Saranathan College of Engineering,Tiruchirapalli

Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science

PART-A

1 Compare LAN and WAN.

LAN WAN
Scope of Local Area Network Scope of Wide Area Network
is restricted to a small/ single spans over large geographical area country/ Continent
building
LAN is owned by some A part of network asserts is owned
organization. or not owned.
Data rate of LAN 10-.10- Data rate of WAN is Gigabyte.
100mbps.

2 Define Full Duplex and simplex transmission system.

With Full duplex transmission, two stations can simultaneously send and receive data
from each other. This mode is known as two-way simultaneous. The signals are
transmitted in only one
direction. One is the sender and another is the receiver.
3 Define networks. (Nov 12)
A computer network is a group of computer systems and other computing hardware devices
that are linked together through communication channels to facilitate communication and
resource-sharing among a wide range of users. Networks are
commonly categorized based on their characteristics.

4 Why do we need a Domain Name System? What role does the DNS Resolver play in the
DNS system? (Nov 12)
Domain Name System can map a name to an address and conversely an address to name.
The Domain Name System converts domain names into IP numbers. IP numbers
uniquely
identify hosts on the Internet
5 What are the four fundamental characteristics that the data communication system
depends on?
The four fundamental characteristics are: Delivery, Accuracy,
Timeliness and Jitter.
6 What are the five components of data communications system?
The five components are Message, Sender, Receiver, Transmission Medium and Protocol.

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7 Define link and state the types of connection.

A link is the communication pathway that transfers data from one device to another. The
two possible types of connections are point to point and multipoint

8 Define point to point and Multipoint.

Point to point: A point to point connection provides a dedicated link between two devices.
Multipoint: A multipoint connection is one in which more than
two specific devices share a single link.

9 What is Network topology? List its types.

Network topology is the interconnected pattern of network elements. A network topology
may be physical, mapping hardware configuration, or logical, mapping the path that the
data must take in order to travel around the network. The types are Bus topology, Star
topology, Mesh topology and Ring Topology.

10 What are the four main properties of HTTP?

 Global Uniform Resource Identifier.
 Request-response exchange.
 Statelessness.
 Resource metadata.
11 What is a protocol? What are the key elements of a protocol? (Nov
15)
Protocol is the set of rules governing the exchange of data between two entities. It defines
what is communicated, how it is communicated, when it is communicated. The Key
elements of a Protocol are as follows,
 Syntax – It refers to the structure or format of data meaning the order in which they are
presented.
 Semantics – It refers to the meaning of each section of bit. How to do interpretation.
 Timing – When data should be sent and how fast they can be
sent.

12 Define File Transfer Protocol. (Nov 21)

The File Transfer Protocol is a standard communication protocol used for the transfer of
computer files from a server to a client on a computer network. FTP is built on a client–
server model architecture using separate control and data connections between
the client and the server.

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13 What is WWW and SMTP? (Nov 10,15 ) (May 15)

World Wide Web is an internet application that allows user to view
pages and move from one web page to another.
It helps to store and share data across varied distances. The TCP/IP protocol that
supports electronic mail on the Internet is called Simple Mail Transfer (SMTP). It is a
system for sending
messages to other computer users based on e-mail addresses.
14 List the two types of DNS message. (May 16)
There are two types of DNS messages – Query and Response
 Query message – consists of the header and question records.
 Response message – consists of header, question record, authoritative record and
additional record.
15 What is a layered Network Architecture?
A layer is created when a different level of abstraction occurs at protocol. Each layer should
perform a well-defined function. Function of each layer should be chosen using
internationality standardized protocols. Boundaries between should be chosen to minimize
information flow across the interfaces.

16 Compare OSI and TCP/IP models.

OSI Model TCP / IP Model
It distinguishes between It does not distinguish between
Service, Interface, Protocol Service, Interface, Protocol
Protocols are well hidden Protocols are not just hidden
Dejure standard Fit Model Defacto standard Fit Model
In transport layer only In Transport layer choice is for connection oriented
connection-oriented services and
are available connectionless
Contains 7 layers Contains 5 layers
17 How do layers of the internet model correlate to the layers of the
OSI model?
OSI TCP/IP
Physical Layer Physical Layer
Data Link Layer Network Access Layer
Network Layer IP Layer
Transport Layer TCP Layer
Session Layer
Presentation Layer Application Layer
Application layer

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18 Describe why HTTP is defined as a stateless protocol. Maintaining state across

request – Response connections significantly increases the
initial interactions in a connection, since the identity of each party needs to be established
and any saved
state much be retrieved. HTTP is therefore stateless to ensure that
internet is scalable since state is not contained in a HTTP request /
response pair by default.
19 What are the four groups of HTTP Headers? What are the two methods of HTTP?
(May 15) (Nov 15)
The four groups of HTTP headers are
 General headers
 Entity Headers
 Request Headers
 Response Headers.
Two methods of HTTP are Get Method( ) Post Method( )
20 Justify the need for layer five in the OSI model. (Nov 21)
Layer 5 of the OSI Model: Session Layer is the layer of the ISO Open Systems Interconnection
(OSI) model that controls the dialogues (connections) between computers. It establishes,
manages, and terminates the connections between the local and
remote application.

