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Introduction to Electrodynamics Solution Manual - 4th Edition - David Griffiths_text

The document is the Instructor's Solution Manual for 'Introduction to Electrodynamics' by David J. Griffiths, detailing solutions to various problems related to vector analysis, electrostatics, magnetostatics, and electrodynamics. It includes chapters on electromagnetic waves, potentials, fields, and radiation, among others. The manual is intended for educational purposes and is protected under copyright laws.

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100% found this document useful (1 vote)

609 views

Introduction to Electrodynamics Solution Manual - 4th Edition - David Griffiths_text

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Instructor’s Solution Manual

Introduction to Electrodynamics
Fourth Edition

David J. Griffiths

2014
Contents

Vector Analysis

Electrostatics

Potential

Electric Fields in Matter

Magnetostatics 110

Magnetic Fields in Matter 133

Electrodynamics 145

Conservation Laws 168

9 Electromagnetic Waves 185

10 Potentials and Fields 210

11 Radiation 231

12 Electrodynamics and Relativity 262

©2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is
protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be
reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Preface

Although I wrote these solutions, much of the typesetting was done by Jonah Gollub, Christopher Lee, and
James Terwilliger (any mistakes are, of course, entirely their fault). Chris also did many of the figures, and I
would like to thank him particularly for all his help. If you find errors, please let me know ([email protected]).

David Griffiths

Chapter 1

Vector Analysis

Problem 1.1
(a) From the diagram, |B + C| cos #3 = |B| cos #; + |C| cos 42. Multiply by |A].
|A||B + C| cos #3 = |A}|B) cos 0, + |A||C} cos 62. : |C| sin 02
So: A-(B+C) = A-B+A-C. (Dot product is distributive)
Similarly: |B + C] sin 03 = |B| sin @, + |C|sin #2. Mulitply by |A] fi.
|A||B + C| sin 03 fi = |A]|B| sin @; i + |A}|C| sin 2 fi. :} |B] sin 0,

If fi is the unit vector pointing out of the page, it follows that —o

Ax(B+C) = (AxB)+(AxC). (Cross product is distributive) Pkonee: AeiGraga
(b) For the general case, see G. E. Hay’s Vector and Tensor Analysis, Chapter 1, Section 7 (dot product) and
Section 8 (cross product)
Problem 1.2 C
The triple cross-product is not in general associative. For example,
suppose A = B and C is perpendicular to A, as in the diagram.
Then (BXC) points out-of-the-page, and Ax(BxC) points down,
and has magnitude ABC. But (AxB) = 0, so (AxB)xC =04
Ax(BxC).

Problem 1.3

A=4+1K+17-12 A= V3; B=1%4+197412;

B= V3.

A-B =414+1-—1=1=
ABcos@ = V3V3cos@ > cosé= i.

6 = cos! (4) = 70.5288°

Problem 1.4

The cross-product of any two vectors in the plane will give a vector perpendicular to the plane. For example,
we might pick the base (A) and the left side (B):

A=-1%+2y+02; B= —-1%+0y
+ 32.

Ry
AxB=|-1 2 =6X +354 2%.
-10 won
This has the right direction, but the wrong magnitude. To make a unit vector out of it, simply divide by its
length:
|
= V36+9+4=7.
|AxXB A= Ken = 8x+ 39+ 24].

Problem 1.5
& y Zz
Ax(BxC) = Az Ay A Zz
(B,C, — B,C,) (B.C, — BzCz) (BrCy, — ByCz)
= x[A, (B,C, — ByC,) — A.(BzCz — BzCz)] + ¥() + #0)
(I'll just check the x-component; the others go the same way)
= x(A, B,C, — AyByC, —
A, B.C, + AzB,Cz) + ¥() + 4).
B(A-C) — C(A-B) = [B,(AzC, + AyC, + A,C,) — C,(A;By + AyB, + A,B.))&+ DF+ (02
= x(A, B,C, + A,B,C, — AyByC, — AzB.C,z) + ¥() + 2(). They agree.
Problem 1.6
Ax(BxC)+Bx(CxA)+Cx(AxB) = B(A-C)—C(A-B)+C(A-B)—A(C-B)+A(B-C)—B(C-A) = 0.
So: Ax(BxC) — (AxB)xC = —Bx(CxA) = A(B-C) — C(A-B).
If this is zero, then either A is parallel to C (including the case in which they point in opposite directions, or
one is zero), or else B-C = B-A = 0, in which case B is perpendicular to A and C (including the case B = 0.)
Conclusion: |AX(BxC) = (AxB)xC <=> either A is parallel to C, or B is perpendicular to A and C.

Problem 1.7

a =(4X+69 + 8%) — (2% +89 +72) =(2k -2F +2

2 =V/44441 =([3]
&=% =|2%- 29418
Problem 1.8
(a) A,B, + A.B. = (cos dA, + sin dA-)(cos dB, + sin dB.) + (— sin dA, + cosdA-)(— sin dB, + cos dB.)
= cos* A,B, + sin¢cos (A,B, + A,B,) + sin? ¢A,B, + sin? 6A,B, — sindcos ¢(A,B, + A,B,) +
cos? @A, B:
= (cos? ¢ + sin? ¢) A,B, + (sin? ¢ + cos? ¢)A,B. = AyB, + A.B. V

(b) (Ax)? + (Ay)? + (Az)? = S$ AiAi = Diy (DF RigAj) (Dhar Rik An) = Lj,n (ViPiy Rin) Aj Ar-
Thisequals 2 +A + A? provided] 53, RyRu =4 9 i 4a 4}
Oif j#k
Moreover, if R is to preserve lengths for all vectors A, then this condition is not only sufficient but also
necessary. For suppose A = (1,0,0). Then ©), (©; Rj; Rix) A;Ax = U; Ri Ri, and this must equal 1 (since we
want A,+A, ay = 1). Likewise, a Ri2Ri2 = De, RizRiz = 1. Tocheck the case 7#4 k, choose A = (1,1,0).
Then we want 2 = D4,k (>; Rij Rix) Aj Ax, = ¥; RaRa + dO; RieRig + O Ri Rig + 0; RigRiy. But we already
know that the first two sums are both 1; the third and fourth are equal, so Dj Ri,Rig = Yj Ri2Ri1 = 0, and so
on for other unequal combinations of j, k. Y In matrix notation: RR = 1, where R is the transpose of R.

Problem 1.9

Looking down the axis:

A 120° rotation carries the z axis into the y (= 2) axis, y into x (= 9), and x into z (= 7). So A, = Az,

[cage] Re = Ae, y= Ay He = A
Problem 1.10

(b) in the sense (A, = —Ay,, Ay = —Ay,, A, = —A,)

(c) (AxB) — (—A)x(-—B) = (AxB). That is, if C = AxB, [c— cl] No minus sign, in contrast to
behavior of an “ordinary” vector, as given by (b). If A and B are pseudovectors, then (A XB) — (A)x(B) =
(AxB). So the cross-product of two pseudovectors is again a pseudovector. In the cross-product of a vector
and a pseudovector, one changes sign, the other doesn’t, and therefore the cross-product is itself a vector.
Angular momentum (L = rxXp) and torque (N = rXF) are pseudovectors.
(d) A-(BxC) — (—A)-((—B)x(—C)) = —A:(BxC). So, if a= A-(BxC), then a pseudoscalar
changes sign under inversion of coordinates.
Problem 1.11

(a) Vf =2rk
4+ 3y? ¥ +4232

(b) Vf = 2ry3z4 & + 327 y2z4 ¥ + 42? y323z

(c)Vf =e* sinylnzX+e*

cosylnzy +e” siny(1/z)z

Problem 1.12
(a) Vh = 10{(2y — 6a — 18)&+ (2x — 8y + 28) ¥|. Vh = 0 at summit, so
Qy — 6a — 18 =0 _
el re re ei em
22y = 66 => y = 3 => 22 — 244+ 28 =0 => r= -2.
Top is|3 miles north, 2 miles west, of South Hadley.

