCS/ZVS/VS/SFL functions. Moreover, the sample and hold
Usually, the boost converter is commonly used in PFC appli- (S/H) method based on COT control is proposed to eliminate
cations [1]–[9]. For low power applications, the discontinuous the need of multiplier in the conventional ACM control, which
conduction mode (DCM) and critical mode (CRM) operations can further reduce the cost and complexity of the controller.
are commonly used because of their zero current switching In this paper, the mathematical analysis of the line current
(ZCS) characteristic and easy implementation [10]–[20]. How- distortion caused by the DCM or CRM operation will be pre-
ever, the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the line current is sented first. Then, the principle of conventional compensation
relatively high for the constant switching frequency constant methods will be introduced. After that, the novel compensation
on-time (COT) DCM PFC converter [12]–[13] or the CRM method based on the ACM control and the COT control will
PFC converter with conventional zero current detection (ZCD) be proposed. The proposed method uses S/H circuits to replace
method [18]–[20]. the multiplier in the conventional ACM control. Finally, sim-
Recently, zero voltage switching (ZVS), valley switching ulations and experimental results will be shown to verify the
(VS) and switching frequency limitation (SFL) functions have performance of the proposed compensation method.
been introduced to the DCM/CRM boost PFC converter to im-
prove power conversion efficiency [14]–[15]. Unfortunately, II. CAUSES OF LINE CURRENT DISTORTION
these functions will further deteriorate the line current THD The circuit diagram of the commonly used boost PFC con-
[15]. To reduce the line current THD, many compensation meth- verter is shown in Fig. 1. In which, Vin is the utility voltage
ods have been proposed [16], [18]–[20]. However, these meth- whose absolute value is almost equal to VC in . Iin is the input
ods can only be used in the CRM boost PFC converter with current, inductor Lin and capacitor Cin form the input filter,
L is the main inductor with current IL , and If is the filtered
Manuscript received January 21, 2015; revised March 24, 2015; accepted May current of IL . Also, S is the main power switch with parasitic
8, 2015. Date of publication May 18, 2015; date of current version November capacitance Cds and voltage vC ds , Cout is the output capaci-
16, 2015. Recommended for publication by Associate Editor R. Redl.
The authors are with the Department of Electrical Engineering, National tor, Vout is the output voltage, and Pout is the output power
Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan (e-mail: [email protected]; ym- which controls the main power switch’s conduction time. In
[email protected]). addition, the switching signal, vgs , is produced by the PFC
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. function control block, whose input include Vout , VC in , vC ds
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPEL.2015.2434885 and/or IL . The PFC function control block is responsible for the

0885-8993 © 2015 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
Authorized licensed use limited to: National Taiwan University. Downloaded
See http://www.ieee.org/publications on December 31,2024 at 08:06:27
standards/publications/rights/index.html UTC from
for more IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
information.
CHEN AND CHEN: LINE CURRENT DISTORTION COMPENSATION FOR DCM/CRM BOOST PFC CONVERTERS 2027

Fig. 3. Comparison of the DCM boost PFC converter’s input current |Iin |
with an ideal sinusoidal current.

Because the switching period is much smaller than the ac

line period, the total filtered inductor current, If , or the absolute
value of input current, |Iin | can be derived as (3) over a half
period of the ac mains with the notation k eliminated. From
Fig. 2. Inductor current waveform of DCM boost PFC converter.
(3) with VC in equal to |Vm sin(ωt)| where Vm is the amplitude
and ω (rad/s) is the radian frequency of the ac mains, the in-
converter to operate either in the DCM or the CRM operation put current waveform of DCM boost PFC converter plotted by
with ZCS/ZVS/VS/SFL functions. In this paper, the parameters MATLAB during a half utility cycle is shown in Fig. 3. In Fig. 3,
in the formulas and figures are coincide with the parameters the |Iin | of DCM operation is compared to the ideal sinusoidal
shown in Fig. 1. Also, variable with bold letters, such as L and current waveform with the same RMS value. It reveals that the
Cds , represent constant values. Those ones with italic capitals, input current of DCM operation has severe distortion
such as Vin and Iin , represent the time variation function with ac ⎧
⎪
⎪ VC in (k)
mains related frequencies. The italic lowercase variables, such ⎨ M1 =
L
as vgs and vC ds , represent the time variation function with the (1)
⎪
frequency equal to or larger than the switching frequency. ⎩ M2 = VC in (k) − Vout
⎪
The operation mode of PFC converter dominates its line cur- L
 
rent distortion. Both DCM and CRM are commonly used due Ton2
M1
to their inherent soft-switching features, but their large ripple iL T s (k) = fs M1 1 −
2 M2
currents confine them to be operated in low power level. In this
section, the mathematical equations will be derived thoroughly T2on Vout × VC in (k)
= fs (2)
to better explain the causes of the line current distortion of the 2L Vout − VC in (k)
DCM/CRM boost PFC converter. The equations for the theo- T2on Vout × VC in
retical DCM/CRM operation are simple because they do not |Iin | = If = fs . (3)
2L Vout − VC in
consider the effect of resonance between L and Cds . However,
the equations of DCM/CRM operation with ZCS, ZVS VS and
In addition, the CRM boost PFC converter is also commonly
SFL functions will become more complex due to the consider-
used in low power applications and is generally operated in COT
ation of resonance between L and Cds .
[10]–[11]. For the CRM boost PFC converter with COT control,
Conventionally, the DCM boost PFC converter with circuit
its main power switch will be turned on when the inductor cur-
diagram shown in Fig. 1 is operated in constant switching fre-
rent is equal to zero. Therefore, its switching period is variable
quency and COT [12]. Its inductor current waveform in one
and can be derived as (4). By combining (3) and (4), the absolute
switching period is shown in Fig. 2, where Ton is the conduc-
input current for CRM boost PFC converter can be modified as
tion time of switch, Ts is the switching period, M1 and M2 are
(5) [15]. Because Ton is a constant and VC in is almost equal to
rising and falling slopes of the inductor current. Because the
the absolute input voltage |Vin |, very low input current THD and
switching frequency is much higher than the ac line frequency,
almost unity power factor (PF) can be achieved. However, if the
so Vout and VC in are almost constant during a switching cy-
switch is not turned on at the zero current point, input current
cle. Therefore, M1 and M2 can be treated as constant values
distortion will appear easily
and denoted in (1), where VC in (k) represents that the values
of VC in during kth switching period. Eventually, the average Vout
Ts = Ton (4)
inductor current for the kth triangle over a switching cycle, Vout − VC in
< iL >T s (k), can be derived as (2), where fs = 1/Ts is the Ton
switching frequency. |Iin | = If = VC in . (5)
2L