21 What are the functions of Application Layer? (Apr 11)

It enables the user (human/software) to access the network. It provides user interfaces and
support for services such as electronic mail, remote file access and transfer, shared database
management and other types of distributed information services. Services provided by the
application layer are Network Virtual terminal, File transfer, access and management.
Mail services, Directory
services.

22 Define anonymous FTP. (May / June 2021)

An anonymous FTP is where users are given access to a distributed file where they do
not need to sign in with a specific
username and password.
23 What are the transmission modes of FTP?
Stream mode: Default mode and data is delivered from FTP to TCP as a continuous
stream of data.
Block mode: Data is delivered from FTP to TCP in terms of blocks. Each data block follows
the three-byte header.
Compressed mode: File is compressed before transmitting if size
is big. Run length encoding method is used for compression.

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24 Why is an application such as POP needed for electronic messaging? (May 12)
Workstations interact with the SMTP host, which receives the mail on behalf of every host
in the organization, to retrieve messages by using a client-server protocol such as Post
Office Protocol.
Although POP3 is used to download messages from the server, the

SMTP client still needed on the desktop to forward messages from

the workstation user to its SMTP mail server.
25 What is the difference between IMAP and POP? (May / June
2021)
POP IMAP
POP allows downloading IMAP allows the user to see
messages from your Inbox to all the folders on the mail
your local computer server.
The mail can only be accessed Messages can be accessed
from a single device at a time. across multiple devices
To read the mail it has to be The mail content can be read
downloaded on the local partially before downloading.
system
The user cannot organize mails The user can organize the
in the mailbox of the mail emails directly on the mail
server. server.
26 What is the use of MIME Extension?
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) is a supplementary protocol that allows
non-ASCII data to be sent through SMTP. MIME transforms non-ASCII data at the sender
site to NVT ASCII data and deliverers it to the client SMTP to be sent through the Internet.
MIME converts binary files, executed
files into text files. Then only it can be transmitted using SMTP

27 How are the subgroups of the OSI model layers segregated by their functions? (May /
June 2021)
The lower 4 layers (transport, network, data link and physical) are concerned with the
flow of data from end to end through the network and hence are called as network
support layers. The upper four layers of the OSI model (application, presentation and
session) are orientated more toward services to the applications
and hence are called user support layers.

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28 Identify the Port number of Hyper Text Transfer Protocol and Telnet. (Nov 21)
By default, these two protocols are on their standard port number
of 80 for HTTP and 443 for HTTPS. For telnet port number is 23.

29 Discuss the three main division of the domain name space. (May
12)
Domain name space is divided into three different sections: generic domains, country
domains & inverse domain.
 Generic domain: Define registered hosts according to their
generic behavior, uses generic suffixes.
 Country domain: Uses two characters to identify a country as the last suffix.
Inverse domain: Finds the domain name given the IP address.

30 Define SNMP. (May 12)

Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is an "Internet- standard protocol for
managing devices on IP networks". Devices that typically support SNMP include routers,
switches, servers, workstations, printers, & modem. It is used mostly in network management
systems to monitor network-attached devices for
conditions that warrant administrative attention.

31 List the two types of DNS message. (May 16)

There are two types of DNS messages,
 Query
 Response
Query message – consists of the header and question records. Response message –
consists of header, question record, authoritative record and additional
record.
1 Explain different types of networks in detail with neat diagram
(Nov/Dec 2021)
3 Discuss in detail about the layers in OSI model. (Nov
10,11,12,15,19) (May 12) (May / June 2021)
4 Explain in detail about the TCP/IP protocol suite with neat
diagram
5 Discuss how the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is useful in electronic mail. (May
12,15) (Nov 13,15) (Nov 19) (May/June 2021)
(Nov 21)
6 Explain the role of a DNS on a computer network, including its
involvement in the process of a user accessing a web page. (May 13) (Nov 15, 19)
(Nov 21)

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7 Explain about HTTP. Give their uses, state strengths and

weaknesses. (Nov 10,13)
8 Explain about FTP. (Nov 12, 13, 19), May 13)
9 Explain in detail about SNMP.
10 Explain in detail about sockets with an example.
PART-A

1 Give any two Transport layer service. (Dec 12)

Multiplexing: Transport layer performs multiplexing/de- multiplexing function. Multiple
applications employ same transport protocol, but use different port number. According to
lower layer n/w protocol, it does upward multiplexing or downward multiplexing.
Reliability: Error Control and Flow Control.

