Unit 3: Math for AI (Statistics & Probability)

1. What is the purpose of Activity 1 in the notes?

A) Learning how to read data B) Observing and analyzing numbers to find patterns
C) Solving word puzzles D) Practicing AI coding Answer: B
2. Which mathematical concept is mentioned as essential for AI?
A) Geometry B) Calculus C) TrigonometryD) Algebraic expressions Answer: B
3. What is the main learning objective of Unit 3?
A) Creating AI algorithms B) Discussing applications of mathematics in AI C) Coding practice in Python D) Machine learning
project implementation Answer: B
4. Which of the following is not a key mathematical concept for AI mentioned in the document?
A) Linear Algebra B) Probability C) Geometry D) Statistics Answer: C
5. What does the document state about the relationship between math and AI?
A) AI has no use for math B) Math is needed to recognize patterns in AI
C) Math is only used for training AI models D) AI is unrelated to mathematical principles Answer: B
6. What is an example provided for the use of statistics in the document?
A) Calculating the weight of objects B) Predicting weather conditions C) Determining angles of a triangle
D) Solving algebraic equations Answer: B
7. According to the document, why is understanding math important for AI?
A) It helps in learning multiple languages B) It is essential for pattern recognition
C) It improves artistic capabilities D) It is only needed for hardware development Answer: B
8. What does the document define as the main use of probability in AI?
A) Calculating interest rates B) Predicting different events
C) Learning programming languages D) Creating visual arts Answer: B
9. Which of the following represents a type of event in probability as described in the document?
A) Definite event B) Certain event C) Singular event D) Double event Answer: B
10. What is the probability of picking a red ball from a bag containing only blue balls, as per the document?
A) 1 B) 0 C) 0.5 D) 2 Answer: B
11. What term is used in the document to describe an event that will never happen?
A) Certain B) Unlikely C) Impossible D) Likely Answer: C
12. In the example of predicting the result of a coin toss, what is the probability of getting tails?
A) 1/3 B) 2/3 C) 1/2 D) 1 Answer: C
13. What type of events have the same probability of occurring as per the document?
A) Equal probability events B) Singular probability events C) Different probability events D) Definite probability events
Answer: A
14. What is an example given in the document for a real-life application of statistics?
A) Writing essays B) Calculating exam scores C) Predicting sports performance D) Solving crossword puzzles Answer: C
15. What mathematical concept is used to find the middle value of a data set?
A) Geometry B) Calculus C) Statistics D) Trigonometry Answer: C
16. According to the document, which type of analysis helps AI understand data better?
A) Descriptive analysis B) Linear analysis C) Data cleaning D) Data exploration Answer: D
17. Which real-life example of probability application is mentioned in traffic estimation?
A) Deciding when to exercise B) Planning vacations C) Estimating travel time based on conditions D) Organizing city
events Answer: C
18. What is the purpose of Activity 5 as stated in the document?
A) Practicing coding skills B) Implementing data collection and interpretation
C) Learning software installation D) Designing new AI algorithms Answer: B
19. What does the document describe as a common result when analyzing data using statistics?
A) Finding hidden variables B) Identifying the most common value
C) Creating graphics D) Designing complex equations Answer: B
20. Which of the following is an example of a likely event?
A) Picking a red ball from a bag with only blue balls B) Rain occurring in a desert
C) Getting a heads in a fair coin toss D) Snow in tropical regions Answer: C
21. How does the document define statistics?
A) The study of numbers and figures B) The collection, exploration, and analysis of data
C) The creation of geometric patterns D) The application of logic in arguments
Answer: B 22. Which application of probability is given in relation to weather forecasting?
A) Calculating temperatures precisely B) Predicting rain or clear skies
C) Organizing seasonal sales D) Conducting surveys Answer: B
23. What is the mathematical activity involved in “finding out unknown or missing values”?
A) Probability B) Linear Algebra C) Geometry D) Arithmetic Answer: B
24. What does the term “certain event” mean in probability as per the document?
A) An event with no chance of happening B) An event that will definitely happen
C) An event with a minimal chance of occurring D) An event that is rare Answer: B
25. Which concept is used by AI to make decisions, as highlighted in the document?
A) Recognizing colors B) Identifying patterns C) Counting occurrences D) Learning languages Answer: B
26. What example of statistics use is mentioned in disaster management?
A) Identifying safe routes B) Alerting citizens in potentially affected areas
C) Calculating building heights D) Organizing rescue drills Answer: B
27. According to the document, what is one of the first steps in using statistics?
A) Drawing graphs B) Data collection C) Coding algorithms D) Creating surveys Answer: B
28. What application of probability in sports is provided in the document?
A) Calculating the weight of players B) Estimating batting averages in cricket
C) Analyzing playing field dimensions D) Organizing practice schedules Answer: B
29. Which statement about AI and pattern recognition is true according to the document?
A) AI does not recognize patterns in language B) AI is only used for numerical data
C) AI can recognize patterns in images, text, and numbers D) AI cannot solve puzzles Answer: C
30. What type of event is described as having no chance of occurring?
A) Likely event B) Certain event C) Impossible event D) Equal probability event Answer: C