Authorized licensed use limited to: National Taiwan University. Downloaded on December 31,2024 at 08:06:27 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
2028 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 31, NO. 3, MARCH 2016

TABLE I
ELECTRIC CHARGES OF DIFFERENT TIME PERIOD

Corresponding time period Electric charges

T 2o n
To n QT on = In e g T o n + V C i n (k ) (7)
2L

TR 1 QT R1 = Cd s Vo u t (8)
      2
1 L To n TR 1 Cd s TR 1
TD QT D = In e g + V C i n (k ) cos √ + V C i n (k )sin √ (9)
2 V o u t − V C i n (k ) L LC d s L LCd s
   
TR 2
TR 2 QT R2 = C d s (V o u t − V C i n (k )) cos √ −1 (10)
LC d s

iL will be decreased to IT R 1 . After that, iL will decrease to

zero within TD and the resonance between L and Cds will
happen during TR 2 interval. The switch will be triggered by
ZCD signal again, while the vC ds is equal to VC in and iL is
equal to the valley point of inductor current, Ineg . Therefore,
the filtered input current, If , will be distorted by the negative
part of inductor current.
The average inductor current of the CRM boost PFC con-
verter with conventional ZCD method over the kth switching
cycle can be defined in (6). It is also equal to the total electric
charges Qtotal over the kth switching period Ts . In (6), the time
intervals, Ton , TR 1 , TD and TR 2 are illustrated in Fig. 4(b) and
the detailed mathematical expression of electric charges, QT on ,
QT R 1 , QT D and QT R 2 in these time intervals are derived as (7)
through (10) and shown in Table I. In Table I, the time interval
Ton is a constant value and dominated by the output power. The
other time intervals, TR 1 , TD and TR 2 , are derived and shown
in (11), (12) and (13), respectively. Equations in Table I are
derived based on the method presented in [15] and [16] without
any simplification but using the resonance equations between
L and Cds . Details of mathematical equations for (7) through
(13) are shown in the Appendix
Qtotal QT on + QT R 1 + QT D + QT R 2
iL T s (k) = = (6)
Ts Ton + TR 1 + TD + TR 2
Fig. 4. Conventional ZCD method. (a) Circuit diagram. (b) Operation TR 1 = LCds
waveforms. ⎛ ⎛ ⎞
V − V (k)
× ⎝sin−1 ⎝  ⎠
out C in
Generally, the CRM boost PFC converter uses the resonance  2
VC in (k) + C d s Ineg + TLo n VC in (k)
2 L
between L and Cds to detect the zero current point [18]–[20]. ⎛ ⎞⎞
A typical circuit diagram of the conventional ZCD method is
−VC in (k)
shown in Fig. 4(a) with its corresponding waveforms shown in −tan−1 ⎝    ⎠⎠ (11)
L To n
Fig. 4(b). During the time interval when the switch is turned off, Cd s I neg + L V C in (k)
the inductor current will be discharged to zero and the resonance  
between L and Cds begins. The output of comparator will be L Ton
TD = Ineg + VC in (k)
pulled high and produces a ZCD signal to turn on the switch Vout − VC in (k) L
when the vC ds is less than the VC in .    
TR 1 Cds TR 1
Waveforms shown in Fig. 4(b) indicate that the switch is × cos √ + VC in (k)sin √ .
turned on (vgs is high) by the ZCD signal with COT Ton . When LCds L LCds
the switch is turned off, the inductor current will charge Cds (12)
during TR 1 interval. The inductor current iL will reach its peak
value while the vC ds is charged to VC in , then the diode will be The valley point of inductor current, Ineg , in these equations
turned on while vC ds is charged to Vout and inductor current can be derived and shown in (14) [16]. Therefore, by using (6)

Authorized licensed use limited to: National Taiwan University. Downloaded on December 31,2024 at 08:06:27 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
CHEN AND CHEN: LINE CURRENT DISTORTION COMPENSATION FOR DCM/CRM BOOST PFC CONVERTERS 2029

through (14), the average inductor current over the kth switching
cycle can be calculated. Similar to the relationship between (2)
and (3), the notation k in (6) through (14) can be eliminated to
derive the filtered inductor current, If , because the switching
period is much smaller than the ac line period. Because the
resonance between L and Cds is taken into account, the equation
of If is no longer as simple as the one shown in (5), which is
directly proportional to the utility voltage. Hence, the input
current of CRM boost PFC converter with conventional ZCD
method should have larger distortion and higher THD than the
one with ideal CRM operation
π
TR 2 = LCds (13)
2
 
Cds T
Ineg = − (Vout − VC in (k)) sin √ R2 . (14)
L LCds

When VC in is relatively small, the vC ds cannot be charged to

Vout in TR 1 interval and the diode cannot be turned on. Then,
energy in L and Cds will be resonated back to Cin and the
input power cannot be transferred to the output [16]. During
TR 1 interval, the voltage crossing Cin is VC in and the initial
inductor current is (Ineg + Ton VC in /L), Therefore, the time do-
main equation of vCds in TR1 interval can √ be derived as (15) and

its maximum value, vC ds,m ax , is equal to A2 + B2 + VC in .
When vC ds,m ax is smaller than Vout , the If and |Iin | will
become zero because the energy in L and Cds cannot be trans-
ferred to the output
   
t t
vC ds = A × sin √ + B × cos √ + VC in
LCds LCds
   
L Ton t
= Ineg + VC in sin √
Cds L LCds
  Fig. 5. Operation waveforms of ZVS/VS functions. (a) ZVS function, VC in
t
− VC in cos √ + VC in . (15) ࣘ Vo u t /2. (b) VS function, VC in > V o u t /2.
LCds