2 How IANA has divided port numbers?

IANA (Internet Assigned Number Authority) has divided port numbers into three
ranges: 1) Well Known ports
2) Registered ports 3) Dynamic Ports.
3 List few well known ports for UDP.
Port Protocol Description
7 Echo Echoes a received datagram back to the sender
9 Discard Discards any datagram received
11 Users Active Users
13 Daytime Returns Date and Time
4 How congestion occurs in a network? (May / June 2021)
The routers / switches in a network have a limited buffer size to store the received packets. If
the packets arrive at a faster rate than what the receiver can store, then the packets are
dropped leading
to congestion.
5 What is a Port? (Nov 21)
In computer networking, a port is a communication endpoint. At the software level, within
an operating system, a port is a logical construct that identifies a specific process or a
type of network
service.

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6 Give the datagram format of UDP?

The basic idea of UDP is for a source process to send a message to a port and for the
destination process to receive the message from
a port.
Source Port Destination Port
Address Address
16 bits 16 bits
Total Length Checksum
16 bits 16 bits

7 What is the main difference between TCP & UDP?

TCP UDP
It provides connection- Provides connectionless service.
oriented service
Connection Establishment No connection establishment
delay will be there and no delay
Provides reliable service Provides unreliable, but fast
service
It is used by FTP, SMTP It is used by DNS, SNMP, audio,
video and multimedia
applications.
8 Name the techniques and policies that can prevent (avoid) congestion.
Techniques to avoid congestion:
 DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation) bit.
 Random Early Detection (RED).
 Source based congestion avoidance.
The congestion may be avoided by two policies:
 BECN - Backward Explicit Congestion Notification
 FECN - Forward Explicit Congestion Notification.

9 List out various congestion control techniques.

AIMD (Additive Increase Multiplicative Decrease), Slow start, Fast retransmit, Fast
Recovery
10 What are the advantages of using UDP over TCP? (Nov 10)
UDP is very useful for audio or video delivery which does not need acknowledgement. It is
useful in the transmission of multimedia
data. Connection Establishment delay will occur in TCP.

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11 What is the use of UDP’s Pseudo header?

The pseudo header consists of three field from the IP header protocol number, source IP
address and destination IP address plus the UDP length field (which is included twice in
checksum calculation). The pseudo header is used to check whether the message is
delivered between 2 endpoints.

12 What are the four aspects related to the reliable delivery of data?
(May 12)
The four aspects are
(i) Error control,
(ii) Sequence control
(iii) Loss control
(iv) Duplication control.

13 Outline Stop and Wait ARQ mechanism. (Nov 19)

In the stop-and-wait ARQ mechanism, sender sends one frame at a time; it is a special
case of the general sliding window protocol with transmit and receive window sizes
equal to
one in both cases.
14 What do you mean by slow start in TCP congestion? (May 16)
TCP slow start is an algorithm which balances the speed of a network connection. Slow
start gradually increases the amount of data transmitted until it finds the network’s
maximum carrying
capacity.
15
Differentiate congestion control and flow control. (Nov 13,15)
Congestion Control Flow Control
Congestion control means Flow control means preventing the source from sending data
preventing the source that the receiver will end up dropping because it runs out of
from sending data that buffer space.
will end up getting
dropped by a router
because its queue is full.
This is more complicated, This is fairly easy with a sliding window protocol
because packets from
different sources
travelling different paths
can converge on the same
queue.

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16 List the different phases used in TCP Connection. (May 16)

The different phases used in TCP connection are Connectio establishment Phase, Data
transfer and Connection Terminatio
Phase
17 List the advantages of Connection oriented services over connectionless services. (May
17)
Connection Oriented:
Advantages:
1. Buffers can be reserved in advance
2. Sequencing can be guaranteed. Short headers.

18 How do fast retransmit mechanism of TCP works? (May 17)

Fast Retransmit is an enhancement to TCP that reduces the time sender waits before
retransmitting a lost segment. A TCP sende uses a timer to recognize lost segments. If an
acknowledgement i
not received for a particular segment within a specified time (
function of the estimated round-trip delay time), the sender wil
assume the segment was lost in the network, and will retransmit th segment.

19 Define SCTP (Nov 21)

SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol) is a reliable, message-oriented transport layer
protocol. It combines the best features of UDP and TCP. It is mostly designed for internet
applications.

20 What is the use of SCTP Multiple stream service?

SCTP allows multi stream service in each connection, which is called association in SCTP
terminology. If one of the streams is blocked, the other streams can still deliver their data.
The idea is similar to multiple lanes on a highway. The figure shows the idea
of multi stream delivery.

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21 Define Multihoming Concept of SCTP

Multihoming is the ability of an SCTP association to support multiple IP paths to its
peer endpoint. The benefit of multihoming associations is that it makes the association
more fault-tolerant against physical network failures and other issues on the interfaces.

22 What happens in a three-way handshaking between any 2 devices? (May/June 2021)

The three-way handshake involves the exchange of three messages between the client and the
server.
The client sends a segment to the server stating the initial sequence number it plans to use
(Flags = SYN, Sequence Num = x).
The server responds with a single segment that both acknowledges the client’s sequence
number (Flags = ACK, ACK = x +1) and states its own beginning sequence number, (Flags =
SYN, Sequence Num
= y).
Both the SYN and ACK bits are set in the Flags field of this second message.

