10140
10140
com
https://ebookluna.com/product/ebook-pdf-research-methods-
for-the-behavioral-sciences-3rd-edition/
OR CLICK BUTTON
DOWNLOAD NOW
https://ebookluna.com/product/original-pdf-research-methods-for-the-
behavioral-sciences-6th-edition/
ebookluna.com
https://ebookluna.com/product/research-methods-for-the-behavioral-and-
social-sciences-ebook-pdf/
ebookluna.com
https://ebookluna.com/download/research-methods-for-the-behavioural-
sciences-ebook-pdf/
ebookluna.com
https://ebookluna.com/product/ebook-pdf-research-methods-for-the-
social-sciences-8th-edition/
ebookluna.com
(eBook PDF) Essentials of Statistics for the Behavioral
Sciences 3rd Edition
https://ebookluna.com/product/ebook-pdf-essentials-of-statistics-for-
the-behavioral-sciences-3rd-edition/
ebookluna.com
https://ebookluna.com/product/ebook-pdf-research-methods-in-the-
health-sciences/
ebookluna.com
https://ebookluna.com/product/ebook-pdf-research-methods-for-the-
social-sciences-eighth-edition-8th-edition/
ebookluna.com
https://ebookluna.com/product/ebook-pdf-statistics-for-the-behavioral-
sciences-5th-edition/
ebookluna.com
https://ebookluna.com/product/ebook-pdf-statistics-for-the-behavioral-
sciences-10th-edition/
ebookluna.com
Appendix B: Instructions for Randomizing and Counterbalancing
Appendix C: SPSS General Instructions Guide and Statistical
Tables
Glossary
References
Index
8
Detailed Contents
About the Author
Acknowledgments
Preface
To the Student—How to Use SPSS With This Book
P.1 Overview of SPSS: What Are You Looking At?