31. What is the probability of an event occurring if it is deemed “certain”?
A) 0 B) 0.5 C) 1 D) 2 Answer: C
32. In the context of the document, what mathematical operation helps improve AI models?
A) Geometry proofs B) Calculus operations C) Simple arithmetic D) Logical reasoning Answer: B
33. Which of these is an example of an unlikely event as per the document?
A) A 50% chance of rain B) Winning a national lottery C) Picking a marble from a full bag D) Flipping a fair coin Answer: B
34. How is probability defined in the document?
A) The ratio of total outcomes to favorable outcomes B) The likelihood of an event happening
C) A way to express percentages D) The certainty of repeated events Answer: B
35. What is a common use of statistics in sports as mentioned?
A) Calculating ticket sales B) Measuring the field dimensions C) Predicting player performance
D) Designing sports equipment Answer: C
36. According to the document, why is data analysis important for AI?
A) It helps create visual presentations B) It aids in understanding data for decision-making
C) It speeds up processing power D) It reduces the complexity of algorithms Answer: B
37. What does the document say about certain events?
A) They never happen B) They have a probability of 0.5 C) They will definitely happen D) They are unpredictable Answer: C
38. Which mathematical concept is highlighted as useful for exploring data?
A) Geometry B) Trigonometry C) Statistics D) Algebra Answer: C
39. What is the main purpose of using calculus in AI, as described in the document?
A) Drawing graphs B) Training and improving AI modelsC) Simplifying algorithms D) Designing new hardware Answer: B
40. What is an example of using statistics for disease prediction mentioned in the document?
A) Monitoring vaccination effectiveness B) Designing new hospitals C) Organizing global health conferences
D) Calculating patient weight Answer: A
41. Which term is used to describe when two outcomes have the same chance of happening?
A) Balanced event B) Certain event C) Equal probability event D) Zero probability event Answer: C
42. In the document, what outcome is stated when a coin is tossed?
A) A 100% chance of landing heads B) An equal chance of heads or tails C) A guaranteed result of heads D) No clear
outcome Answer: B
43. What activity in the document focuses on implementing data collection and analysis?
A) Problem-solving in coding B) Car spotting and tabulating C) Drawing geometric figures
D) Creating bar graphs Answer: B
44. What is the purpose of using statistics for weather forecasting?
A) Improving air quality B) Predicting weather events C) Reducing wind speed D) Calculating rainfall totals Answer: B
45. What is an example of a “likely event” according to the document?
A) Flipping a coin and getting tails B) Finding a four-leaf clover on the first try
C) Rain during a desert drought D) Drawing a winning lottery ticket Answer: A
46. Which concept is associated with finding out unknown values in a data set?
A) Probability B) Geometry C) Linear Algebra D) Trigonometry Answer: C
47. What is an impossible event as defined in the document?
A) One that has a 50% chance of happening B) An event that will never happen
C) An event that happens every time D) An event with unknown probability Answer: B
48. How does AI use statistics according to the document?
A) For visual enhancements B) To explore and analyze data C) To simplify communication D) For designing hardware Answer: B
49. What is a real-life use of probability in traffic estimation mentioned in the document?
A) Analyzing air pollution B) Predicting traffic congestion at specific timesC) Mapping new roads D) Monitoring traffic cameras
Answer: B
50. What is an equal probability event as described in the document?
A) One event has a higher chance than another B) Both outcomes have the same likelihood
C) The event is guaranteed D) The event will never happen Answer: B
Short Answered Questions:
1. What is the main purpose of using math in AI?
Math is used in AI to recognize patterns and make decisions based on data.
2. What is the definition of statistics as given in the document?
Statistics is defined as the collection, exploration, and analysis of data to draw conclusions.
3. Name one real-life application of probability mentioned in the document.
Weather forecasting is one real-life application of probability mentioned.
4. What mathematical concept helps in predicting different events?
Probability helps in predicting different events.
5. Why is data collection important in AI, as discussed in the document?
Data collection forms the basis of analysis and interpretation, which are crucial for AI decision-making.
6. What type of event has a probability of 1?
A certain event has a probability of 1, meaning it will definitely happen.
7. How is probability calculated, according to the document?
Probability is calculated as the ratio of the number of favorable outcomes to the total number of possible outcomes.
8. What is an example of using statistics in sports as mentioned?
Predicting the batting average in cricket is an example of using statistics in sports.
9. What kind of mathematical problems does AI solve using linear algebra?
AI uses linear algebra to find unknown or missing values.
10. What is a likely event?
A likely event is one that has a high probability of occurring, such as flipping a coin and getting either heads or tails.
11. What does the document say about events that have the same likelihood of occurring?
These are called equal probability events.
12. How does AI recognize patterns, according to the document?
AI recognizes patterns in various types of data, such as numbers, images, and text, similar to how humans do.
13. What is an impossible event?
An impossible event is one that has no chance of happening, with a probability of 0.
14. What type of analysis helps AI understand and interpret data?
Data exploration and analysis help AI understand and interpret data.