From the relationship between vC ds,m ax , which can be de-

rived from (15), and Vout , a discriminant λ can be derived and operations are shown in (17) and (18), respectively
shown in (16). When the vC ds,m ax is smaller than Vout , λ will λ = vC2 ds,m ax − Vout
2

be less than zero. It means that the energy in L and Cds cannot
be transferred to the output and the filtered inductor current If T2on 2
= V + 2VC in (Ineg Ton + Cds Vout )
will equal to zero. This zero current region is also named as L C in
zero-conduction angle (θzc ). The VC in become a constant value 2
+ LIneg − Cds Vout
2
(16)
in this region and a reverse bias is produced on the bridge diodes  
[15], [17], [18], [21]. −1 −VC in (k)
TR 2 = LCds cos (17)
Instead of the conventional ZCS, the ZVS function and VS Vout − VC in (k)
function can be applied to the CRM boost PFC converter too
TR 2 = π LCds . (18)
[15], [16]. Their conceptual operation waveforms are shown in
Fig. 5(a) and (b), respectively. Due to the resonant feature of
vC ds , the PFC converter will be operated in ZVS when VC in is According to the derived equations, the input current of CRM
smaller than Vout /2, and in VS when VC in is larger than Vout /2 boost PFC converter with the conventional ZCD method and
[15], [16]. The resonant interval, TR 2 , for either the ZVS or VS with the ZVS/VS function in a half utility cycle can be plotted by
function is different from the one for the conventional ZCD MATLAB and shown in Fig. 6(a) and (b). The sinusoidal current
method, which is shown in (13). As the derivation shown in the of the ideal CRM operation with the same RMS value is also
Appendix, the mathematical expression of TR 2 for ZVS and VS shown for comparison. These two figures reveal that the input

Authorized licensed use limited to: National Taiwan University. Downloaded on December 31,2024 at 08:06:27 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
2030 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 31, NO. 3, MARCH 2016

Fig. 7. Operation waveforms and average input current waveforms with SFL
functions: (a) with VS and SFL, (b) current with ZVS/VS/SFL functions com-
Fig. 6. Comparison of average input current waveforms with ideal CRM. pared to ideal CRM.
(a) Current with conventional ZCD method. (b) Current with ZVS/VS function.

current change shown in Fig. 7(b) will further distort the input
current of boost PFC converter with conventional ZCD method current.
or ZVS/VS function are all worse than the current operated in
ideal CRM [(19) as shown at the bottom of the page]. III. COMPENSATION METHODS FOR DISTORTED CURRENT
Moreover, the SFL function is usually introduced to improve The conventional COT method for DCM and CRM is simple.
efficiency further due to the wide range of switching frequency It only needs output voltage feedback loop to control the on-time
variation in CRM [15], [16]. Nevertheless, the ZCS/ZVS/VS [16], [18]–[20]. The on-time, Ton , of the conventional COT
functions with SFL function will produce dramatic current dis- method is proportional to Vcom p , which is produced by the
tortion [15]. The operation waveforms with VS function and error amplifier of output voltage feedback loop. Ton and Vcom p
SFL function are shown in Fig. 7(a). The average inductor are almost constant because the bandwidth of feedback loop is
current over the kth switching cycle, < iL >T s (k), will drop narrow. However, the actual input current is not proportional
suddenly because the resonance between L and Cds will reso- to the sinusoidal utility voltage even though Ton is constant,
nant more cycle(s) when the switching frequency fs reaches the due to the reasons mentioned in Section II. Hence, many on-
limitation, 1/Ts,m in . time compensation methods have been proposed to solve these
The input current of boost PFC converter with ZVS/VS func- problems.
tion and SFL function can be derived from (6) to (14) but the
TR 2 should be modified as (19), where the TX is the summation
A. Variable On-Time (VOT) Control
of Ton , TR 1 and TD . Its input current in a half utility cycle

plotted by MATLAB is shown in Fig. 7(b), which is compared The on-time, Ton , of the converter with conventional VOT
to the current operated in the ideal CRM with the same RMS control is not a constant. It uses an inverse VC in signal to achieve
value. Comparing to these curves shown in Fig. 6, the suddenly the on-time compensation [18], [19]. Its conceptual block

⎧ √ √
⎨ π LCds Ts,m in < TX + π LCds
TR2 = (19)
⎩ (2k + 1) π √LC √ √
TX + (2k − 1) π LCds < Ts,m in < TX + (2k + 1) π LCds , k ∈ N +
ds

Authorized licensed use limited to: National Taiwan University. Downloaded on December 31,2024 at 08:06:27 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
CHEN AND CHEN: LINE CURRENT DISTORTION COMPENSATION FOR DCM/CRM BOOST PFC CONVERTERS 2031

Fig. 8. Conceptual block diagram of VOT control.

diagram is shown in Fig. 8, where n and m are constant multi- Fig. 9. ACM control block diagrams for constant frequency CCM/DCM boost
PFC converters.
ples and Vcom p is almost constant due to the narrow bandwidth
of voltage feedback loop. From Fig. 8, the compensated on-
time of VOT control can be represented as (20).Therefore, the
negative current caused by ZCS and ZVS/VS functions can
be compensated and the THD of input current will be im-
proved [18], [19]. On the other hand, another method, eCOT
control, which is also a kind of VOT control, has been proposed
with different control block diagram [20]. It can also produce a
VOT to compensate the distortion caused by negative inductive
current