23 What are the two categories of QoS attributes?

User Oriented and Network Oriented. User related attributes are
SCR – Sustainable Cell Rate PCR – Peak Cell Rate
MCR- Minimum Cell Rate
CVDT – Cell Variation Delay Tolerance.
The network related attributes are, Cell loss ratio (CLR), Cell transfer delay (CTD), Cell delay
variation (CDV), Cell error ratio (CER).

1 Write short notes on (May 12) (Nov 19) (Nov 21)

(i) TCP segment format (ii) Silly window syndrome (Or) discuss
the silly window syndrome and explain how to avoid it.
2 With neat architecture, Explain TCP and its sliding window
algorithm for flow control. (Nov 15)

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3 Describe with examples the three mechanisms by which

congestion control is achieved in TCP. (Nov 13,15)(May 15,16)(Nov 19)

4 Discuss congestion avoidance algorithm like DEC bit method and

random early detection in transport layer with an example.(May 12,17)

5 What are the 2 broad categories of congestion control mechanisms?

Briefly explain all the techniques. (May / June 2021)
6 Explain connection establishment and connection closing in TCP (Or) Describe how reliable
and ordered delivery is achieved
through TCP. (Nov 13) (May 15)
7 Explain the significance of Clark’s solution and Nagle’s algorithm.
(Or) What is the need for Nagle’s algorithm? How does it
determine when to transmit data? (May 13)
8 Define UDP. Discuss the operations of UDP. Explain UDP
checksum with one example. (Nov 21)
9 Discuss the effectiveness of Go Back N and Selective Repeat ARQ
among the Sliding window Protocols. (Nov 21)
10 Explain SCTP in Detail (May 17)
11 Explain the association establishment of SCTP through four-way
handshake in detail.
12 Furnish the packet format of Stream Control Transmission Protocol with its fields. How the
data are transferred using 4-way
handshaking? (May / June 2021)
13 Explain the various approaches to improve quality of services in a
data transmission network.
UNIT-III / PART-A

1 What is packet switching? (Nov 12)

In a packet-switched network, it’s not necessary to dedicate
transmission capacity along a path through the network. Rather, data are sent out in a
sequence of small chunks, called packets.

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2 What is subnetting? (Nov 11,15)

The whole network can’t manage by single server, so that the entire network divided into
small network in order to manage the network easily. Subnetting provides an elegantly
simple way to reduce the total number of network numbers that are assigned. The idea is to
take a single IP network number and allocate the IP address with that network to several
physical networks, which are
now referred to as subnets.

3 What is subnet mask?

A subnet mask is a number that defines a range of IP addresses available within a
network. A single subnet mask limits the number of valid IPs for a specific network.
Multiple subnet masks can organize a single network into smaller networks (called
subnetworks or subnets).

4 Define CIDR?
CIDR, which stands for Classless Inter-Domain Routing, is an IP addressing scheme that
improves the allocation of IP addresses. It replaces the old system based on classes A, B,
and C. This helped to extend the life of IPv4 as well as slow the growth of routing
tables.

5 How many network addresses and host addresses are supported by class A, class B
networks?
Class A: Number of networks = 127 Number of hosts = 224 -1
Class B: Number of networks = 214 -1
Number of hosts = 216 – 1 = 65,535
6 List out the functions of IP.
IP services are unreliable, best-effort, connectionless packet delivery system. Unreliable –
delivery is not guaranteed, Connectionless – each pocket is treated independent from
others,
Best-effort delivery – it makes an earnest attempt to deliver
packets. It defines basic unit of data transfer through TCP/IP.
7 What do you mean by ICMP?
ICMP is an error reporting mechanism. It does not specify the action to be taken for each
possible error. The source must relate the error to an individual application program
and take other
actions to correct the problem.

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8 To whom ICMP reports error message will be sent?

ICMP allows routers to send error messages to other router or hosts. ICMP is an error
reporting mechanism. It does not specify the action to be taken for each possible error. It
is informing the source that the error has occurred and the source has to take
actions to rectify the errors.

9 When ICMP redirect message is used? (May 17)

An ICMP redirect is an error message sent by a router to the sender of an IP packet Redirects
are used when a router believes a packet is being routed sub optimally and it would like to
inform the sending host that it should forward the subsequent packets to
that same destination through a different gateway.

10 State the rules of non-boundary-level masking? (May 12)

 The bytes in the IP address that corresponds to 255 in the mask will be repeated in the
sub network address.
 The bytes in the IP address that corresponds to 0 in the mask will change to 0 in the
sub network address.
 For other bytes, use the bit-wise AND operator. Example-
IP address 45 123 21 8
Mask 255 192 0 0
Subnet 45 64 0 0
123 01111011
192 11000000
64 01000000

11 How many network addresses and host addresses are supported by class A, class B
networks?
Class A: Number of networks = 127 Number of hosts = 224 -1 Class B: Number of networks
= 214 -1
Number of hosts = 216 – 1 = 65,535

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12 What is the network address in a class A subnet with the IP addresses of one of the
hosts as 25.34.12.56 and mask 255.255.0.0? (May 14)
IP Address - 25.34.12.56 , Mask - 255.255.0.0 , Network Address
- 25.34.0.0

13 What is IP address?
An Internet Address is made of four bytes (32 bits) that define a host’s connection to a
network. There are currently 5 different field lengths patterns, each define a class of
addresses. These are designed to cover the needs of different types of organizations,
class A, B, C, D, E.