15. How do computers use statistics for weather forecasting?
Computers compare current weather conditions with historical data to predict future weather patterns.
Long Answered Questions:
1. Explain the importance of mathematics in AI.
Mathematics is fundamental to the development and functioning of AI, as it provides the tools needed for pattern
recognition, data analysis, and decision-making. AI systems use mathematical concepts such as linear algebra,
calculus, statistics, and probability to process data, identify trends, and make predictions. Calculus helps in optimizing
and training models, while linear algebra is essential for data representation and transformations. Statistics allows AI
to explore and understand data, making it a vital component in building effective AI models.
2. How is statistics used in real-life applications?
Statistics is used in numerous real-life applications to analyze data and make informed decisions. For instance, in
sports, it helps predict player performance and game outcomes. In public health, statistics are used to track disease
patterns and improve response strategies. Weather forecasting also relies on statistical analysis to predict conditions
by comparing current data with historical trends. This allows for better preparation and planning in various fields,
showcasing its importance in everyday decision-making.
3. Describe different types of probability events and their meanings.
Probability events can be categorized into certain, likely, unlikely, impossible, and equal probability events. A certain
event is guaranteed to happen and has a probability of 1, such as the sun rising every day. A likely event has a high
chance of occurring but is not guaranteed, while an unlikely event has a low chance. An impossible event, with a
probability of 0, means it will never occur, such as drawing a red ball from a bag that only contains blue balls. Equal
probability events are those where outcomes have the same chance, such as flipping a fair coin.
4. What are common real-life examples where probability is applied?
Probability is frequently used in everyday life, such as weather forecasting, where forecasters predict the likelihood of
rain or other weather conditions. It is also used in traffic planning to estimate congestion based on time and location.
 Sports analysts apply probability to predict game outcomes or player performance. Additionally, businesses use
probability to assess risks and make strategic decisions. These applications help people prepare for and manage
uncertain outcomes effectively.
5. Why is data collection and analysis important in AI?
Data collection and analysis are crucial in AI because they provide the foundation for training and improving models.
Data collection ensures that AI systems have relevant information to learn from, while analysis helps identify trends,
clean data, and make it usable. This process allows AI models to develop more accurate predictions and insights.
Effective data analysis ensures that the AI can understand and interpret the data, leading to better decision-making
and problem-solving capabilities.
6. How is linear algebra used in AI applications?
Linear algebra is essential in AI for handling and transforming data, representing multi-dimensional data structures
like matrices and vectors, and solving systems of linear equations. It enables AI algorithms to perform complex
computations, such as image recognition and natural language processing, efficiently. Linear algebra helps AI models
process large amounts of data, find relationships between variables, and make accurate predictions. This
mathematical tool is fundamental for training neural networks and enhancing machine learning algorithms.
7. What are the steps involved in conducting statistical analysis?
Conducting statistical analysis involves several steps: first, data is collected from various sources. The next step is
cleaning and exploring the data to remove inconsistencies and irrelevant information. Once the data is prepared, it is
analyzed to identify patterns, trends, and relationships using statistical methods. Finally, conclusions are drawn, and
decisions are made based on the findings. This systematic approach ensures that data is used effectively to inform
strategies and improve outcomes.
8. How does AI recognize patterns, and why is this important?
AI recognizes patterns by analyzing large datasets and identifying consistent features or trends. This ability is crucial
because it allows AI to learn from data and make decisions similar to human reasoning. For example, AI can identify
objects in images, detect anomalies, and predict future events by recognizing patterns in past data. Pattern
recognition enables AI to perform tasks such as language translation, speech recognition, and predictive analytics,
making it a powerful tool in many industries.
9. What does it mean when an event has a probability of 0 or 1?
An event with a probability of 1 is a certain event, meaning it will definitely occur. For example, the sun rising in the
morning has a probability of 1. On the other hand, an event with a probability of 0 is considered impossible, meaning
it will never happen, such as drawing a specific card from a deck that does not contain it. These probabilities help
quantify the likelihood of outcomes and guide decision-making processes.
10. Why is statistics important for AI project development?
Statistics is important for AI project development because it allows for the collection, analysis, and interpretation of
data. By using statistical methods, developers can identify patterns, measure performance, and make data-driven
improvements to AI models. This helps ensure that AI systems are accurate, efficient, and capable of adapting to new
information. Statistics also supports hypothesis testing and validation, which are essential for refining algorithms and
making informed decisions during project development.