Ton = n (Vcom p − mVC in ) . (20)
However, the formula derivation presented in [16] indicates
that the compensated on-time should be equal to a third-order Fig. 10. Proposed ABVOT control block diagrams for the CRM boost PFC
converter with ZCS/ZVS/VS/SFL functions.
equation to achieve a pure sinusoidal input current compensa-
tion. Unfortunately, it is impractical to produce this theoretical
reference with linear ICs, but a powerful DSP is needed. Be- and the average inductor current IL ,avg can follow the Iref to
sides, this third-order compensation equation cannot be adopted become a sinusoidal waveform
for converters which have ZCS/ZVS/VS and SFL functions Iref = mVC in × Vcom p . (21)
simultaneously because the required compensated on-time is
changed suddenly when the switching frequency meets limita-
tion. For these reasons, the ACM control becomes the best and C. Proposed ACM-Based VOT Control
easiest solution to achieve the compensation.
In order to maintain the advantage of ACM control, this pa-
per proposes an ACM-based VOT (ABVOT) control for the
B. ACM Control
DCM/CRM boost PFC converter. The proposed ABVOT control
The ACM control is commonly seen in continuous conduc- is a fusion of the conventional VOT control and the ACM con-
tion mode (CCM) boost PFC converters. Also, it has been trol. Its functional block diagram is shown in Fig. 10. The cur-
applied to the constant frequency DCM boost PFC converter rent feedback loop of ACM control produces a signal Vcontrol ,
[13]. However, the ACM control has not been adopted for the which contains the information of on-time modification. By
CRM boost PFC converter with ZCS/ZVS/VS/SFL functions to combing the on-time modification signal with the original on-

compensate its distorted current. Theoretically, the ACM con- time generated from Vcom p , the compensated on-time, Ton ,
trol can be adopted for DCM/CRM boost PFC converters with can be produced. Therefore, the input current distortion caused
ZCS/ZVS/VS/SFL functions if it has a good current reference. by ZCS/ZVS/VS and SFL functions will be compensated and
The block diagram of conventional ACM control for PFC the inductor current IL ,avg can follow the reference signal Iref ,
converters is shown in Fig. 9, which is usually used in a con- which is similar to the CCM/DCM boost PFC converter with
stant frequency CCM/DCM boost PFC converter. In Fig. 9, the the conventional ACM control.
VC in is multiplied by a constant m to produce a modified VC in . A typical sinusoidal reference waveform, Iref , of the ACM
The IL ,avg is the average feedback inductor current, Vcom p is control and ABVOT control is shown in Fig. 11. It reveals that
produced by error amplifier of output voltage feedback loop and the Iref is almost constant in the two circled regions because
which is almost constant. The Vcontrol is the output of the cur- the VC in is not discharged completely in the zero-conduction
rent loop error amplifier and it is used to generate the switching angle, θzc , and produces the reverse bias voltage on the bridge
signal vgs . The current reference Iref is determined by Vcom p diodes [15], [17], [18], [21]. The θzc always exists in DCM/CRM
and mVC in , as shown in (21). Theoretically, the Iref produced boost PFC converter no matter which control method is adopted.
by the multiplier in the ACM control is proportional to VC in However, the ACM control can achieve smaller θzc because its

Authorized licensed use limited to: National Taiwan University. Downloaded on December 31,2024 at 08:06:27 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
2032 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 31, NO. 3, MARCH 2016

Fig. 11. Waveform of current reference Ire f produced by multiplier in ACM Fig. 13. Waveform of current reference Ire f produced by one S/H circuit.
control and ABVOT control.

Fig. 14. Conceptual waveforms of the modified S/H method with trigger
timing at 0 and T o n /2.
Fig. 12. Conceptual waveforms of the proposed S/H method with trigger
timing at T o n /2.

waveform. Comparing the curve shown in Fig. 13 to the current

on-time is increased continuously by error amplifier when there reference produced by multiplier shown in Fig. 11, it is obvi-
is a difference between Iref and IL ,avg . ous that the reference current produced by one S/H circuit will
The main advantage of ABVOT control is to achieve a low lead to high current distortion. For this reason, the proposed
input current THD even the converter has ZCS/ZVS/VS and SFL S/H method should be modified to solve the problem caused by
functions simultaneously. The proposed ABVOT control can be negative inductor current
realized by an analog IC. However, a multiplier is needed for the Ton
conventional ACM control. In order to maintain the advantage Iref = Ineg + VC in . (22)
2L
of low THD using ABVOT control, the cost-effective sample
and hold (S/H) method based on the COT control is proposed The (5) can be modified as an integration form with time
in this paper to replace the multiplier which is a big obstacle for interval from 0 to Ton /2, as shown in (23). This integration form
IC cost reduction. reveals that the difference of inductor current between 0 and
Ton /2 can provide the required reference current information
IV. PROPOSED S/H METHOD for the CRM boost PFC converter. Because the information is
Ideally, the average inductor current of the COT CRM boost produced by the differential value, it will not be affected by the
PFC converter is a sinusoidal waveform and can be expressed negative inductor current. Therefore, the modified S/H method
as (5). The VC in in (5) can be treated as a constant value over a adopts two S/H circuits to sample two inductor current values
switching cycle, and the rising slope of inductor current, VC in /L, at different timing points
is also constant during Ton period. It reveals that the information  T on  
Ton 2 VC in
of inductor current at the middle point, Ton /2, should be equal If = VC in = dt = Iref . (23)
2L 0 L
to the average current of the switching cycle and it can be used
to generate the reference current Iref . For this reason, the S/H The conceptual waveforms of the modified current sensing
method is proposed to catch the information of inductor current method with two S/H circuits are shown in Fig. 14. Two S/H
at Ton /2. circuits are triggered by their trigger signal, Trig1 and Trig2,
The conceptual waveforms of the proposed S/H method used to obtain two values, S/H 1 and S/H 2, at different timing, 0
for a CRM boost PFC converter are shown in Fig. 12. In Fig. 12, and Ton /2, respectively. By using these two values, the cur-
the S/H circuit is triggered by a trigger signal, Trig, to samples rent reference Iref can be produced from the difference of S/H
the inductor current. Unfortunately, because of the negative in- 1 and S/H 2. The computer simulation of the current refer-
ductor current caused by ZCS/ZVS/VS functions, the current ence produced by the modified method is shown in Fig. 15. By
reference produce by the S/H circuit is not equal to (5) but equal comparing Fig. 15 to 11, it shows that the reference currents
to (22). A typical Iref waveform produced by one S/H circuit is produced by the modified S/H method is almost equal to the ref-
shown in Fig. 13, which is not equal to the desired sinusoidal erence produced by multiplier. It verifies that the modified S/H