(b) Putting in « = —2, y = 3:

h = 10(—12— 12 — 36 + 36 + 84+ 12) =| 720 ft.
(c) Putting in x =1, y= 1: Vh = 10[(2 —6 — 18)& + (2 — 8 + 28)¥] = 10(—22& + 225) = 220(-¥ + ¥).
|Wh| = 220)/2 =| 311 ft/mile; |direction:

Problem 1.13

=(x—2')k+(y-—y) H+ (z-2')8 2 = V(z—-2')?

+ (y—y')? + (z- 2’).
(a) V(2 2) = we l(z—2')? +(y—y')? + (2-2) "184+ )¥+ 2()% = 2(a—-2') K+ Ay—-y') F¥+2(z—-2’) 2= 22.

(b) Vi4-) = Alle -2')? + (y—y')? + (z- 2)? ~3X+ 5 ()~29+ 2()-22
—$()722(@
- 2’) &— 3()-22(y
—y') ¥— $0 F(z
- 2)@
= —()-2[(e@ —a')&+ (y—y')¥+ (z- 2)a]=-(1/2 3)a = -(1/2 2)4.
(c) (2 =n2"- 182 =nanlipdaz,)=nr1h4,,90/V(2" =n 4
Problem 1.14

y = +y cos +z sing; multiply by sind: Fsind = +y sindcos¢ + z sin? ¢.

Z=-—ysin@+ z cos; multiply by cos¢: Zcos ¢= —y sin@cos @ + z cos? ¢.
Add: Ysin@ + Zcos ¢ = 2(sin? + cos? ) = z. Likewise, 7 cos @— Zsing = y.
So st = cos ¢; oy = —sing; a = sin @; ae = cos @. Therefore

(VA), =a
= 2y99+ 2 8p + coso(Vf)y + sin o(V f)s So Vf transforms as a vector. qed
(VA). = = SH + LE =—sind(VS)y + cosg(VS):
Problem 1.15

)
= 2r4+0-
£(27)+ 22(327) + #(-—2rz = 0.
2c

2 (cy) +=P (2yz) + 2- (3rz) = y+ 2z + 32.

be(y?) + F(Qay + 27) + H(2yz) = 0+ (2x) + (2y) = Ax ty)

K A Vv=2(35)+F2 (4) + 2) = & [2@? + y? +22)-2 3]

+B [ve+y° +2731 4 2 [2@ +y? +22)-3]
ek Es

220 + ()-? + y(—-3/2)()-

= ()~? + a(-3/2)()~ Fay + (73
eA Ne + z(—3/2)()~22z = 3r—3 — 3r—5(2? + y? + 2?) = 3r—3 — 3r-3 = 0.

This conclusion is surprising, because, from the diagram, this vector field is obviously diverging away from the
origin. How, then, can V-v = 0? The answer is that V-v = 0 everywhere except at the origin, but at the
origin our calculation is no good, since r = 0, and the expression for v blows up. In fact, V+v is infinite at
that one point, and zero elsewhere, as we shall see in Sect. 1.5.
Problem 1.17

Dy = cos@vy
+ singuz; 0, = —sing@v,
+ cosdvz.
a vy
Ow —= Ov Dy cosag @ + 9s
st
Ov ::
sind == (3
Ovy uv OatOy + Ovy Oz
5 3) Ov.. oO
cca+ (3 Oy + 3%
ag Ov. dz)
O. .
9) sin@. Usees result
opens :
in Prob. 1.14: :

= (3 cos @ + Se sin) cos@ + (3 cos ¢ + i

2 my sind)a n@.

, — —y sing
+ 2% cosd = — (35 aes x 22) sind + (ee o Ops Be) cos
=— (-3 sin @ + Oey cos d) sin @ + — Fs sing + oe
&Oz
cos ¢)cos@. So

we oo = oh cos? @ + Seu sin dcos @ + St

ema dae“= sin 2O4+5oe sin? ¢ — oe sin @cos@
— rin pcosd+ 94 cos? @
= Fe (cos o+sin? d) + 2% (sin?@ + cos? ¢) = Fe + Oe. A
Problem 1.18
x Zz
(a) Vxve=|2 & FZ | =K(0-Gxz) +H(0+ 22) + 482? - 0) =[-6rzk+ 2H +3272.
z? 3x22 —22z
xX y @
(b) Vxv,i=|2 2 Z = &(0 — 2y) + 9(0 — 3z) + 2(0 - x) = [-2y% -329-22. |
ry 2yz 3xz

y
()Vxvr=|— & 2 | =R(2z — 22) + $(0 — 0) + 2(2y — 2y) =[0.]

As we go from point A to point B (9 o'clock to 10 o'clock), x

increases, y increases, v, increases, and v, decreases, so Ov, /Oy >
0, while Ov,/Oy < 0. On the circle, v, = 0, and there is no
dependence on z, so Eq. 1.41 says

points in the (into the page), as the right

hand rule would suggest. (Pick any other nearby points on the
circle and you will come to the same conclusion.) {I’m sorry, but I
cannot remember who suggested this cute illustration.]

Problem 1.20

v=yX429; or v= yzX4+ rzFH4 ryZ; or v = (3272 — 23)4 3F + (x? — 3227)2;

or v = (sin x)(cosh y) X — (cos x)(sinh y) ¥; ete.
Problem 1.21

(i) V( Fg) = Ym x4 Mo g + od g — (724 + gl) 24 (f9e4 gL)

: oO * O ~ 0
94 (Ft + 9%)2
s 0. 0 ~ 0 q] 0 0 a

dg5, a9
~F (G84 We,+ doe Sf,
B88)+0(HR+ Fe, 8He)- f(Vg9)+9(Vf).
H+ qed

(iv) V-(AXB) = 2(A,B. ~ A.By) + §a (ABs ~ AaB.) + Be (ASB, aah

= ABB + Bate - A, 5 — By 9s + A, Be + B, Ss — A, 98s — B, Oe
+A,» + B, Se — A, 2B* p,2ae
= Be (% dav) 4p, (Uae — Oe) +p, (Uda — BAe) — 4, (Bs — 28x)
—Ay (282 - 932) — A, (Fe - 2) = B.(VxA)- A-(VXxB). ged
(v) Vx (fA) = (“Sas _ oo) 4 (Age Zz aga) 9+ (oe _ 26 A2))5
Oz Oz Ox Ox Oy

= (Fe +A. $f- F552 - Ay Sl) e+ (Fe + ALS - fe - A,8L) 9

+ (ft + Ay3l - fe — A, 2) a

= 5 [(Sp - St) + (Se- Se)9+ (Ge- He) al

-Ay3L)a]
— [(Ay9f - As9L)x+(4.3-LAe8L) 9 + (Aro
= f(VxA)-Ax(Vf). qed
Problem 1.22

(a) (A-V) B= (4.93 + A, 53s +A, é 9s) K+

me
(Az aBy aB
Bat + Ay" + A, dB,Gr)\ =
+ (Ar
9B + Ay 9B + A, OB) 2.
b)#=f=
. foe heed
LEY
| Let’s Jjust do the 2 component.
Pp
V 22+y?42?
a.07)s) =— =2 («2
[(#-V)#],, a + YB,
a +z)
a Jang

=i {« [4 + 2(-4) 22] + yx [-3 Apu + 22 [-12

= FF - (ei tayt+a2?)pal{e-3 1
r
fz
rT r (ety? +2)} = 5 (F- F) =O.
Same goes for the other components. Hence: | (f-V)# = 0}.