P.2 Preview of SPSS in Focus
• SECTION I SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY
• Chapter 1 Introduction to Scientific Thinking
1.1 Science as a Method of Knowing
1.2 The Scientific Method
1.3 Other Methods of Knowing
1.4 The Goals of Science
1.5 Approaches in Acquiring Knowledge
1.6 Distinguishing Science From Pseudoscience
• Chapter 2 Generating Testable Ideas
2.1 Generating Interesting and Novel Ideas
2.2 Converting Ideas to Hypotheses and Theories
2.3 Developing Your Idea: Deduction and Induction
2.4 Performing a Literature Review
2.5 Ethics in Focus: Giving Proper Credit
2.6 The “3 Cs” of an Effective Literature Review
2.7 Testing Your Idea: Confirmation and
Disconfirmation
2.8 Ethics in Focus: Publication Bias
• Chapter 3 Research Ethics
3.1 Ethics in Behavioral Research
3.2 The Need for Ethics Committees in Research: A
Historical Synopsis
3.3 Ethics in Focus: Examples From Psychology
3.4 Human Participant Research: IRBs and the APA Code
of Conduct
3.5 Ethics in Focus: Anonymity and Confidentiality
3.6 Animal Subject Research: IACUCs and the APA Code
of Conduct
3.7 Additional Ethical Considerations: Scientific
Integrity
9
• SECTION II DEFINING AND MEASURING VARIABLES,
SELECTING SAMPLES, AND CHOOSING AN
APPROPRIATE RESEARCH DESIGN
• Chapter 4 Identifying Scientific Variables
4.1 Criteria for Defining and Measuring Variables
4.2 Constructs and Operational Definitions
4.3 Types of Variables
4.4 Scales of Measurement
4.5 Reliability of a Measurement
4.6 Validity of a Measurement
4.7 Selecting a Measurement Procedure
4.8 Ethics in Focus: Replication as a Gauge for Fraud?
4.9 SPSS in Focus: Entering and Coding Data
• Chapter 5 Sampling From Populations
5.1 Why Do Researchers Select Samples?
5.2 Subjects, Participants, and Sampling Methods
5.3 Methods of Sampling: Nonprobability Sampling
5.4 Methods of Sampling: Probability Sampling
5.5 Sampling Error and Standard Error of the Mean
5.6 SPSS in Focus: Estimating the Standard Error of the
Mean
5.7 Potential Biases in Sampling
5.8 Ethics in Focus: Participant Pools
5.9 SPSS in Focus: Identifying New Populations Using the
One-Sample t Test
• Chapter 6 Choosing a Research Design
6.1 Designing a Study to Answer a Question
6.2 Categories of Research Design
6.3 Internal and External Validity
6.4 Demonstrating Cause in an Experiment
6.5 Ethics in Focus: Beneficence and Random
Assignment
6.6 Threats to the Internal Validity of a Research Study
6.7 Threats to the External Validity of a Research Study
6.8 External Validity, Experimentation, and Realism
6.9 A Final Thought on Validity and Choosing a Research
Design
• SECTION III NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
DESIGNS
• Chapter 7 Naturalistic, Qualitative, and Existing Data Research
10
Designs
Naturalistic Observation
7.1 An Overview of Naturalistic Observation
7.2 The Research Setting: Natural and Contrived Settings
7.3 Techniques for Conducting Naturalistic Observation
7.4 Ethics in Focus: Influencing Participant Behavior
Qualitative Designs
7.5 An Overview of Qualitative Designs
7.6 Qualitative Research Designs
7.7 Ethics in Focus: Anonymity in Qualitative Research
Existing Data Designs
7.8 An Overview of Existing Data Designs
7.9 Existing Data Designs
7.10 Ethics in Focus: Existing Data and Experimenter
Bias
• Chapter 8 Survey and Correlational Research Designs
Survey Designs
8.1 An Overview of Survey Designs
8.2 Types of Survey Items
8.3 Rules for Writing Survey Items
8.4 Administering Surveys
8.5 Surveys, Sampling, and Nonresponse Bias
8.6 Ethics in Focus: Handling and Administering Surveys
Correlational Designs
8.7 The Structure of Correlational Designs
8.8 Describing the Relationship Between Variables
8.9 Limitations in Interpretation
8.10 Correlation, Regression, and Prediction
8.11 SPSS in Focus: Correlation and Linear Regression
• SECTION IV QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL AND
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGNS
• Chapter 9 Quasi-Experimental and Single-Case Experimental
Designs
Quasi-Experimental Designs
9.1 An Overview of Quasi-Experimental Designs
9.2 Quasi-Experimental Design: One-Group Designs
9.3 Quasi-Experimental Design: Nonequivalent Control
Group Designs
9.4 Quasi-Experimental Design: Time Series Designs
9.5 Quasi-Experimental Design: Developmental Designs
11
9.6 Ethics in Focus: Development and Aging
Single-Case Experimental Designs
9.7 An Overview of Single-Case Designs
9.8 Single-Case Baseline-Phase Designs
9.9 Validity, Stability, Magnitude, and Generality
9.10 Ethics in Focus: The Ethics of Innovation
• Chapter 10 Between-Subjects Experimental Designs
10.1 Conducting Experiments: Between-Subjects Design
10.2 Experimental Versus Control Group
10.3 Manipulation and the Independent Variable
10.4 Variability and the Independent Variable
10.5 Ethics in Focus: The Accountability of
Manipulation
10.6 Comparing Two Independent Samples
10.7 SPSS in Focus: Two-Independent-Sample t Test
10.8 Comparing Two or More Independent Samples