Authorized licensed use limited to: National Taiwan University. Downloaded on December 31,2024 at 08:06:27 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
CHEN AND CHEN: LINE CURRENT DISTORTION COMPENSATION FOR DCM/CRM BOOST PFC CONVERTERS 2033

Fig. 15. Waveform of current reference Ire f produced by the modified S/H
method with two S/H circuits.

Fig. 17. Conceptual waveforms of the noise-immunity S/H method with trig-
ger timing at t and t + T o n /n.

Fig. 16. Overall block diagram of the ABVOT control with the modified S/H
method.

method can replace the multiplier in conventional ACM control Fig. 18. Overall block diagram of the ABVOT control with the noise-
and ABVOT control to generate a desired current reference. immunity S/H method.
Theoretically, the performance of the boost PFC converter
with the proposed S/H method should be equal to the one with
the multiplier, because the reference current Iref produced by the Ton period. Figs. 17 and 18 show the conceptual waveforms and
proposed S/H method is equal to the one produced by the mul- overall block diagram of the noise-immunity S/H method with
tiplier. Because the current references are almost identical, the trigger timing at t and (t + Ton /N). To obtain the correct value
input current waveforms and stability of the boost PFC convert- of Iref when the time interval between two S/H trigger signals
ers with different methods should be the same while using the is Ton /N, the feedback value of filtered inductor current used
same current feedback loop. In addition, because the output volt- to perform the ABVOT control should be multiplied by 2/N, as
age feedback loop has a relatively narrower bandwidth, only the shown in (25). For example, if N is equal to 4, the feedback
current feedback loop will affect the transient response of boost filtered inductor current should be divided by 2 before it is used
PFC converter. Since the ABVOT control with the S/H method for the ABVOT control.
and conventional ACM control with the multiplier method have The proposed noise-immunity S/H method can be triggered
the same current feedback loop, the transient response of these at the proper timing to avoid the noise interference produced
two methods should be the same. at the switching transient so the accuracy of the sampled value
The overall block diagram of the proposed control method is can be increased. In addition, the proposed noise-immunity S/H
shown in Fig. 16, in which, Vcom p represents the information method is not only used to replace the multiplier to reduce
of original on-time generation and Vcontrol is the information the cost when the proposed control method is implemented
of on-time modification. The summation of these two values by analog circuit, but also can reduce the effect of negative

produces the compensated on-time, Ton , to achieve low THD. inductor current. For these reasons, the IK can be produced
However, there is one value, S/H 1, sampled at the switching correctly from the distorted inductor current and used to replace
transient. In practice, noises can be easily induced during the the output of multiplier in the conventional ACM control
switching transient. These ringing noises will affect the accuracy
of the sampled value and distort the Iref . For this reason, a  t+ TNo n  
Ton N VC in
better approach is proposed to improve the performance of the If = VC in = dt, N ≥ 2
2L 2 t L
modified S/H method.
(24), which is modified from (23), describes the concept of (24)
the noise-immunity S/H method. In (24), N is a constant value  t+ TNo n  
2 VC in
greater than or equal to 2, and its integral interval is from t to If = dt
N t L
(t + Ton /N). It implies that the S/H circuits can be triggered to
sample values at any time while the integral interval is within the = S/H 2 − S/H 1 = ΔI = Iref , N ≥ 2. (25)

Authorized licensed use limited to: National Taiwan University. Downloaded on December 31,2024 at 08:06:27 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
2034 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 31, NO. 3, MARCH 2016

TABLE II
SPECIFICATIONS OF THE BOOST PFC CONVERTER

Input voltage 90–240 Vr m s

Output voltage 400 Vd c

Max output power 200 W
L 1 mH
Cou t 220 μF
Cd s 60 pF
Cin 110 nF
Functions ZVS/VS/SFL (67 kHz)
Trigger timing T o n /4 and T o n /2

However, when the converter is operated in very low power

level with extremely low on-time, the S/H method may not work
very well because of the circuit’s delay time. When the circuit’s
delay time is larger than the on-time, the wrong value will be
sampled. Eventually, the current reference is not correct and the
input current waveform will be distorted. However, the current
distortion is of no concern at very low power level. On the other
hand, although the current reference has the distortion at very
low power level, the current feedback loop and output voltage
feedback loop are still functional. Therefore, the boost PFC
converter will be under control when the on-time is extremely
low.