• Write any two applications of Statistics in real life.

• Does math play a crucial role in AI life cycle?
• What are statistics?
• What is probability?
• Why is math necessary for designing an AI project?
1. Match the following:
A B
I) Probability a) exploring data
ii) Calculus b) finding out unknown or missing values
iii) Statistics c) predicting different events
iv) Linear Algebra d) training and improving AI model.

2.If you are to throw an arrow to this pie chart, in which color is the arrow more likely to fall?
a) Red
b) Blue
c) Yellow
d) Green
3. If you select a balloon without looking, how likely is it that you will pick a blue one?
a) Probable b) Certain c) Unlikely d) Impossible
4. With one throw of a 6-sided die, what's the probability of getting an even
number?
a) 1/5 b) 2/5 c) 5/6 d) 1/2
5. Which of the following is an equation?
a) 2x + 5 b) x + 2 = 4x c) x^2 + 2x d) 5 + 5x + 5x^2
6. What is the value of x? 10x-8=6x
a) 8 b) 4 c) 2 d) 6
7. Which two are examples of descriptive statistics?
a) Median and correlation. b) Mean and standard deviation.
c) Mode and regression analysis. d) Variance and Hypothesis testing.
8. What is the probability of getting head when you toss a coin once?
a) 0.75 b) 1 c) 0 d) 0.5
9. Getting seven in die throwing is a possible event. (True/False).
10. The median of the data: 155, 160, 145, 149, 150, 147, 152, 144, 148 is
a) 149 b)150 c)147 d)144

Answer the following question:

1. Explain the relationship between Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence, providing justification for their
interconnection.
2. Aman is confused, how probability theory is utilized in artificial intelligence, help Aman by providing two
examples to illustrate its importance.
3. Define Certain events and likely events with examples.
4. Write any two examples of Impossible and equal probability events.
Age (in years) 10 12 14 15 16
Cases admitted (in a day) 5 7 9 22 11
5. Radhika collected the data of the age distribution of cases admitted during a day in a hospital.
Find the average number of cases admitted in hospital. Also, draw a line graph to represent the data
graphically.
6. Identify the likely, unlikely, impossible and equal probability events from the following
• Tossing a coin
• Rolling an 8 on a standard die
• Throwing ten 5’s in a row
• Drawing a card of any suite

Unit 4 - Generative Artificial Intelligence

• What do you understand about generative AI?
• Give a few examples of generative AI.
• What do you know about Deep Fake?
• What do you understand about Generative Artificial Intelligence? Give any two examples.
• Write any two AI tools each for the following-
Generative AI image generation tools
Generative AI text generation tools
Generative AI audio generation tools
● Give full forms of the following-
GANs VAEs RNNs
● How Generative AI can be helpful in following fields-
Architecture
Coding
Music
Content Creation
● Sakshi has been assigned a homework essay on the topic, “The Impact of Climate Change on Coral Reefs.” The
essay requires Sakshi to research and explain various aspects of climate change, such as ocean acidification and
rising sea temperatures, and their effects on coral reef ecosystems. His friend suggested using some text
generation tool. List some guidelines for Sakshi to prevent misuse of Generative AI and use it constructively.
● How do you think generative AI can revolutionize the creative industry, such as art and fashion, by enabling the
generation of unique and innovative designs?
● Considering the ethical challenges associated with generative AI, what are your thoughts on establishing
guidelines or regulations to ensure responsible use of these technologies? How can we balance the potential
benefits and risks?

11.
Generative AI is a type of artificial intelligence (AI) that is used to create new data. This data can be in the form of text, images,
or even audio. Generative AI models are designed and trained on a massive dataset of existing data. Once they are trained,
they can use this data to generate new data that is similar to the data they were trained on.
Generative AI has a wide range of potential applications. Take this quiz to learn more about this artificial intelligence and
increase your knowledge.
1. What are some of the potential benefits of Generative AI?