(c) (varV) vp = (@2 + 3227 5 - 2222)

Oz
(xy &+ 2yz¥ + 3xz2Z)
= 27 (y& + OF + 322) + 3az? (x + 22 H+ 02) — 2rz (OX + BH + 3rZ)
= (a?y + 34?2z?) & + (6229 — 4aryz) § + (3u2z — 6x?z) &
=| x? (y + 327) & + 2wz (32? — 2y) ¥ — 307z%
Problem 1.23
(ii) [(V(A-B)], = 2 (A,B, + AyB, + A,B.) = 242B,+ A, 2B + “vB, + A, Su + OA,
Ox B, +A,
OB,
Ox

[AX(VxB)]_ = Ay(VXB)s ~ As(V XB)y = Ay(35 ~ 5) — As (Se — Se)

[Bx(VxA)], = By(Ge — yt) — B:(G — St)
[(A-V)B], = (Aege + Ay dy+ Asdz)Be= Ax Ge + Ay Ge + ALG
[(B-V) A], = Be ge + By oy + Bee
So [Ax(V xB) + Bx(VxA) + (A-V)B + (B-V)A],
= OB OB OB OB OA :m OA OA OA
= Ay it
Dr Ay aD A, —z
Oz A, RAs
Or + By, aggll
Or By, ell
i) ae B ae +B ae
2 Oz = Ox
OB, OB, OB, OA OA, OA,
+Az Ox a Ay Oy + A: Oz + By or + By Oy z B. Oz

= B, As + A, 28s + By(Gv — 2a 494 ) + A,(Fu— Oe 4 Oo )

oo oo aa
= [V(A-B)],, (same for y and z)

(vi) [Vx(AxB)], jy(AXB). — p(AXB)y = £ (ArBy — AyBz) — 2(AzBz — Az Bz)

= Be By + Ae Gt — Gt Be — Ay 9pe —SB, — A, Fs + Sew, +A
OA, : uv : uv é ‘% é z é re x
=
OB.
Ox

[((B-V)A — (A-V)B + A(V-B) — B(V-A)],

_ p dAz aAy 0A, _ 4 OB, _ 4 OBz _ OB, OB, OB, OB.
= Br Ox + By Oy +B, Oz Ay Ox Ay Oy A, Oz + Az( Ox = Oy Oz

= B, Se + (- 99 i ou
+ Ay(- oe) (1 oe S)
a [Vx(AxB)], (same on y and z)
Problem 1.24

V(f/9) = Bs (f/9) & + oy

3 (f/9)¥9
+ §2(F/9)%
= 98 15 4 MH g 5vit g

=4 o(aee+ 39+ota) — f (ax + 209+ 02)) = W=f% ged

V-(A/g) = bz
2 (Ae/9) + dy
fala) * £(A./g9)
= = Ars 4. ra

aL
pay | OA, a (4282 + A, 022+A, 92)|
‘) _= av-A AW ged
gV:A-A'V¥

[Vx(A/g)], = by(Az/9) — #(Ay/9)

— obs -A, $8 moa -A,3

== [a (24 — She)
UUXA)HAX
— (4085 - 4,88)
Vos (sam e for y and z). qed
Problem 1.25
a> 2
(a) AXB = 2Qy 32| = &(6xrz) + $(9zy) + 2(—2x? — Gy?)
3y —2r 0

V-(AxB) = 2 (6xrz) + $y(92y) + 2(-—2x? — 6y?) = 6z+9z+0=

15z

VxA =%(2(32)-Z2y)) +9(Z@ -Zz) +2(Zv)-R(@) =0; BVA)=0

VxB=2%(£(0) - 2 (-22)) +9 (2(3y) - 2(0))
; + 2(£(- 2x) — 2 (3y)) = -5 4;A-(VxB) = —152
V-(AxB) = B-(VxA) — A-(VxB) = 0 — (—15z) = 15z. ¥
(b) A-B = 3zy — 4ry = —ay ; V(A-B) = V(—zy) = 4.
Ox (-zy) +9 $F(-ay) = -yR -—2F

z = &(—10y) + y(5r); Bx(VxA) =

5
(A-V)B = (x2 +2yh +322) (By — 2x H) = X(6y) + H(—22)
(BV)A = (3y% — 2 P) (w& + 2yH + 328) = R(3y) + H(—4e)
Ax(VxB)+Bx(VxA)+(A-V)B+(B-V)A
= -10yX + 5H + Gy — 2w FH+ 3yk— de¥ = —yR—x¥ =V-(A-B). V
(c) Vx(AXxB) = & (2 (—22? —6y?) —2 (9zy)) + ¥ (A Gxz) — 2 (22? -by*)) +2 (Z(92y) — Z(6x2))
= &(—12y — 9y) + ¥(62 + 4x) + 2(0) = —21lyX+ 1l0ry
V-A= (2) + Z(2y) + Z(3z) =14+24+3=6; V-B= Z(3y) + Z(-2z) =0

(B-V)A — (A-V)B+ A(V-B) — B(V-A) = 3yX —4ry — 6y& 4+ 2ry — 18yX4+ l2ey¥ = —2lyxX+ 1lOry
= Vx(AxB). ¥v
Problem 1.26

(0) Ge=2 Ge =Fe =0 > [WT =2.]

O77 OT O77 2 . . .
(b) fer = oT = = =-T, =/|V°T, = —3T, = —3sinzsin
ysin z.

(a) Rasy by =Be 0 Nee

it = Son 0G =bx» Vy te |[PTR
Ox?

Ox
ov,
a
—
dy
Oru
i Oy?

~ ale
pi

~
2 _
=

Problem 1.27
dv. Ov O (Ove Ov. a (dv due
V-(Vxv) _= £d [{(52 - Sr) + Oy ao Ox )+ 2 (dx - 3)
dy
= (3% = Pe)
Uv;
+ (f% = oe) + (Se - so) = 0, by equality of cross-derivatives.