10.9 SPSS in Focus: One-Way Between-Subjects
ANOVA
10.10 Measuring the Dependent Variable
10.11 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Between-
Subjects Design
• Chapter 11 Within-Subjects Experimental Designs
11.1 Conducting Experiments: Within-Subjects Design
11.2 Controlling Time-Related Factors
11.3 Ethics in Focus: Minimizing Participant Fatigue
11.4 Individual Differences and Variability
11.5 Comparing Two Related Samples
11.6 SPSS in Focus: Related-Samples t Test
11.7 Comparing Two or More Related Samples
11.8 SPSS in Focus: One-Way Within-Subjects ANOVA
11.9 An Alternative to Pre-Post Designs: Solomon Four-
Group Design
11.10 Comparing Between-Subjects and Within-Subjects
Designs
• Chapter 12 Factorial Experimental Designs
12.1 Testing Multiple Factors in the Same Experiment
12.2 Selecting Samples for a Factorial Design in
Experimentation
12.3 Types of Factorial Designs
12.4 Ethics in Focus: Participant Fatigue and Factorial
12
Designs
12.5 Main Effects and Interactions
12.6 Identifying Main Effects and Interactions in a Graph
12.7 Including Quasi-Independent Factors in an
Experiment
12.8 Reasons for Including Two or More Factors in an
Experiment
12.9 Higher-Order Factorial Designs
12.10 SPSS in Focus: General Instructions for Conducting a
Factorial ANOVA
• SECTION V ANALYZING, INTERPRETING, AND
COMMUNICATING RESEARCH DATA
• Chapter 13 Analysis and Interpretation: Exposition of Data
13.1 Descriptive Statistics: Why Summarize Data?
13.2 Frequency Distributions: Tables and Graphs
13.3 Measures of Central Tendency
13.4 Measures of Variability
13.5 SPSS in Focus: Central Tendency and Variability
13.6 Graphing Means and Correlations
13.7 Using Correlation to Describe Reliability
13.8 SPSS in Focus: Cronbach’s Alpha and Cohen’s
Kappa
13.9 Ethics in Focus: Deception Due to the Distortion of
Data
• Chapter 14 Analysis and Interpretation: Making Decisions
About Data
14.1 Inferential Statistics: What Are We Making Inferences
About?
14.2 Types of Error and Power
14.3 Parametric Tests: Applying the Decision Tree
14.4 Nonparametric Tests: Applying the Decision Tree
14.5 SPSS in Focus: The Chi-Square Tests
14.6 Effect Size: How Big Is an Effect in the Population?
14.7 Estimation: What Are the Possible Values of a
Parameter?
14.8 Confidence Intervals, Significance, and Effect Size
14.9 Issues for Interpretation: Precision and Certainty
14.10 Ethics in Focus: Full Disclosure of Data
• Chapter 15 Communicating Research: Preparing Manuscripts,
Posters, and Talks
13
15.1 Elements of Communication
15.2 Writing a Manuscript: Writing Style and Language
15.3 Elements of an APA-Style Manuscript
15.4 Literature Reviews
15.5 Reporting Observations in Qualitative Research
15.6 Ethics in Focus: Credit and Authorship
15.7 Presenting a Poster
15.8 Giving a Professional Talk
Appendix A: APA-Style Writing, Sample Manuscript, and Posters
A.1 Essentials for Writing APA-Style Research Papers
A.2 Grammar, Punctuation, and Spelling (GPS) Writing
Guide
A.3 Sample APA-Style Manuscript
A.4 Poster Template and Sample Poster
Appendix B: Instructions for Randomizing and Counterbalancing
B.1 Random Numbers Table
B.2 Constructing a Latin Square
Appendix C: SPSS General Instructions Guide and Statistical
Tables
C.1 General Instructions Guide for Using SPSS
C.2 Statistical Tables
Glossary
References
Index
14
About the Author
Gregory J. Privitera
is a professor of psychology at St. Bonaventure University where he
is a recipient of its highest teaching honor, The Award for
Professional Excellence in Teaching, and its highest honor for
scholarship, The Award for Professional Excellence in Research and
Publication. Dr. Privitera received his PhD in behavioral neuroscience
in the field of psychology at the State University of New York at
Buffalo and continued to complete postdoctoral research at Arizona
State University. He is an author of multiple books on statistics,
research methods, and health psychology, in addition to authoring
more than three dozen peer-reviewed scientific articles aimed at
advancing our understanding of health and well-being. He oversees a
variety of undergraduate research projects at St. Bonaventure
University, where dozens of undergraduate students, many of whom
are now earning graduate degrees at various institutions, have
coauthored research in his laboratories. For his work with students
and fruitful record of academic and research advisement, Dr. Privitera
was awarded Advisor of the Year by St. Bonaventure University in
2013. The first edition of this text was a recipient of the “Most
Promising New Textbook” National Award from the Text and
15
Academic Authors Association. In addition to his teaching, research,
and advisement, Dr. Privitera is a veteran of the U.S. Marine Corps,
and he is married with two children: a daughter, Grace, and a son,
Aiden. Notably, Dr. Privitera is also the author of Statistics for the
Behavioral Sciences (3rd edition) and Essential Statistics for the
Behavioral Sciences (2nd edition).