14 Explain IPV6 protocol. Why IPV6 is preferred over IPV4? (May

/ June 2021)
IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6) is a set of basics of IPv6 are similar to those of IPv4. The
most obvious improvement in IPv6 over IPv4 is that IP addresses are lengthened from 32 bits
to 128 bits. This extension anticipates considerable future growth of the Internet and provides
relief for what was perceived as an
impending shortage of network addresses.

15 What is DHCP? (Nov 19)

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is a protocol that provides quick, automatic,
and central management for the distribution of IP addresses within a network.
DHCP is also used to configure the subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS server
information on the device.

16 Explain IPV4 protocol.

IPv4 (Internet Protocol Version 4) is the fourth revision of the Internet Protocol (IP) used
to identify devices on a network through an addressing system. The Internet Protocol is
designed for use in interconnected systems of packet-switched computer communication
networks. IPv4 is the most widely deployed Internet protocol used to connect devices to the
Internet.
IPv4 uses a 32-bitaddress scheme

17 Present an outline of IPv6 addressing. (Nov 19)

An IPv6 address is 128 bits in length and consists of eight, 16-bit fields, with each field
bounded by a colon. Each field must contain a hexadecimal number, in contrast to the
dotted-decimal notation

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of IPv4 addresses. In the below figure, the x's represent

hexadecimal numbers.
18
What are the differences between IPV4 and IPV6? (Nov 21)
IPV4 IPV6
A 32-bit numeric address in IPv6 addresses are 128-bit IP
IPv4 is written in decimal as address written in hexadecimal
four numbers separated by and separated by colons. An
periods. Each number can be example IPv6 address could be
zero to 255. written like this:
For eg, 3ffe:1900:4545:3:200:f8ff:fe21:67
1.160.10.240 could be an IP cf
address.
19 Identify the class of the following IP Address: (May / June 2021)
11000001 10000011 00011011 11111111 = Class C
252.5.15.111 = Class D
20 Why is IPV4 to IPV6 transition required? (May 17)
IPv4 and IPv6 networks are not directly interoperable, transition technologies are designed
to permit hosts on either network type
to communicate with any other host.
21 Compare ARP and RARP.
ARP RARP
Address Resolution Protocol. Reverse Address Resolution
Protocol.
Retrieves the physical address Retrieves the logical address for
of the receiver. a computer from the server.
22 What is the need of ARP? (Nov/Dec 2015)
ARP is used to find the physical address of the node when its Internet address is known.
Any time a host/router needs to find the physical address of another host on its network,
it formats an ARP query packet that includes the IP address and broadcasts it. All hosts in
the network process the ARP packet but only the
required station sends back physical address.

23 Define RARP.
Allows a host to discover its internet address when it knows only its physical address (a
diskless computer). The host wishing to retrieve its internet address broadcasts an RARP
query packet that
contains its physical address to every host on its physical network.

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A server on the network recognizes the RARP packet and returns

the host’s internet address.
24 How many network addresses and host addresses are supported by class A, class B
networks?
 Class A: Number of networks = 127
Number of hosts = 224 -1
 Class B: Number of networks = 214 -1
Number of hosts = 216 – 1 = 65,535
25 List the difference between Packet Switching and Circuit Switching. (Apr/May
2011, Nov/Dec 2011, May/June 2014)
Issue Packet switching Circuit Switching
Circuit setup Not Required Required
Transmission No Transmission path Dedicated path
path
Delay Packet transmission Call setup delay
delay
Addressing Each packet contains Only data is sent
the full source and
destination address
Bandwidth Dynamic Bandwidth Fixed Bandwidth
Routing Each packet is routed Entire data is sent
independently through the same path
Congestion Difficult Easy if enough buffers can be located in advance
control for each VC set
up

Complexity In the transport layer In the network layer

Suited for Connection-oriented Connection-oriented service
and connectionless
service
1 Explain Packet Switching in detail.
2 i) Discuss the IP addressing methods. (May/June2014)
ii) Write short notes on ARP. (May/June2014) or Explain in detail ARP. (Nov/Dec 2015)

3 Explain in detail about DHCP. (Nov/Dec 2015)

4 What is the need for ICMP? Mention ICMP MESSAGES and their
purpose. (May/June 2013)
5 Explain about IPV6? Compare IPV4 and IPV6 (May 16)(Nov 21)

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6 Discuss about address Resolution protocols. (Nov/Dec 2013)

7 Explain in detail about: i) ICMP ii) ARP iii) RARP. (Nov 19)
8 Explain IPv4 packet format and how fragmentation is applied in
datagram delivery.
9 Draw an IPv4 datagram and explain about the fields present in it.
UNIT IV - PART A

1 Define routing. (Nov12,15)

It is the process of building up the tables that allow the collect output for a packet to be
determined. It is a lot harder to create the forwarding tables in large, complex networks
with dynamically changing topologies and multiple paths between destinations. Routing
is a process that takes place in the background so that, when a data packet turns up, we
will have the right information
in the forwarding table to be able to forward, or switch, the packet.