From Prob. 1.18: VX Va = —6xz%+22 9+327% > V-(Vxva) = & (-62z)+¢ (2z)+2
Oz
(32?) = —6z+6z =
Problem 1.28
RH @
_|aaa 5 (_07t o7t = (_ot 07t 5(_07t a?t
Vx(Vi) = oe at Oe = (a3: = BzBy) + 9(z Or Sab: ) + 2( say = By oz)
Ox Oy Oz
= (0), by eqnality of cross-derivatives.
In Prob. 1.11(b), Vf = 2xy?z4 & + 3x7y? 24 ¥ + 427 y323Z, so
x y Zz
Vx(VA=| & BB
Qry z4 3x ays ary3 z3
= &(3 - 4a? y223 — 4. 3n2y2z3) + (4 - Qry3z3 — 2 - dzy3z>) + 2(2 - 3ry?z* — 3 - Qry?z4) =0. v
Problem 1.29
(a) (0,0,0) —> (1,0,0). 7:0 1l,y= z=0;dl=dr&,v-dl=2 dz; [v-dl= f) 2? dx = (z*/3)|§ = 1/3.
(1,0,0) — (1,1,0). 2 =1,y:0—-1,z=0; dl = dy¥; v - dl = 2yzdy = 0; f v- dl=0.
(1,1,0) — (1,1,1). 2 =y=1,z:0-1;dl=dz;v-
dl = y? dz = dz; fv-dl= f) dz=2|} = it.
Total: fv - dl= (1/3) +0+1=[4/3.|

(b) (0,0,0) — (0,0, 1). 2 =y=0,2:0-1;d

=dz4;v -dl=y?dz=0; fv-dl=
(0,0,1) — (0,1,1).24=0,y:041,z= 1; dl = dy¥;v- dl = 2yz dy = 2ydy; f v-dl= f 2y dy = y?|8 ——
(0,1,1) — (1,1,1). 2:0 9 1,y= 2 =1;dl = dr&;v -dl = 2? de; fv -dl= J) 2? dx = (23/3)| = 1/3.
Total: f v- dl=0+1 + (1/3) =[4/3.|
(c) a =y=2:0- 1; dr = dy=dz;v- dl = 2? dr + 2yzdy+ y? dz = x2 dx + 2x7 dx + x? dx = 4x7 dz;
fv- d= i 4a? dr = (4x°/3)|§ =

d) $v- dl = (4/3) — (4/3) =

Problem 1.30
zy :0—> 1,2 = 0;da = drdyé;v-da = y(z? — 3)drdy = —3ydrdy; [v-da = —3 fe dx fo y dy -
—3(2|2)(4[3) = —3(2)(2) = In Ex. 1.7 we got 20, for the same boundary line (the square in the
xy-plane), so the answer is the surface integral does not depend only on the boundary line. The total flux
for the cube is 20 + 12 =
Problem 1.31

[Tdr = [ 2? dxdy dz. You can do the integrals in any order

fel (Jo)s«
here it is simplest to save z for last:

The sloping surface is x+y+z = 1, so the x integral is A es aes dx = 1—y~—z. Fora given z, y ranges from 0) to
1—2z, so the y integral is yeaa 6! —y—z)dy = [(1—z)y- (y2/2)]|9--? = (1—z)? —[(1—z)?/2] = (1-z)?/2=
(1/2) — z + (27/2). Finally, the z integral is { 2(5—z+ =) dz = GE — 234 =) dz = (= - i + z-)I =
§-i+ 7% =| 1/60.
Problem 1.32
T(b) =1+4+4+2=7; T(a) =0. >|T(b) —T(a) =7.

VT = (2x + 4y)& + (4a + 223)¥ + (6yz7)@; VT-dl = (2x + 4y)dx + (4x + 22°)dy + (6yz?)dz
(a) Segment 1: 7:01, y= z = dy = dz =0.{VT-dl = f, (22) dx = x?|,=;
Segment 2: y:0 31, r=1, z=0, dr =dz=0.f[VT-dl= fe (4) dy = 4y|¢ = 4. [Pvr-dl =T7.Vv
Segment 3: 2:01, «=y=1, dx = dy = 0. [VT-dl = J. (62?) dz = 223|° = 2.

(b) Segment 1: z:0—1, x =y = dx = dy=0.fVT-dl= f, (0) dz =0.

Segment 2: y:0>1, c=0, z=1, dx = dz = 0. [WT-dl = f) (2) dy = 2y|p = 2. b
Segment 3: a:0— 41, y=z=1, dy=dz=0.fVT-dl=
f, (22 +4) dx Ja VI-dl=7.V
= (a? +4z)|) =14+4=5.
(c) 2:01, y=2, z=2", dy=dz, dz =2rdz.
VT-dl = (2x + 4x)dx + (4x + 22°)dx + (6xxr4)2x dx = (10x + 142° )dz.

JP VT-dl = fo(10x + 142)dx = (5x? + 227)|) =54+2=7.V

Problem 1.33
Vev=yt2z4+ 32

[(Vev)dr = f(y + 2z + 32x) dxdydz = oly +2z+ 32) dx} dy dz

— [(y + 2z)a+ 32)" = y+ 2z)+6
= I {lo 2y +4z+ 6)dy} dz
—> [y? + (42 + 6)y]. = 4 + 2(4z + 6) = 82 + 16
= fo(8z+ 16)dz = (422 + 162)|¢ = 16+ 32 =[48. |

Numbering the surfaces as in Fig. 1.29:

(i) da = dydz&,x = 2. v-da = 2y dydz. [v-da= [[2ydydz = 2y? ;= 8.

(ii) da = —dydzX,x =0. v-da=0. [v-da=0.
(iii) da = dx dz J, y = 2. v-da = 4zdrdz. [v-da = [[4zdxdz = 16.
(iv) da= —drdz¥,y = 0. v-da = 0. [v-da = 0.
(v) da = drdy@,z = 2. v-da = 6xdrdy. [v-da = 24.
(vi) da = —dxdyZ,z = 0. v-da=0. [v-da=0.
=> {veda =8+16+ 24 =48 V
Problem 1.34

Vxv = x(0 — 2y) + (0 — 3z) + 2(0— x) = —2yK —3z 9 — vz.

da = dydzX, if we agree that the path integral shall run counterclockwise. So
(V xv)-da = —2ydydz.

(Vxv)-da = ff i2—z (~2y)dy} dz

— ye? = —(2 oe z)?
#4:/2
— fo(4-42 + 29)dz = — (42-227 + 2)| Ne
0 \
<
- (8-8+§8)=|-3|
Meanwhile, v-dl = (xy)dx + (2yz)dy + (3zx)dz. There are three segments. 4

(1)c2=z=0; dr=dz=0.y:0-2. fv-dl=0.

(2)2=0; z=2-—y; dx =0, dz = —dy, y: 2-0. v-dl
= 2yz dy.
2
Jvedl = fy 2y(2— y)dy = — fo (4y — 2y?)dy = — (2y? — 3y3)|5 = — (8 -
8
= —8.
v-dl=0. [v-dl=0. So fv-dl
(3) c=y =0; dx = dy =0; 2:20. <
wir

Problem 1.35
By Corollary 1, {(Vxv)-da should equal <. Vxv = (427 — 22)k + 22%.

(i) da = dydz&, x=1; y,z:0— 1. (Vxv)-da= (42? — 2)dydz; [(Vxv)-da= fo (42 — 2)dz
= ($28 -22))) = $-2=-3
(ii) da = —drdy#, z=0; r,y:0— 1. (Vxv)-da=0; [(Vxv)-da=0.
(iii) da = dr dz ¥, y=1; 2,z:01. (Vxv)-da=0; [(Vxv)-da =0.
(iv) da= —drdzy, y=0; 2,z:01. (Vxv)-da=0; [(Vxv)-da=0.
(v) da=drdy%, z=1; x,y:0— 1. (VWXv)-da=2drdy; [(Vxv)-da = 2.