16
Acknowledgments
I want to take a moment to thank all those who have been supportive and
endearing throughout my career. To my family, friends, acquaintances,
and colleagues—thank you for contributing to my perspective in a way
that is indubitably recognized and appreciated. In particular, to my son,
Aiden Andrew, and daughter, Grace Ann—every moment I am with you, I
am reminded of what is truly important in my life. As a veteran of the U.S.
Marine Corps, I also want to thank all those who serve and have served—
there is truly no greater honor than to serve something greater than
yourself. Semper Fidelis.
Last, but certainly not least, I would also like to thank the following
reviewers who gave their time to provide me with valuable feedback
during the development process:
17
Preface
The third edition of Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences uses a
problem-focused approach to introduce research methods in a way that
fully integrates the decision tree—from identifying a research question to
choosing an appropriate analysis and sharing results. This book begins
with an introduction to the general research process, ethics, identifying and
measuring variables, conducting literature reviews, selecting participants,
and more. Research designs are then introduced in a logical order, from the
least controlled (nonexperiments and quasi-experiments) to the most
controlled (experiments). Throughout each chapter, students are shown
how to structure a study to answer a research question (design) and are
navigated through the challenging process of choosing an appropriate
analysis or statistic to make a decision (analysis). This book integrates
statistics with methods in a way that applies the decision tree throughout
the book and shows students how statistics and methods fit together to
allow researchers to test hypotheses using the scientific method. The
following are unique features in this book to facilitate student learning:
18
an introduction to creating posters and giving talks (Chapters
13–15). The organization of this book is “problem focused” in
that it introduces the scientific process as it would be applied
from setting up a study, to conducting a study, to communicating
the outcomes observed in that study—all while applying the
decision tree to engage further the critical thinking skills of
students.
Ethics in Focus sections in each chapter. Ethical
considerations are often specific to a particular research design
or methodology. For this reason, the topic of ethics is not only
covered in Chapter 3, but at least one Ethics in Focus section is
also included in each chapter. These sections review important
ethical issues related to the topics in each chapter. This allows
professors the flexibility to teach ethics as a separate section and
integrate discussions of ethics throughout the semester. This
level of organization for ethics is simply absent from most
comparable research methods textbooks.
Introduces three broad categories of research design. In truth,
research design is complex. Many designs are hybrids that
cannot be neatly fit into a single type of category or research
design. For this reason, I simplify research designs into those
that do not show cause (nonexperimental and quasi-
experimental) and those that can show cause (experimental). For
example, other books may introduce correlational designs as
being separate from a nonexperiment. However, such a
distinction is often unnecessary. The correlational design is an
example of a nonexperiment—it does not show cause. Instead,
the organization in this book focuses on understanding how,
when, and why research designs are used and the types of
questions each design can and cannot answer.
Chapters organized from least control to most control. This
book transitions from research designs with the least control
(nonexperimental) to those with the most control (experimental).
There is a logical progression as research designs are introduced
in this book that is clearer than the organization you will find in
many comparable textbooks. Students can clearly distinguish
between the types of research designs they read, and this level of
clarity can make it easier for students to understand how to
appropriately select research designs to answer the many
research questions that researchers ask.
19
Reduced bias in language across research designs:
Research design is introduced without bias. Research designs
are introduced as being used to answer different types of
questions. I avoid referring to all studies as “experiments.” In
that spirit, experiments are instead introduced as answering
different types of research questions. It is emphasized
throughout this book that the ability to demonstrate cause does
not make a design superior to other designs; it simply allows
researchers to answer different types of questions (i.e., research
questions pertaining to cause).