A. Generative AI can be used to create new and innovative products and services.
B. Generative AI can be used to improve the quality of life for people with disabilities.
C. Generative AI can be used to solve complex problems that are currently beyond the reach of human intelligence.
D. All of the above
Answer: D
Explanation: Generative AI has the potential to create new and innovative products and services. For example, it can be used
to generate new designs for products, create new marketing campaigns, or even write new code. It can also be used to
improve the quality of life for people with disabilities. For example, it can be used to create assistive devices, such as speech-
to-text software or wheelchairs that can navigate obstacles on their own. Additionally, Generative AI can be used to solve
complex problems that are currently beyond the reach of human intelligence. For example, it can be used to develop new
materials, or even predict the future.
2. What is the difference between Generative AI and discriminative AI?
A. Generative AI creates new content, while discriminative AI classifies existing content.
B. Generative AI is more accurate than discriminative AI.
C. Generative AI is more efficient than discriminative AI.
D. All of the above.
Answer: A
Explanation: Generative AI models are trained on a set of existing data and then use that data to create new examples.
Discriminative AI models, on the other hand, are trained on a set of existing data and then used to classify new data into one
of a set of categories.
3. What are some of the challenges of Generative AI?
A. It can be difficult to train Generative AI models.
B. Generative AI models can be biased.
C. Generative AI models can be used to create harmful content.
D. All of the above.
Answer: D
Explanation: Generative AI faces the challenges of difficult training, potential bias, and the creation of harmful content.
4. What is the most common type of Generative AI?
A. Neural networksB. Genetic algorithmsC. Decision treesD. Rule-based systemsAnswer: A
Explanation: Neural networks are a type of machine-learning algorithm that is inspired by the human brain. Neural networks
are the most common type of Generative AI because they can be used to generate a wide variety of content, including text,
images, and music.
5. What are some of the ethical concerns associated with Generative AI?
A. Generative AI can be used to create harmful content, such as fake news or hate speech.
B. Generative AI can be used to manipulate people's emotions.
C. Generative AI can be used to create deepfakes, which are videos or audio recordings that have been manipulated to make it
look or sound like someone is saying or doing something they never said or did.
D. All of the above.
Answer: D
Explanation: Ethical concerns regarding Generative AI include the creation of harmful content like fake news or hate speech,
manipulation of emotions, and the production of deceptive deepfakes.
6. What is the purpose of a language model in Generative AI?
A. To generate new text that is indistinguishable from human-created text.
B. To automate tasks that are currently done by humans, such as writing emails or generating reports.
C. To learn from a large dataset of text and use that data to generate new examples.
D. To classify existing text into one of a set of categories.
Answer: C
Explanation: Language models are a type of Generative AI that is trained on a large dataset of text. The model learns to
identify patterns in the text and use those patterns to generate new text that is similar to the text it was trained on.
7. Which of the following is NOT a type of Generative AI?
A. Neural networksB. Decision treesC. Genetic algorithmsD. Rule-based systemsAnswer: B
Explanation: Decision trees are a type of discriminative AI, which means that they are used to classify existing content. Neural
networks, genetic algorithms, and rule-based systems are all types of Generative AI.
8. Which of the following is a type of Generative AI that is used to create new text that is indistinguishable from human-
created text?
A. GANsB. VAEsC. Decision treesD. Rule-based systemsAnswer: A
Explanation: GANs are a type of Generative AI that are used to create new text that is indistinguishable from human-created
text. GANs use two neural networks that compete against each other.
9. What are the foundation models in Generative AI?
A. They are a type of Generative AI that uses two neural networks that compete against each other.
B. They are a type of Generative AI that uses a single neural network to encode and decode data.
C. They are a type of Generative AI that is used to create new text that is indistinguishable from human-created text.
D. They are a type of Generative AI that is used to create new images that are indistinguishable from human-created images.
Answer: B
Explanation: Models in Generative AI are a type of Generative AI that use a single neural network to encode and decode data.
The encoder network learns to represent data in a latent space, and the decoder network learns to reconstruct the data from
the latent space.
10. What are some factors that can cause a model to generate nonsensical or grammatically incorrect words or phrases?
A. The model may not have been trained on enough data.
B. The model may have been trained on data that is not representative of the real world.
C. The model may have been corrupted or damaged.
D. All of the above.
Answer: D
Explanation: If a model is not trained on enough data, it may not have learned to identify the patterns and relationships that
are necessary to generate correct and meaningful output. If a model is trained on data that is not representative of the real
world, it may learn to generate output that is not actually possible. And if a model is corrupted or damaged, it may generate
output that is simply incorrect.