V. SIMULATIONS AND EXPERIMENT RESULTS

Fig. 19. Simulated input current waveforms with ZVS/VS and SFL functions:
To verify the performance of the proposed method, the elec- (a) with the conventional COT control, (b) with the conventional VOT control,
tric circuit simulation software SIMPLS is used to simulate a (c) with the proposed ABVOT control using S/H method.
200-W boost PFC converter with ZVS/VS and SFL functions.
The specifications of the simulation circuit and the hardware
prototype are shown in Table II. For the hardware experiment,
there is only one prototype circuit with two different control
functions: with the conventional COT control and with the pro-
posed ABVOT control using noise-immunity S/H method. Their
waveforms are measured by the oscilloscope, Agilent Technique
DSO7014, and their PF and THD are measured by the power
meter, YOKOGAWA WT1800.
The simulated waveforms of input current Iin for a CRM
boost PFC converter with ZVS/VS and SFL functions during a
half cycle of ac mains are shown in Fig. 19. The one for using
conventional COT control is shown in Fig. 19(a). Fig. 19(b)
shows the input current waveform with conventional VOT con-
trol and Fig. 19 (c) shows the one with the proposed ABVOT
control using noise-immunity S/H method. Due to the ZVS/VS Fig. 20. Waveform of current reference Ire f produced by the proposed noise-
and SFL functions, the input currents shown in Fig. 19(a) immunity S/H method (upper: input voltage; middle: current reference; lower:
input current).
and (b) have abrupt changes. However, Fig. 19(c) does not show
the abrupt current changes phenomenon. These three figures
verify that the proposed ABVOT control with the S/H method
has the ability to compensate the distorted input current. verted into a digital one. The digital value of Iref is obtained by
For the hardware experiment, the performance of the pro- performing the subtraction in the DSP. Then, the digital value of
posed noise-immunity S/H method could be verified first. Al- Iref is converted to an analog value and is used as the current ref-
though the proposed S/H method can be easily realized by an erence for the compensation. By using this approach, three key
analog IC, for the prototype circuit, the ADC module of a low waveforms are measured and shown in Fig. 20. They illustrate
cost DSP (dsPIC33FJ16GS502) is used to implement the S/H that the current reference, Iref , produced by noise-immunity
function. By using the ADC module, the analog value is con- S/H method is almost proportional to the absolute input voltage,

Authorized licensed use limited to: National Taiwan University. Downloaded on December 31,2024 at 08:06:27 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
CHEN AND CHEN: LINE CURRENT DISTORTION COMPENSATION FOR DCM/CRM BOOST PFC CONVERTERS 2035

Fig. 22. Input voltage and current waveforms for 220 Vrm s /100 W (upper:
Fig. 21. Input voltage and current waveforms for 220 Vrm s /200 W (upper: input voltage; lower: input current): (a) with conventional COT control, (b) with
input voltage; lower: input current): (a) with conventional COT control, (b) with proposed ABVOT control.
proposed ABVOT control.

converter and the input currents are distorted by the ZVS/VS

Vin , when the converter is operated in conventional COT control and SFL functions. The abrupt input current changes are mainly
(the ABVOT control loop is disable) with distorted input cur- caused by the SFL function. Fig. 22(a) shows severe input cur-
rent. Fig. 20 also reveals that the proposed noise-immunity S/H rent distortion because of the higher switching frequency under
method can replace the multiplier successfully and the nondis- light load condition.
torted current reference can be used to perform the proposed On the other hand, Figs. 21(b) and 22(b) show the measured
ABVOT control strategy. waveforms when the proposed ABVOT control is applied to the
Since the ZVS/VS and SFL functions are related to the input same prototype converter. It can be seen that the input current
voltage and the output power, different operation conditions are distortion can be compensated as expected. However, the SFL
required to verify the performance of the proposed compensa- function will cause the abrupt current change if the boost PFC
tion method. The measured input voltage and current waveforms converter does not have the proposed compensation method.
of the prototype DCM/CRM boost PFC converter with ZVS/VS When the proposed compensation method try to regulate the
and SFL functions under different input voltages, high line volt- abrupt current change, the unavoidable slight overshoot and
age (220 Vrm s ) and low line voltage (110 Vrm s ), and different ringing will occur. This overshoot current and ringing causes
load conditions, heavy load (200 W) and light load (100 W), are the slight distortion. It can be improved by designing a better
shown in Figs. 21 through 24. error amplifier in the current control loop. On the other hand, the
For high line voltage or light load conditions, the prototype input current distortion near the zero-crossing point is caused
converter will be operated within a relatively higher witching by the capacitor of the EMI filter, which will produce the phase
frequency range so the SFL function will be triggered frequently. leading current and result in the current distortion [20], [22].
Figs. 21 and 22 show the measured waveforms for high line volt- Figs. 23 and 24 show the measured waveforms for low line
age cases with different control strategies. In both Figs. 21(a) and voltage cases. Since the prototype converter is operated within
22(a), the conventional COT control are applied to the prototype a lower switching frequency range under low line voltage, the

Authorized licensed use limited to: National Taiwan University. Downloaded on December 31,2024 at 08:06:27 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
2036 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 31, NO. 3, MARCH 2016

Fig. 23. Input voltage and current waveforms for 110 Vrm s /200 W (upper: Fig. 24. Input voltage and current waveforms for 110 Vrm s /100 W (upper:
input voltage; lower: input current): (a) with conventional COT control, (b) with input voltage; lower: input current): (a) with conventional COT control, (b) with
proposed ABVOT control. proposed ABVOT control.

abrupt current change caused by the SFL function is not obvi-

ous. However, the ZVS/VS function will still cause the input
current distortion. Similarly, the proposed ABVOT control can
achieve better input current regulation than the conventional
COT control does. Because of the low line voltage and heavy
load condition, the input current has relatively larger ripples as
shown in Fig. 23. This can be improved by design a better input
filter or operating at higher switching frequency range. Since
the purpose of the prototype converter is to verify the validity of
the proposed ABVOT control strategy, the improvement of the
circuit performance is not included in the scope of this paper.
The measured input current THD using the conventional COT
control or the proposed ABVOT control under different line volt-
age and load conditions are shown in Fig. 25(a) and (b). It can
be seen that the proposed ABVOT control can always achieve
lower THD under different operation conditions. These exper-
imental results verify that the proposed noise-immunity S/H
method can eliminate the need of the multiplier to generate the
desired current reference. Also, the proposed ABVOT control
for the DCM/CRM boost PFC converter with desired ZVS/VS Fig. 25. Measured input current THD under various operation conditions.
and SFL functions can achieve lower input current THD under (a) Input voltage is 220 Vrm s . (b) Input voltage is 110 Vrm s .
various operation conditions.