The qualitative research design and perspective is given fair
coverage. While many textbooks appropriately focus on
quantitative methods that make up most of the research
conducted in the behavioral sciences, many omit or even are
dismissive of qualitative methodology. This bias can mislead
students into thinking that all research is quantitative. Although
this book does emphasize quantitative methods because these
methods are the most-used methodology in the behavioral
sciences, fair coverage of qualitative methods is also included. In
Chapter 7, for example, a section is included to introduce
qualitative research, and in Chapter 15, an overview for
reporting qualitative outcomes is included.
Emphasis on statistical technologies:
Guide for how to use IBM® SPSS® Statistics* with this
book. It can be difficult to teach from a textbook and a separate
SPSS manual. The separate manual often does not include
research examples or uses language that is inconsistent with
language used in the textbook, which can make it difficult for
students to learn. This book corrects for this problem by
incorporating SPSS coverage into the book, which begins with
the guide at the front of the book, “How to Use SPSS With This
Book.” The guide provides students with an easy-to-follow,
classroom-tested overview of how SPSS is set up, how to read
the Data View and Variable View screens, and how to use the
SPSS in Focus sections in the book. This guide gives students
the familiarization they need to be able to apply the SPSS
instructions given in the book.
SPSS in Focus sections in the chapters. Most research methods
textbooks for the behavioral sciences omit SPSS, include it in an
appendix separate from the main chapters in the book, or include
20
it in ancillary materials that often are not included with course
content. In this book, SPSS is included in each appropriate
chapter, particularly for experimental design chapters where
specific designs are generally associated with specific statistical
tests. These SPSS in Focus sections provide step-by-step,
classroom-tested instruction using practical research examples
for how the data measured using various research designs taught
in each chapter can be analyzed using SPSS. Students are
supported with annotated screenshot figures and explanations for
how to read and interpret SPSS outputs.
Engages student learning and interest:
Conversational writing style. I write in a conversational tone
that speaks to the reader as if he or she is the researcher. It
empowers students to view research methods as something they
are capable of understanding and applying. It is a positive
psychology approach to writing that involves students in the
process and decisions made using the scientific process. The
goal is to motivate and excite students by making the book easy
to read and follow without “dumbing down” the information
they need to be successful.
Written with student learning in mind. There are many
features in this book to help students succeed. Many figures and
tables are given in each chapter to facilitate student learning and
break up the readings to make the material less intimidating. Key
terms are bolded and defined on a separate text line, as they are
introduced. Each defined term is included in a glossary, and
these terms are also restated at the end of each chapter to make it
easier for students to search for key terms while studying. In
addition, margin notes are included in each chapter to summarize
key material, and many reviews and activities are included at the
end of each chapter to test learning and give students an
opportunity to apply the knowledge they have learned.
Learning objectives and learning objective summaries.
Learning objectives are stated in each chapter to get students
focused and thinking about the material they will learn and to
organize each chapter and to allow students to review content by
focusing on those learning objectives they struggle with the
most. In addition, a chapter summary organized by learning
objective is provided at the end of each chapter. In this
summary, each learning objective is stated and answered. Hence,
21
not only are learning objectives identified in each chapter, but
they are also answered at the end of each chapter.
Learning Checks are inserted throughout each chapter for
students to review what they learn, as they learn it. Many
research methods textbooks give learning check questions with
no answer. How can students “check” their learning without the
answers? Instead, in this book, all learning checks have
questions with answer keys to allow students to actually “check”
their learning before continuing their reading of the chapter.
MAKING SENSE sections support critical and difficult
material. A research methods course can have many areas where
students can struggle, and the MAKING SENSE sections are
included to break down the most difficult concepts and material
in the book—to make sense of them. These sections, included in
most chapters in the book, are aimed at easing student stress and
making research methods more approachable to students. Again,
this book was written with student learning in mind.