2 Write on the packet cost referred in distance vector and link state routing. (May 2012)
In distance vector routing, cost refer to hop count while in case of link state routing, cost
is a weighted value based on a variety of
factors such as security levels, traffic or the state of the link.

3 What is source routing? (Nov 13)

Rotation, stripping off and using pointers are the different types
of source routing approach.
4 What is the function of a router? (Nov 10)(Nov 21)
Routers relay packets among multiple interconnected networks. They route packets from one
network to any of a number of potential destination networks on internet. A router
operates at
the physical, data link and network layer of the OSI model.
5 Write the difference between Distance vector routing and Link
state routing.
Distance Vector Routing Link state routing
Basic idea is each node sends Basic idea is every node sends
its knowledge about the entire its knowledge about its
network to its neighbors. neighbors to the entire
network
It is dynamic routing It is dynamic routing
RIP uses Distance vector OSPF uses link state routing
routing

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6 What does a router do when it receives a packet with a destination address that it
does not have an entry for, in its routing table?
Default Router: If IP Software is not able to find the destination, from routing table then it sends
the datagram to default router. It is useful when a site has small set of local address connected to it
and connected
to the rest of the Internet.

7 What is piggybacking? (Nov 19)

The technique of temporarily delaying outgoing acknowledgment so that they can be
hooked onto the next outgoing data frame is
widely known as piggybacking.
8 Explain Multicast routing?
Multicast IP Routing protocols are used to distribute data for example, audio/video
streaming broadcasts) to multiple recipients. Using multicast, a source can send a single
copy of data to a single multicast address, which is then distributed to an entire
group of recipients.

9 What is RIP?
RIP (Routing Information Protocol) is a widely-used protocol for managing router information
within a self-contained network such as a corporate local area network or an interconnected
group of such LANs. Using RIP, a gateway host (with a router) sends its entire routing table
(which lists all the other hosts it knows about) to its closest neighbor host every 30 seconds.

10 Explain about OSPF.

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) is a router protocol used within larger autonomous
system networks in preference to the Routing Information Protocol (RIP), an older
routing protocol that is
installed in many of today's corporate networks.
11 What is PIM?
Protocol-Independent Multicast (PIM) is a family of multicast routing
protocols for Internet Protocol (IP) networks that provide one-to-many and many-to-many
distribution of data over a LAN, WAN or the Internet. It is termed protocol- independent
because PIM does not include its own topology discovery mechanism, but instead uses routing
information supplied by other routing protocols.
PIM Source-Specific Multicast, Bidirectional PIM PIM Dense Mode, PIM
Sparse Mode

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12 What is DVMRP?
The Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP), is a routing protocol used to
share information between routers to facilitate the transportation of IP multicast
packets among
networks. The protocol is based on the RIP protocol. The router

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generates a routing table with the multicast group of which it has knowledge with
corresponding distances. When a multicast packet is received by a router, it is
forwarded by the router's
interfaces specified in the routing table.
13 What are the metrics used by routing protocols? (Apr/May 2015) Path length, bandwidth,
load, hop count, path cost, delay, Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU), reliability and
communications cost.

14 Define Unicasting, Broadcasting and Multicasting. (Nov/Dec 2011)

Unicasting: Transmitting data from a single sender to a single receiver.
Broadcasting: Transmitting data from a single source to all the other nodes in the network
Multicasting: Transmitting data from a single source to a group of destination nodes.

15 Explain BGP.
BGP stands for Border Gateway Protocol. It can be defined as a standardized exterior gateway
protocol which is developed to interchange routing information and reachability information
between various autonomous systems (AS) on the Internet. It is classified as a path vector
protocol as well as a distance-vector
routing protocol.

16 What is a path vector routing protocol?

A path-vector routing protocol is a network routing protocol which maintains the path
information that gets updated dynamically. Updates that have looped through the
network and
returned to the same node are easily detected and discarded.
17 What is count to infinity problem in distance vector routing?
1. One of the important issues in Distance Vector Routing is County of Infinity Problem.
2. Counting to infinity is just another name for a routing loop.
3. In distance vector routing, routing loops usually occur when an interface goes down.
4. It can also occur when two routers send updates to each other
at the same time.

18 What techniques are used to overcome the count to infinity issue in distance vector
routing?
Split horizon technique and split horizon with poison reverse
technique are used to overcome count to infinity issue in distance vector routing.