=> f(Vxv)-da=-24+2=4.V

Problem 1.36

(a) Use the product rule Vx(fA) = f(VxA)-—Ax (Vf):

[fevxa)-aa= [vx(sa)-aa+ [ax (vp)j-da= f fads [[ax (Wf) da qed

(I used Stokes’ theorem in the last step.)

(b) Use the product rule V-(A x B) = B-(VxA)—A-(VxB):

| B.(VxA)dr= i.V-(A x B)dr+ [ A-(VxB)dr= lax B) -da+ [A-(VxB)dr. qed

v v v Ss v
(I used the divergence theorem in the last step.)

Problem 1.37 |r = \/z? + y2 +22; @= cos} (sates

Problem 1.38

There are many ways to do this one—probably the most illuminating way is to work it out by trigonometry
from Fig. 1.36. The most systematic approach is to study the expression:

r=cx+y¥+2Z=rsinécos@X+rsinOsingy
+ rcosdZ.

If I only vary r slightly, then dr = £(r)dr is a short vector pointing in the direction of increase in r. To make
it a unit vector, I must divide by its length. Thus:

or or or
f= ary 6 = EE O= Tey
or 00 a6

oe = sin@cos @X + sin@ sind ¥ + cos Zz; a |? — sin? @ cos? @ + sin? 0 sin? ¢ + cos? 0 = 1.
on = rcos6cos
@X +rcos@singy — rsindz; |S r? cos? 0 cos? @ + r? cos? @ sin? @ + r? sin? @ = r?.
i = -—rsin@ésindx+ rsin@
cos dy; |3 7 — r? sin? @ sin? @ + r? sin? 0 cos? ¢ = r? sin?0.

f = sindcos@X + sin#ésindy + cos#zZ.

6 = cos @ cos @X + cos Asin dF — sin OZ.
go = —sing@x+cosdy.
Check: ®-# = sin? 0 (cos? @ + sin? ¢) + cos? @= sin?@ + cos? 6= 1, V
6-¢@= —cos@sindcos ¢ + cosOsindcosd=0, WV ete.

sin6#= sin? Ocos6X + sin? Osind F + sin#@ cos Z.

cos
66 = cos? 0cos¢& + cos? 6 sin dF — sin 0cos OZ.
Add these: .
(1) sind# + cos0@ = +cosdX + singdy;
(2) o = —sind&+cosdy.
Multiply (1) by cos @, (2) by sing, and subtract:

& = sin cos d# + cosO cos 6 — sing ¢.

Multiply (1) by sin @, (2) by cos @, and add:

¥ =sind sin df + cosO sind 6 + cosd¢.

cos@# = sin @cos #cos@X + sin 8 cos@ sin dF + cos? OZ.

sin 06 = sin 0 cos 0 cos ¢& + sin @ cos @sin dF — sin? 02.
Subtract these:

Z = cos0f —sin0@.

Problem 1.39

(a) Vivi = 42 (r?r?) = 44r’ = 4r

S(V-vi)dr = f(4r)(r? sin
6dr dO dé) = (4) fo" rFdr J" sin 0dO [2*dé = (4) (Rt) (2)(2m) =|4mR4|
Jvi-da = [(r?#)-(r? sin @d0 dot) = r4 fe sin 6 d0 5g dé = 4rR* V (Note: at surface of sphere r = R.)

(b) Vev2 = 42 (r?4) =0 =| f(V-v2)dr =0

fvo-da = [(48) (r? sind d0 dd#) = [sin
0dddo =
They don’t agree! The point is that this divergence is zero except at the origin, where it blows up, so our
calculation of {(V-+v2) is incorrect. The right answer is 47.
Problem 1.40
Viv= 52 (r? r cos@) + 1, £(sin Orsin 0) + sang 35(r sin 0 cos 6)
Ab 3r? cos 6+ shy r 2sin@cosé + nT r sin 6(— sin@)
3cos 6+ 2cos@ — sing = 5cos@ — sing

[(V-v)dr = [(5cos 6 — sin d) r? sin @dr dé dd = i r? dr fe [f(s cos 6 — sin @) do| dé sin 0
—+27(5 cos 6)
= (=) (107) fe sin @ cos 0 d0
x
Cc» +2 @
sin’ 2 1
2 0
2
— | dt p3
=| 5R°.|

Two surfaces—one the hemisphere: da = R? sin@ d6d@#; r = R; 6:0 — 27, 0:0 $.

Jv-da = f(r cos 0) R? sin
0dO dé = R° J? sind cos 6dO J." dé = R® (4) (2x) = rR’.
other the flat bottom: da = (dr)(r sin@dd)(+6) = rdr dd 6 (here 6 = 5). 7:04 Rf, 6:0 22.
veda = f(r sin 0)(rdrdb) = J" r? dr J" do = 2B.
Total: [v-da = 7R? + 20R? = 3rR*. V

Problem 1.41 |Vt = (cos 6 + sin@ cos) + (— sin@ + cos@ cos ¢)6 + sia (— sid Asin o)d

V7t = V-(Vt)
& (r?(cos0 + sin @ cos @)) + 145 (sin 6(— sin 8+ cos @ cos @)) + sane a(R sin ¢)
eu
2r(cos @ d) + ng (—2 sin 6 cos 6 + cos? 6 cos @ — sin?
+ sin #cos @ cos d) — —1, cos @
= —iq [2 sin 0 cos 0 + 2sin? 6 cos d — 2 sin Ocos 8 + cos? 0 cos d — sin” cos ¢ — cos ¢|
= sand
rsin@
[(sin? 0 + cos? #) cos¢ — cos] = 0.

-
Check: rcos@ = z, rsin@cos@ =a = in Cartesian coordinates t = «+ z. Obviously Laplacian is zero.

Gradient Theorem: ss Vt-dl = t(b) — t(a)

Segment 1:06= 5, 6=0, r:0—2.dl=drf; Vt-dl = (cos6 + sin @ cos @)dr = (0 + 1)dr = dr.
[Vt-dl = fe dr =2.
Segment 2:6= 5, r=2,¢:0—> 5. dl= rsinOdd@ = 2do@.
Vt-dl = (—sin¢)(2dd) = —2sinddd. [Vt-dl = — fi? 2sin dd¢@= 2cos ole =
Segment3: r=2, 6= 5; 0:5 0.
dl = rd06 = 2d06; Vt-dl = (—sin@ + cos 6 cos @)(2d0) = —2sin@dO.
[Vt-dl = — fz 2sin6d0 = 2cos6\% =2.
2

Total: [ Vt-dl = 2—2+2=[2] Meanwhile, t(b) — t(a) = [2(1 + 0)] — [0( )] = 2. v

Problem 1.42 From Fig. 1.42,|8 = cos¢X+sindy; P= —sindX+cosoy; %=%

Multiply first _ by cos @, second by sin@, and cacape

Seererrerrrd
8 cos @ — = = cos? $X + cos dsin dF + sin? 6X — sind
cos ¢¥ = X(sin? d + cos? d) = %.

Multiply first by sin@, second by cos@, and add:

golPun
bahodd
lao ak Soc et | al oF —sindcos PX + cos? PF = F¥(sin? d + cos? d) =

Problem 1.43
(a) Viv = ig fsaaa te #)) 1 2.(ssin dcos @) + 2 (32)
= > 28(2 + sin? ¢) + 1 s(cos? jaca’ o) +3
= 4+ 2sin? ¢ + cos? ¢ — sin? ¢+3
= 4+sin? ¢ + cos? ¢+3=([8.]

b) f(V-v)dr = J(8)s ds dé dz =8 J> sds f.? dé J? dz =8(2) (3) (5) =[407.