Authorized licensed use limited to: National Taiwan University. Downloaded on December 31,2024 at 08:06:27 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
CHEN AND CHEN: LINE CURRENT DISTORTION COMPENSATION FOR DCM/CRM BOOST PFC CONVERTERS 2037

VI. CONCLUSION LIT R 1

TD = . (A6)
This paper proposes a line current distortion compensation Vout − VC in (k)
method, the ABVOT control, for the DCM/CRM boost PFC In order to calculate IT R 1 , TR 1 , and TD , the time domain
converter with ZCS/ZVS/VS/SFL functions. Also, the main function of vC ds and iL in TR 1 interval should be solved first by
reasons of line current distortion caused by ZCS/ZVS/VS/SFL using the differential equation (A7). By solving (A7), the vC ds
functions are fully analyzed in this paper. The conventional and iL can be derived as (A8) and (A9). Due to the fact that
VOT control cannot be adopted for the DCM/CRM boost PFC vC ds is equal to Vout while t is equal to TR 1 , the TR 1 can be
converter with ZCS/ZVS/VS and SFL functions simultaneously derived as (11). In addition, the iL will be equal to IT R 1 when
because its compensated on-time is just an inverse sinusoidal t is equal to TR 1 , so IT R 1 can be derived. Then the (A5) can be
waveform. To compensate the distorted line current caused by derived as (9) and (A6) can be derived as (12)
ZCS/ZVS/VS/SFL functions, the ACM-based control method is
d2 vC ds 1 1
the best solution. For this reason, this paper proposes an ABVOT 2
+ vC ds = VC in (k) (A7)
control strategy, which will always produce the desired compen- dt LCds LCds
 
sated on-time, to compensate the distorted line current. Further- 1
vC ds = VC in (k) − VC in (k) cos √ t
more, this paper also proposed a COT-based noise-immunity LCds
S/H method to increase the accuracy of sampled value and to    
replace the multiplier, which is always needed for ACM-based L Ton 1
+ Ineg + VC in (k) sin √ t
control. The simulations and experimental results verify that Cds L LCds
the performance of the proposed ABVOT control with noise- (A8)
immunity S/H method.  
Cds 1
iL = VC in (k) sin √ t
APPENDIX L LCds
   
The detail derivation processes of (6) through (14) and the Ton 1
+ Ineg + VC in (k) cos √ t . (A9)
time intervals TR 2 for ZVS and VS functions, which are shown L LCds
in (17) and (18), are shown in this section. The electric charges
After TD , the energy in Cds will be resonated back to Cin
QX of (6) in X time interval can be derived as (A1). During
during TR 2 interval. By solving the differential equation of L
Ton interval, the slope of inductor current is VC in (k)/L, so the
and Cds in TR 2 interval, the time domain function of vC ds can
electric charges QT on can be derived as (A2), in which the
be derived as (A10). Therefore, the electric charges QT R 2 can
Ineg is the initial value of inductor current while the switch is
be derived as (A11) and becomes (10), eventually. On the other
turning on. When the switch is turned off, the L and Cds begin
hand, the Ineg also can be derived as (A12) and equal to (14) by
to resonate during TR 1 interval. Therefore, the QT R 1 in TR 1
using (A10)
region can be derived as (A3) because the vC ds will be charged  
from 0 to Vout 1
vC ds = VC in (k) − (VC in (k) − Vout ) cos √ t
 t+X LCds
QX = Cds ΔvC ds = iL dt (A1) (A10)
t
    
To n
VC in (k) QTR2 = Cds vC ds |t=T R 2 − Vout
QTon = Ineg +
L
t dt    
0 TR2
= Cds (Vout − VC in (k)) cos √ −1
T2on LCds
= Ineg Ton + VC in (k) (A2)
2L (A11)

QT R 1 = Cds Vout . (A3) dvC ds 
Ineg = Cds
At the end of the resonance between L and Cds , the inductor dt t=T R 2
current iL will be resonated to IT R 1 . Then, iL will be decreased  
from IT R 1 to 0 with slope M2 shown in (1) during TD inter- Cds T
= − (Vout − VC in (k)) sin √ R2 .
val, where its time domain function can be derived as (A4). L LCds
Therefore, the charges QT D can be derived as (A5) and equal (A12)
to IT R 1 TD /2. From (A5), the TD can be derived as (A6)
The resonant interval TR 2 can also be derived from (A10) and
Vout − VC in (k) it is related to the soft-switching functions. For the conventional
iL = IT R 1 − M2 t = IT R 1 − t (A4)
L ZCD method, the switch will be turned on again when vC ds ,
  
TD
VC in (k) − Vout which is shown in (A10), is equal to VC in (k). Therefore, the
QT D = IT R 1 − t dt TR 2 of conventional ZCD method can be derived from (A13)
0 L
and be equal to (13). However, for the ZVS function, the switch
1 Vout − VC in (k) 2 1 will be turned on while vC ds is decreased to 0. For this reason,
= IT R 1 TD − TD = IT R 1 TD
2 L 2 the TR 2 of ZVS function can be derived from (A14) and be
(A5) equal to (17). In addition, for the VS function, the switch will
Authorized licensed use limited to: National Taiwan University. Downloaded on December 31,2024 at 08:06:27 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
2038 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 31, NO. 3, MARCH 2016