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19 What are the contents of a link spate packet (LSP)?

LSP contains the following information:
1. The ID of the node that created the LSP
2. A list of directly connected neighbors of that node, with the

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cost of the link to each one

3. A sequence number
4. A time to live for this packet

20 What is the main difference between BGP and Distance vector routing.
BGP differs from Distance Vector and Link State routings as it
advertises complete paths as an enumerated list of ASs to reach a particular network.

1 Explain what is Distance Vector Routing and Demonstrate how

distance table gives routing table (Nov 21)
2 Discuss about Link-state routing and routers. (Nov 12) (May 15)
3 Explain about the inter domain routing (BGP) routing algorithms.
4 Explain the Routing Information protocol/Distance vector
routing in detail. (Nov 13,15) (May 15,16)(Nov 19)
5 What are the different routing algorithms? List out their pros and
cons. (May / June 2021)
6 Explain Link state routing with Dijkstra's algorithm for the following graph.

7 Explain Distance Vector Routing Algorithm for the graph given below.

8 Explain in detail the operation of OSPF protocol by considering a

suitable network. (May 17)
9 Explain DVMRP multicast routing in detail
10 Explain PIM multicast routing in detail.
UNIT V - PART A

1 List out the functions of data link layer (May / June 2021)

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Data link layer deals with node-to-node delivery of data. The

services provided by the data link layer include: framing, flow control, error control
and access control.
2 What do you mean by framing? (Nov/Dec2013 and Nov/Dec 2014)
The data link layer divides the stream of bits received from the network layer into
manageable data units called frames. The ways to address the framing problem are
 Byte-Oriented Protocols (PPP)
 Bit-Oriented Protocols (HDLC)
 Clock-Based Framing (SONET)

3 What are the two types of errors occurred during data transmission? (May/June 2012)
Single bit error and burst error

4 Compare error detection and correction. (Nov/Dec 2012)

Error Detection Error Correction
Only the occurrence of an error The exact number of bits that are corrupted and
is checked location of
error in the message are known.
5 Define bit stuffing. (Apr/May 2011)
HDLC denotes both the beginning and the end of a frame with the distinguished bit
sequence 01111110. This sequence might appear anywhere in the body of the frame, it can
be avoided by bit stuffing. On the sending side, any time five consecutive 1’s has been
transmitted from the body of the message (i.e., excluding when the sender is trying to
transmit the distinguished 01111110
sequence), the sender inserts a 0 before transmitting the next bit.

6 What do you mean by Flow Control? (Nov/Dec 2011)

Flow control is a technique for assuring that a transmitting entity does not overwhelm a
receiving entity with data. It is a feedback mechanism by which the receiver is able to regulate
the sender. Such a mechanism is used to keep the sender from overrunning the receiver, i.e.,
from transmitting more data than the receiver is able to process

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7 Why is flow control and error control duplicated in different layers?

Like the data link layer, the transport layer is responsible for flow
and error control. Flow control and error control at data link layer

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is node-to-node level. But at transport layer, flow control and error

control is performed end-end rather than across a single link.
8 Differentiate between lost frame and damaged frame?
Lost Frame Damaged Frame
Lost frame is the frame that The damaged frame is a recognizable frame does
fails to arrive at the other side. arrive,
but some of the bits are in error
9 What is the difference between stop and wait and sliding window protocol? (Nov/Dec
2012)

Stop and Wait Protocol Sliding Window Protocol

In stop and wait protocol, In sliding window protocol, we can send multiple frames at a
we can send one frame at time.
a time
Shows poor performance As sliding window doesn't waste network bandwidth compared
than Sliding Window with stop-n-wait, both in normal and in congested condition,
Protocol, comparatively sliding window show better performance than stop-n-
wait.

10 Why sliding window flow control is considered to be more efficient than stop and wait
flow control?
In sliding window flow control, the transmission link is treated as a pipeline that may be
filled with frames in transit. But with stop-
and-wait flow control only one frame may be in the pipe at a time.
11 Define Piggybacking?
The technique of temporarily delaying outgoing acknowledgment so that they can be
hooked onto the next outgoing data frame is
widely known as piggybacking.
12 Find the hamming distance between the two pair of code words: A = 01011; B = 11110
(May / June 2021)
Hamming distance is the numbers of bits by which two codes
differ. Here hamming distance = 3
13 Define hidden node problem. (May 16)
In wireless networking, the hidden node problem or hidden terminal problem occurs when
a node is visible from a wireless access point (AP), but not from other nodes
communicating with
that AP. This leads to difficulties in media access control sub layer.

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14 What is the access method used by wireless LAN? (May 14)

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The access method used by wireless LAN is Carrier Sense Multiple

Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA)
15 What is meant by Exponential back of algorithm?
After first collision, each station waits either 0 or 1 slot time before trying again. If two stations
collide and each one picks same random number 0/1. After second collision, each one picks
0, 1, 2 or 3 slot at random and waits. If collision occurs again, then next time the number of
slots to wait is chosen at random from 0 to [23
– 1]. This algorithm is called binary exponential “back off
algorithm”.