Meanwhile, the surface integral has five parts:
top: z=5, da= sdsdd%; v-da= 3zsdsdd = 15sdsdd. [v-da=15 A sds [,? do = 15r.
bottom: z = 0, da= —sds dd; v-da = —3zsdsd¢=0. Jv-da=0.
back: @ = 3, da=dsdz o; v-da = ssin@cos@dsdz =0. [v-da =0.
left: @ = 0, da= —dsdz @; v-da = —ssin@cos@dsdz = 0. [v-da=0.
front: s =2, da= sdodz8; v-da= s(2 + sin? d)s dd dz= 4(2 + sin? )dddz.
fv: da=4 f.? ((2 + sin? ¢))do f° dz = (4)(m+ 4)(5)= 25n.
So $v-da = 15x + 257 = 40r. V
(a tes (: 2 (2) - 2.(ssin dcos4))é+ (2
(s(2 +sin? d)) — 2(32)) d
+ (2° sin cos @) = 3 (s(2 + sin? ¢))) z

- +(2 s sin dcos@ — s2sin@cos¢@)

z =[0.]

Problem 1.44

(a) 3(3?) — 2(3) -1 = 27-6 -1=[20.]

(b) cos 7 =

()
(d) In(—2
+ 3) =In1l =
Problem 1.45

(a) f?, (2x + 3)46(x) da = 4(0+ 3) =

(b) By Eq. 1.94, 5(1 — x) = 6(x —1),801+3+4+2=[6.]

(c) f2, 9x24 6(a + 4)dxz = 9(-4)?2 =[2.

(d)|1 (ifa> b), 0 (ifa<b).
Problem 1.46

(a) F(x) [xG4(a)] da = x f(x)6(x)|™,. — Io de (t f(x) oy

The first term is zero, since 6(x) = 0 at too;az
4 (tf (z)) = of + ==at + f.
So the integral is — i eee (cz + f)6(x) dx = 0 — f(0)= _4(0) = — |ie f(x)d(x) da.
So, at §(zx) =-d(x). qed

b) fr. F(x) ida = f(x)0(x)|*,, -ee L0(x)dx= f(oo)— Jo”dx =f(00) — (f (00) — f(0))

Problem 1.47
(a) |e(r) = qd3(r —r’). |Check: fp(r)dr = q fo%(r—r')dr=q. V

(b) |p(r) = g63(r — a) — g6°(r).

(c) Evidently p(r) = Ad(r — R). To determine the constant A, we require
Q = Jpdr= fAd(r — R)4nr? dr =A4nR?. SoA= Sq. |p(r)= -ond(r — R).
Problem 1.48

(a) a®@+aa+a? =

(b) f(r — b)?4,63(r) dr = ze? = 4,(4? + 3?) =

(c) c? = 25 +9 +4 = 38 > 36 = 6’, so c is outside V, so the integral is
(d) (e— (2+ 29 +2%))? = (1R +09 + (-1)2)? =14+1=2 < (1.5)? = 2.25, soe is inside V,
and hence the integral is e-(d — e) = (3, 2, 1)-(—2,0,2) = -6+04+2=
Problem 1.49
First method: use Eq. 1.99 to write J = [ e" (47d%(r)) dr = 4re~® =
Second method: integrating by parts (use Eq. 1.59).

N I = Sores
fa VE ars fe 3 es da. But V(e ee)= (Ze
ee )e=
eeeef.
s
R
ll fac "Anr? are fers1?
T sinddodot = an fet dre" |sind dd d6
0
= 4 (-e")|¢ + 4re~® = 4r (-e-# + e} +4nre~® = An.v (Here R=oo, soe * = 0.)

Problem 1.50 (a) V-Fi =2(0)+ 2(0)+ 2 («”) =[0; V-Fo =92++ # =14+1+41=[3]

vxFi =|2ge! 4 @) =[ag} vx =|2ty% 3 2/-

% 2|=-92
0 0 2? 2 oy 2

|F2
F2 is a gradient; Fy
Fyis
isaacurl|
curl [u2=3@+¥+2)| would do (Fz
= VUz2).

For Aa, we want (9 — On) — (fe — 942) =0; oot — Sf = 2. Ay = &, A, = A, = 0 would do it.

Ai = 42°9 (Fi = VxA.). (But these are not unique.)

ky 2
(b) V-Fs
= g(yz) +H(z) + Ray) =0; VxFs=| ar dy a |= —2) +I (y—y) +H(e-2)
=O.
yz uz xy
So Fs can be written as the gradient of a scalar (Fg = VU3) and as the curl of a vector (Fs = VXxAg). In
fact, does the job. For the vector potential, we have

oA. = a== yz, which suggests A, = iyz + f(x,z); Ay = ~ aye" + g(x,y)

on — Ge =z, suggesting Az = 42°a+ h(a,y); Az = —420" + j(y, 2)
st - ops =xry, so A, = katy +k(y,z); Ac mate?
= + U(x,z)

Putting this all together: |Ag = i {x (2? - y) X+y (x? - z?) Ytz (y? - x?) 2} (again, not unique).

Problem 1.51
(d) > (a): VXF = Vx(-—VU)=0 _ (Eq. 1.44 — curl of gradient is always zero).
(a) > aie ke dl = L(V xF) -da = 0) (Eq. 1.57-Stokes’ theorem).
b a
(c) > b): [?F- dl — uF ‘d= ff, F-dt+ fF d= ¢F-dl=0, so

b b
/ F-di= / F -dl.
al a Il

(b) = (c): same as (c) = (b), only in reverse; (c) > (a): same as (a)=> (c).
Problem 1.52
(d) > (a): V-F = V-(VxW)=0 (Eq 1.46—divergence of cur] is always zero).
(a) > (c): ¢F- da= [(V-F) dr = 0 (Eq. 1.56—divergence theorem).

(c)> (b): J, F-da— f,,F-da=

$F -da=0, so

[Pa- | F - da.
I II

(Note: sign change because for ¢ F - da, da is outward, whereas for surface II it is inward.)
(b) = (c): same as (c) = (b), in reverse; (c)=> (a): same as (a)=> (c) .
Problem 1.53
In Prob. 1.15 we found that V-v, = 0; in Prob. 1.18 we found that V xv, = 0. So
v. can be written as the gradient of a scalar; vg can be written as the curl of a vector.

(a) To find t:
(1) H=yYst=yr+
f(yt,z)
Ox

(2) 55 = (2ry + 2”)

(3) 2 =2yz
From (1) & (3) we get ut = Qz => f =y2*+9(y) >t =y?24+ yz? + g(y), so 5 = Qry
+ 27+ dg
By _
Qxry +z? (from (2)) > = = 0. We may as well pick g = 0; then

(b) To find W: . OW,

53 _ st
OW, _,2.
=o; OW,
Se _—-a4
OW, _9,2,.
=S2°2; AW,
= OW,
a _= _ 2x2.

Pick W,. = 0; then

ow. 3
aa = -3227 > W, = —5re + f(y,z)
ow
ant = —22z > W, = —2?z + g(y, 2).

aw. ow é P
oes -=4= Bete? - Baw => 2-H =0. May as well pick f = g = 0.