be turned on while the vC ds is resonated to the lowest value. It [15] L. Huber, B. T. Irving, and M. M. Jovanovic, “Effect of valley switch-
means that the T ing and switching-frequency limitation on line-current distortions of
√R 2 is equal to a half of the resonant period of DCM/CCM boundary boost PFC converters,” IEEE Trans. Power Elec-
L and Cds , 2π LCds . Therefore, the TR 2 of VS function is tron., vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 339–347, Feb. 2009.
equal to (18) [16] S.-H. Tang, Dan Chen, C.-S. Huang, C.-Y. Liu, and K.-H. Liu, “A new
  on-time adjustment scheme for the reduction of input current distortion
1 of critical-mode power factor correction boost converters,” in Proc. IEEE
VC in (k) − (VC in (k) − Vout ) cos √ TR2 Int. Power Electron. Conf., 2010, pp. 1717–1724.
LCds [17] J.-S. Lai and D. Chen, “Design consideration for power factor correction
(A13) boost converter operating at the boundary of continuous conduction mode
and discontinuous conduction mode,” in Proc. IEEE Appl. Power Electron.
VC in (k)VC in (k) Conf. Expo., 1993, pp. 267–273.
  [18] J.-C. Tsai, C.-L. Chen, Y.-T. Chen, C.-L. Ni, C.-Y. Chen, and K.-H. Chen,
1 “Perturbation on-time (POT) technique in power factor correction (PFC)
− (VC in (k) − Vout ) cos √ TR 2 = 0. (A14) controller for low total harmonic distortion and high power factor,” IEEE
LCds Trans. Power Electron., vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 199–212, Jan. 2013.
[19] J. W. Kim, S. M. Choi, and K. T. Kim, “Variable on-time control of the
REFERENCES critical conduction mode boost power factor correction converter to im-
prove zero-crossing distortion,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Power Electron.
[1] W. Cheng, J. Song, H. Li, and Y. Guo, “Time-varying compensation Drives Syst., 2005, pp. 1542–1546.
for peak current-controlled PFC boost converter,” IEEE Trans. Power [20] A. Bianco, C. Adragna, and G. Scappatura, “Enhanced constant-on-time
Electron., vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 3431–3437, Jun. 2015. control for DCM/CCM boundary boost PFC pre-regulators: Implementa-
[2] A. Sanchez, A. de Castro, V. M. Lopez, F. J. Azcondo, and J. Garrido, tion and performance evaluation,” in Proc. IEEE Appl. Power Electron.
“Single ADC digital PFC controller using precalculated duty cycles,” Conf. Expo., 2014, pp. 69–75.
IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 996–1005, Feb. 2014. [21] V. Vlatkovic, D. Borojevic, and F. C. Lee, “Input filter design for power
[3] Q. Ji, X. Ruan, and Z. Ye, “The worst conducted EMI spectrum of critical factor correction circuits,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 11, no. 1,
conduction mode boost PFC converter,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., pp. 199–205, Jan. 1996.
vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 1230–1241, Mar. 2015. [22] Cheng Zhang, “A PFC with high power factor at low load or high
[4] H. S. Kim, J. K. Kim, K. B. Park, H. W. Seong, G. W. Moon, and mains voltage,” in Proc. IEEE Appl. Power Electron. Conf. Expo., 2011,
M. J. Youn, “On/off control of boost PFC converters to improve light- pp. 56–59.
load efficiency in paralleled power supply units for servers,” IEEE Trans.
Ind. Electron., vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 1235–1242, Mar. 2014.
[5] L. Huber, Yungtaek Jang, and M. M. Jovanovic, “Performance evaluation
of bridgeless PFC boost rectifiers,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 23,
no. 3, pp. 1381–1390, May 2008.
[6] C. W. Clark, F. Musavi, and W. Eberle, “Digital DCM detection and mixed
conduction mode control for boost PFC converters,” IEEE Trans. Power Yang-Lin Chen (S’11) was born in Tainan, Taiwan,
Electron., vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 347–355, Jan. 2014. in 1986. He received the B.S. degree in electrical engi-
[7] Y. S. Kim, W. Y. Sung, and B. K. Lee, “Comparative performance anal- neering from the National Taiwan University, Taipei,
ysis of high density and efficiency PFC topologies,” IEEE Trans. Power Taiwan, in 2010, where he is currently working to-
Electron., vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 2666–2679, Jun. 2014. ward the Ph.D. degree.
[8] J. W. Kim, H. S. Youn, and G. W. Moon, “A digitally controlled critical His current research interests include power factor
mode boost power factor corrector with optimized additional on time and corrector, battery charger and PV power system.
reduced circulating losses,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 30, no. 6,
pp. 3447–3456, Jun. 2015.
[9] K. I. Hwu, H. W. Chen, and Y. T. Yau, “Fully digitalized implementation
of PFC rectifier in CCM without ADC,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron.,
vol. 27, no. 9, pp. 4021–4029, Sep. 2012.
[10] J. Zhang, J. Shao, P. Xu, F. C. Lee, and M. M. Jovanovic, “Evaluation
of input current in the critical mode boost PFC converter for distributed
power systems,” in Proc. IEEE Appl. Power Electron. Conf. Expo., 2001,
pp. 130–136. Yaow-Ming Chen (S’96–M’98–SM’05) received the
[11] M. Gotfryd, “Limits in boost power factor corrector operating in border- B.S. degree from National Cheng-Kung University,
line mode,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 1330–1335, Tainan, Taiwan, and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from
Nov. 2003. the University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA, in
[12] K.-H. Liu and Y.-L. Lin, “Current waveform distortion in power factor 1989, 1993, and 1997, respectively, all in electrical
correction circuits employing discontinuous-mode boost converters,” in engineering.
Proc. IEEE Power Elecron. Spec. Conf., 1989, pp. 825–829. From 1997 to 2000, he was with I-Shou Univer-
[13] J.W. Shin and B. H. Cho, “Digitally implemented average current-mode sity, Taiwan, as an Assistant Professor. From 2000
control in discontinuous conduction mode PFC rectifier,” IEEE Trans. to 2008, he was with National Chung Cheng Uni-
Power Electron., vol. 27, no. 7, pp. 3363–3373, Jul. 2012. versity, Taiwan. In 2008, he joined National Taiwan
[14] W.-C. Cheng and C.-L. Chen, “Optimal lowest-voltage-switching for University, Taipei, Taiwan, where he is currently a
boundary mode power factor correction converters,” IEEE Trans. Power Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering. His research interests
Electron., vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 1042–1049, Feb. 2015. include power electronic converters and renewable energy.

Authorized licensed use limited to: National Taiwan University. Downloaded on December 31,2024 at 08:06:27 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.