APA Appendices support student learning of APA style. The
appendices include an APA writing guide (A.1); an APA guide
to grammar, punctuation, and spelling (A.2); a full sample APA-
style manuscript from a study that was published in a peer-
reviewed scientific journal (A.3); and instructions for creating
posters using Microsoft PowerPoint, with a sample poster and a
poster template given (A.4). Also included are instructions for
using randomization (B.1) and constructing a Latin square (B.2),
a general instructions guide for using SPSS (C.1), and statistical
tables for common tests (C.2). Hence, this book provides the
necessary support for students who are asked to complete a
research project, and complete an APA-style paper, poster, or
talk. Few books provide this level of comprehensive supportive
materials.
22
more easily manage course content by assigning students particular
sections in each chapter when they cannot teach all topics covered in a
chapter. Hence, this book was written with both the student and the
professor in mind. Here are some brief highlights of what you will find in
each chapter.
23
included as a section within a chapter, this book devotes a full chapter to
this topic—doing so allows for full coverage of sampling techniques,
along with the many advantages and limitations associated with each
sampling method. The concept of sampling error is also identified, with a
section showing how to identify this error in SPSS output tables.
24
case designs are taught as experimental designs because they can
demonstrate unambiguous cause and effect, which is the traditional way to
introduce such designs.
25
Random documents with unrelated
content Scribd suggests to you:
neuvoksi! Parasta olisi, että isä olisi siksi viisas, ettei sekaantuisi
sydämen asioihin, eikä sellaisistakaan isistä, Jumalan kiitos, ole
lainkaan puutetta.
STELLA JA IRENE.
— Miksi menisit?
— Mitä tarkoitatte?
— Näenhän minä sen, tuon herttaisen linnun. Mikä sen nimi on?
— Keltasirkku. Ehkä ottaisit sellaisen huoneeseesikin, jotta usein
saisit kuulla sen visertävän?
— Rakastatko häntä?
— Rakastan.
— Keneen?
— Ireneen.
— Niin, jos olisin ollut sinun sijassasi, niin kentiesi silloin olisin
rakastunut Stellaan.
— Luulen varmasti.
Ja he läksivät.
— Mitä?
— Että Irene on kaunis nimi, yhtä kaunis kuin sinä itsekin olet. Jo
nimestäkin tietää, millainen sinä olet.
Irene punastui ja kun hän tunsi sen, niin hän punastui vielä
enemmän. Olipa onni, ettei kukaan muu sitä nähnyt kuin Stella, joka
ei siitä tehnyt mitään johtopäätöksiä. Kun Irene ei vastannut, niin hän
jatkoi:
— Suo anteeksi, pyysi hän, olen ollut paha. Hetken vain olemme
olleet yhdessä ja kuitenkin olen ollut niin häijy, että olen saanut sinut
itkemään.
— Et sinä ole ollut häijy. Itse minä olen paha ja ilkeä. Olisin niin
mielelläni sinun sijassasi. Soisin olevani köyhä, turvaton tyttö, joka
sinun tavallasi on löytänyt hyvän kodin, lämpöisen pesän, jossa lintu
saa levätä.
— Olen onnellinen.
— Harald.
— Niinkö luulet?
— En luule, koska tiedän sen. Siitä minä sen tiedän, että hän ei
voi olla sinua rakastamatta. Se on minusta aivan selvää.
— Sinä olet samanlainen kuin Erkki, sillä niin hänkin sanoo. Ja jos
puen ylleni toisen, niin hän sanoo samoin.
Irene huomautti:
— Sanoit, että olisi annettu, siis ei pastori yksin ole näitä antanut,
vaan myös…
— Kas, kuinka olet utelias! Erkki kertoi, että Harald oli antanut
jok'ainoan. Kai hän itsekin olisi ne antanut, mutta ehkä Haraldilla
silloin sattui olemaan… enemmän rahoja. Ja Stellan täytyi nauraa,
kun näin käytännöllinen ajatus oli juolahtanut hänen mieleensä.
Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a
vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to
specialized publications, self-development books, and children's
literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding
knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade
Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.
ebookluna.com