16 What is High Level data link control? (Nov 21)

High-Level Data Link Control is a bit-oriented code-transparent synchronous data link layer
protocol developed by the International Organization for Standardization. The standard for
HDLC is ISO/IEC 13239:2002. HDLC provides both connection-
oriented and connectionless service.

17 Give the format of Ethernet address.

Preambl Dest Src addr Type Body CRC
e addr
64 48 48 16 32
18 Outline the use of cyclic redundancy check. (Nov 19)
A cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is an error-detecting code commonly used in digital networks
and storage devices to detect
accidental changes to raw data.
19 What is CSMA/CD? (Nov 11)
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection is one of the methods of medium
access. It is used to sense whether a medium is busy before transmission. If the medium is busy,
it refrains from transmitting the data or else proceeds with the transmission. Also has the
ability to check whether a transmission
has collided with another.

20 Examine how Network Interface Card works. (Nov 21)

A Network Interface Card provides a computer with a dedicated, full-time connection to a
network. It implements the physical layer circuitry necessary for communicating with a data
link layer
standard, such as Ethernet or Wi-Fi.
21 List the rules for CSMA/CD.
1. If the medium is idle, transmit; otherwise go to step 2.
2. If the medium is busy, continue to listen until the channel is idle, and then transmit
immediately.

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3. If a collision detected during transmission, transmit a brief

jamming signal to all station to indicate collision has occurred and then cease transmission.

22 Mention some of the physical properties of Ethernet.

(May 11)
The Ethernet is a multiple-access network, meaning that a set of
nodes send and receive frames over a shared link. An Ethernet is like a bus that has
multiple stations plugged into it.
23 Write the parameters used to measure network performance.
(May 2016)
The parameters used to measure network performance are
Latency, Throughput, Delay and Bandwidth.
24 Outline the need for switching. (Nov 19)
Switched communication networks are those in which data transferred from source to
destination is routed between various intermediate nodes. Switching is the technique by which
nodes control or switch data to transmit it between specific points on a network. There are
three common switching techniques:
Circuit Switching, message switching and packet switching.

25 List the types of Transmission media. (Nov 21)

Transmission Media is broadly classified into the following types: Guided Media: It is also
referred to as Wired or Bounded transmission media. Common types are: (i) Twisted Pair Cable
(ii) Coaxial Cable (iii) Optical Fiber Cable
Unguided Media: Wireless Transmission. Common Types are:
(i) Satellite (ii) Infrared (iii) Broadcast (iv)Wi-Fi

26 Define Bandwidth
Bandwidth refers to the number of bits per second that a channel, a link, or even a network
can transmit.
27 What is Throughput?
It is a measure of how data can actually be sent through network.
28 What is meant by the contention period of Ethernet?
When several stations on an Ethernet have data to send, there are contention periods
during which collisions happen and no data is successfully transmitted.

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29 What does IEEE 10 Base 5 standard signify?

 10 represents data rate 10 Mbps.
 5 refers to segment length 5* 100 m that can run without repeaters
 Base represents Base band communication.

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30 What do you mean by CSMA protocol? (Apr/May 2015)

Carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) is a media access control (MAC) protocol in which a
node verifies the absence of other traffic before transmitting on a shared transmission
medium.
Carrier sense means that a transmitter attempts to determine whether another transmission is
in progress before initiating a transmission. If a carrier is sensed, the node waits for the
transmission in progress to end before initiating its own transmission. In other words, CSMA is
based on the principle "sense before transmit". Multiple access means that multiple nodes may
send and receive on the medium. Transmissions by one node
are generally received by all other nodes connected to the medium.

1 Given a remainder of 111, a data unit of 10110011 and a divisor of

1001, is there an error in the data unit. Justify your answer with necessary principles.
(May 14)
2 Explain the various error detection techniques with example. (Nov
10,12), (May 12,16)
3 The message X5 + X4 + X 11001001 is to be transmitted, using CRC error detection algorithm.
Assuming the CRC polynomial to be X3
+ X2 + 1, determine the three-bit CRC code that should be
appended to message. (May / June 2021)
4 Discuss in detail about the HDLC protocol (Bit Oriented Protocol).
(May 16) (Nov 19)
5 Explain various flow control mechanisms. i) Stop Wait protocol ii)
Go Back-N iii) Selective Repeat (Nov 15)
6 Discuss in detail about the PPP protocol (Byte Oriented Protocol).
7 Describe the CSMA/CD protocol and comment on its performance
for medium access. (May 11,14,17) (Nov 19)
8 Explain the functioning of wireless LAN in detail. (Nov 10,12,15)
(May 15)
9 Explain how hidden node and exposed node problem is solved in
IEEE 802.11 (Nov 13)
10 Explain Transmission media and its types in detail. (May / June
2021)
11 Explain the various performance metrics in detail.
12 Explain Circuit Switching in detail. (Nov 19)(Nov/Dec 2021)

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