W = -2?z7 - 3? 2? Z.

x Zz
Check: VxW=|#% By, & |= (2?) + ¥ (322?) + (-222z).v
32,2
You can add any gradient (Vt) to W without changing its curl, so this answer is far from unique. Some
other solutions:
W = 222K — 2725;
W= (2ryz + zz°) R+ xy;
W = ayz% — $a?
z¥ + $2? (y — 327) 2.

Problem 1.54

10 1 ayE30
Vv= 2 Dy (r? r? cos 0) a 5 97)5 (sind r? cos )) + —r? cos @sin d)
rsin@0@
1
= —54r* cos 0 + - 9 C08Or? cos + = (—r? cos 0 cos )
r rsin rsin@
-=
088 [4sin @ + cos @ — cos ¢| = 4r cos0.
sin@

R n/2 nw/2

[ovsyar = [(4rcos6)r? sinodr dodo —4 [rar fcosdsinadd [as

0 0

= (#') (5) §) =
Surface consists of four parts:
(1) Curved: da = R? sinO ddd; r= R. v-da= (R? cos 0) (R? sin 0 d0d@) :

n/2 n/2

Jv - da=R
oh ee J cosasinod
or _ pr (5
[ do=R (1\ (5)
(7) =_ tet
=
0 0

(2) Left: da= —rdrd0¢; 6=0. v-da= (r? cos @sin¢) (rdrd0)=0. [v-da=0.
(3) Back: da=rdrd0¢; ¢=7/2. v-da=(—r? cos@sin@) (r dr d0) = —r° cos
6dr dé.

R n/2 i

[vedas [rear fcosas = - 5") (+1) = — 7k.

0 0

(4) Bottom: da = rsin@ drdd6; 6 = 71/2. v-da= (r? cosd) (rdrdé).

R n/2

[veda= [Par f code = FR

0 0

Total: §v-da=nR1/4+0-1R4+4Rt= 2%. v

Problem 1.55
xy & So [(V xv) - da = (b—a)rR?.
VxXv= EERE =2Z(b-—a).
ay bx 0
v -dl=(ayX+brf)
- (der&+ dy¥ +dzz%) =aydzr
+ bady; x2 +y? = R? > 2x dx + 2ydy = 0,
so dy = —(x/y) dz. So v-dl=aydz + br(—2/y) dr = ; (ay? — br?) dex.

&, %G os as 2 Do _ a(R? —2?)—bx?

For the “upper” semicircle, y= VR? — x7, so v- dl = R2—22= dz.

FoR? — (a +b)zx? of fe xr R? . 4/2 ae

[va- SE aee (ar sin (5) -@+9[-5 R? — x? + — sin Clim
J :
v oT
= 51 F(a
12 —b)sin“(x/R)
ae |
a 5 F(a —b) (sin-"(—1)
eae oe | |
~sin“"(+1)) = 15ee
R°(a—b) (-5-5)

5 R(b —a).

And the same for the lower semicircle (y changes sign, but the limits on the integral are reversed) so
fv -dl=7R*(b—a). V
Problem 1.56
(1) 2=z=0; dr=dz=0; y:0-1. v-dl=(yz”)dy=0; f v-dl=0.
(2) « =0; z =2—2y; dz = —2dy; y: 10. v-dl = (yz?) dy+ (3y+z)dz = y(2—2y)? dy —(3y+2—2y)2
dy;

0
4 3 2
v:-dli=2 | (2y? —4y? +y — 2) dy =2 y 4 voy
2 3 2
1

(3) ¢=y=0; dx =dy=0; 2:20. v-dl=

(3y+ 2) dz = zdz;

Total: $ v-dl=0+ ¥%-2=[8,]

Meanwhile, Stokes’ thereom says ¢ v -dl= [(V xv) -da. Here da = dy dz, so all we need is
(VXv)ao = oy (3Y +2z)— 2(yz”) =3-2yz. Therefore

1 2-2
[cvxv)-aa= f [(o-2ve)dyaz = [ / "(3 ~ 22) d] dy
1 1
= | [3(2 — 2y) — 2y}(2 — 2y)?] dy -[ (—4y? + 8y? — 10y + 6) dy
0 0

= (-y' + $y° — 5y? +6y)| = -14+$-5+6=8.v

Problem 1.57
Start at the origin.

(1) 0=%, 6=0; r:041. v-dl=(rcos?@)

(dr) =0. fv-d=0.

nm/2
(2) r=1, 0= 3; @:0- 72/2. v-dl=(3r)(rsinOd¢)=3de. fv-dl=3 f do=*.
0

(3) 6= 3; rsind =y=1,so0r= 545, dr = sy c080d0, 0: 5 + 0) = tan *(1/2).

2 : cos* 6 cos @ cos

6 sin 6
2 .

v-dl = (rcos*@) (dr) — (rcos @sin@)(rd0) = smd (-5) a7 aadé

cos?@ — cos@ cos (cos?

6 + sin? 6 cos0
=—~-\2 397 a0 7S sin @ 2 6 d6 = ——y
sin’ @ ~~ sin@ sin* sin” 0 dd.

Therefore
05 : 00

J sin” 6 2sin*O|,j2 2-(1/5) 2-(1) 2 2

(4) 0= 60, d= §; r:V¥530. v-dl= (r cos? 0) (dr) = tr dr.

0 2,0
[viaqqfra=s5 eee er
5 521 5 2
v5

Total:

v dl=0+ 2 42-2= ar

Stokes’ theorem says this should equal [(V xv) - da

1
Vxv = 7 - 5.(-rsind cos8)|r+- tate (r cos? 0) — $-(030)| 6
|sptsinear)

1{[a . 0 2 -
+ rs|S.(—rr eos sin) — 56 (r cos 0)Co)

1 Pas! ae : ; x
~ mang 8” cos] f + ~[-6r] 6 + [—2r cos 8 sin @ + 2r-cos@ sin 6] co)
3cot
Of — 68.

(1) Back face: da= —r dr dO @; (Vxv)-da=0. |{(Vxv)-da=0.

(2) Bottom: da = —r sin @dr dé 6; (V xv) -da= 6rsin@

dr dé. 0 = 5, 80 (VxXv)-da= 6rdrd¢

1
1 «nt 32 V
[0vxe)-da= fordr fdo=6-5-5 =F.
0 0

Problem 1.58
v-dl=ydz.

(1) Left side: z=a-—a2; dz =—dzx; y=0. Therefore fv -dl=0.

(2) Bottom: dz=0. Therefore [ v- dl = 0.

0 0
(3) Back: z=a-ty; dz = —1/2dy; y: 2a 0. Jv-dl= fy(-$dy) = - 1 va
2a 2 2a

Meanwhile, Vx v = X, so [(V Xv) - da is the projection of this surface on the ry plane = 5 -a-2a=a?. ¥
Problem 1.59

1 0 1
Vve= 2 Bp (r?1r? sin 0) + —
Li (sin 64r? cos 0) + rind 0d
a tan 0)
rsin@ 00
_ 1 3.; 1 4dr 3 2 39
= “afr sin @ + ao 4r? (cos? 6 — sin? 0) = 5 (sin? @ + cos* @ — sin 0)

_ cos? 6
~~ sind”

Surface coinsists of two parts:

(1) The ice cream: r= R; @:0— 27; 0:0 7/6; da = R? sin @d@ df; v-da = (R? sin 0) (R? sin 0 d0 dé) —
R! sin?
6 d0 dd.

*/s 7/6 4
[va Re fsin’ 0 fo(R*) (27) |= a hap = 2rR* = [sin 60° ae ggNe
50 4 0 12 4 6— 2
0

(2) The cone: 0= 43 9:0 20; r:0->R; da = rsin@ dé dr 6 = V3x dr do 6; v-da= V3r° dr do

R 2r
4
[veda v8 frar fdo =Vv3-© on = Bart
0 0

Therefore fv -da=*% (z — 3 + v3)= = (an +3v3). wo

v.
Problem 1.60
(a) Corollary 2 says ¢(VT)-dl = 0. Stokes’ theorem says ¢(WT)-d arshea )|-da. So [[Vx(VT)]-da=
and since this is true for any surface, the integrand must vanish: os (VT)= 0,confirming Eq. 1.44.
(b) Corollary 2 says $(V
xv)-da = 0. Divergence theorem says ¢(V Xv)-da = [ V-(V xv) dr. So ['V-(V xv) dr
= 0, and since this is true for any volume, the integrand must vanish: V(V xv) = 0, confirming Eq. 1.46.
Problem 1.61
(a) Divergence theorem: $v -da= [(V-v) dr. Let v = cT, where c is a constant vector. Using product
rule #5 in front cover: V-v = V-(cT) = T(V-c) +c-(VT). But c is constant so V-c = 0. Therefore we have:
fe-(VT)dr = [Tec- da. Since c is constant, take it outside the integrals: c- [WIdr =c- [ Tda. But c

is any constant vector—in particular, it could be be X, or ¥, or Z—so each component of the integral on left
equals corresponding component on the right, and hence

[vrar = [ta qed

(b) Let v — (v x c) in divergence theorem. Then { V-(v x c)drt = [(v x c)-da. Product rule #6 >
V-(v xc) =c-(VxXv)—v-(Vxc) =c-(V xv). (Note: Vxe = 0, since c is constant.) Meanwhile vector
indentity (1) says da- (v x c) = c- (da x v) = —e- (v x da). Thus [e- (WV xv) dr = — fc: (v x da). Take c
outside, and again let c be X, ¥, Zz then:

[var = - fv x da. qed

(c) Let v = TVU in divergence theorem: [ V-(TVU) dr = [TVU -da. Product rule #(5) + V-(T'VU) =
TV-(VU) +(VU)- (VT) =TV7U + (VU) - (VT). Therefore

[vu +(w).(v7)) dr = [(rvv) -da. qed

(d) Rewrite (c) with To U: f(UV?T +(VT)-(VU)) dr = [(UVT)-da. Subtract this from (c), noting
that the (VU) - (WT) terms cancel:

/ (TV?U —UV?T) dr= /(TVU —UVT)-da. qed

(e) Stokes’ theorem: [(V xv) -da= ¢v-dl. Let v= cT. By Product Rule #(7): Vx (eT) = T(V xc) —
c x (VT) = —c x (VT) (since c is constant). Therefore, — [(¢ x (VT))- da = ¢ Tc- dl. Use vector indentity
#1 to rewrite the first term (c x (VT))-da=c-(VT x da). So — [e-(WT x da) = ¢c-Tdl. Pull c outside,
and let c + X, ¥, and Z to prove:
[vrxaa=- pra. qed

Problem 1.62
(a) da = R? sin 0 dé d@®. Let the surface be the northern hemisphere. The ¥ and ¥ components clearly integrate
to zero, and the 2 component of f is cos@, so

» . sin? 0 n/2
-
2 2
2: * 26
a= | Rsin@co sédéddz
= 27R°zZ sin@ cos@ dé = 27R 2
0 0

(b) Let T =1 in Prob. 1.61(a). Then VT = 0, so $ da= 0. qed

(c) This follows from (b). For suppose aj # ag; then if you put them together to make a closed surface,
fda=a,—a. #0.
(d) For one such triangle, da = $(r x dl) (since r x dl is the area of the parallelogram, and the direction is
perpendicular to the surface), so for the entire conical surface, a = 5 fr x dl.
(e) Let T = c-r, and use product rule #4: WT = V(c-r) = cx (Vxr)+(c- V)r. But Vxr = 0, and
(c- V)r= (CegeOx + Cygy + Czgz)(@R
ty + 22) =cr®
+c FH+ c,% =. So Prob. 1.61(e) says

pra= $(erd=— [(wr)xda=- fexda=-ex fda=-cxa=axe. qed

Problem 1.63

(1)
1-0 ff. 1 1 oO
Fim Oe)
For a sphere of radius R:

fv-da=S(k f) . (R? sin 0 dO dof) = Rf sin@d6dd = 4rR.

R So divergence
[(V-v)dr =f (+) (r? sin 6 dr dé do) = (ir) ({ sin 0d dd) = 4rR. { theorem checks.
0

Evidently there is no delta function at the origin.

Vx (78) = a5, (P71) = ape (7) = ant ayet = [nt 2]

s 1 0 n 1 a n 1 n n—

(except for n = —2, for which we already know (Eq. 1.99) that the divergence is 476"(r)).

(2) Geometrically, it should be zero. Likewise, the curl in the spherical coordinates obviously gives
To be certain there is no lurking delta function here, we integrate over a sphere of radius R, using
?
Prob. 1.61(b): If Vx(r"#) = 0, then [(Vxv)dr = 0 = —¢vxda But v = r"f and da =
R? sin @d@ d@# are both in the # directions, so v x da= 0. V

Problem 1.64
(a) Since the argument is not a function of angle, Eq. 1.73 says

D lid 2 1 2r ee oe ia
4m r? dr 2) (r2 + €2)3/2} dr? dr |(r? + €2)3/2
= 1 3r? ss KE aae 1 3r? Cee 3e?
Ar? |(r2 + €2)3/2 2 (r2 + €2)5/3 Amr? (r2 + €2)3/2 = —.~_ >
4n(r2 + €2)5/2 V

(b) Setting r — 0:

which goes to infinity as « > 0. ¥

(c) From (a) it is clear that D(r,0) =0 for r #0. ¥
(A) a
[Poanr
2ira32 f—°——_a=-32(__)=
dr = 3¢€ [ (24 2)52 dr = 3€ (=) al ORY

(I looked up the integral.) Note that (b), (c), and (d) are the defining conditions for 6°(r).

Chapter 2

Electrostatics

Problem 2.1

(a)

(b) |F = —~,| where r is the distance from center to each numeral. F points toward the missing q.

Explanation: by superposition, this is equivalent to (a), with an extra —q at 6 o’clock—since the force of all
twelve is zero, the net force is that of —q only.

a cancellation in pairs of opposite charges (1 o’clock against 7 o’clock; 2 against 8, etc.), with one unpaired q
doing the job, then you'll need a different explanation for (d).

Problem 2.2

This time the “vertical” components cancel, leaving

1 : a
E= Tre 2B sin 0 &, or

From far away, (z > d), the field goes like E = a8 Z, which, as we shall see, is the field of a dipole. (If we
set d — 0, we get E = 0, as is appropriate; to the extent that this configuration looks like a single point charge
from far away, the net charge is zero, so E — 0.)

Problem 2.3

L
BE, = ia b 4a cos0; (2 ? = 2? +27; cosé = wT)

a | L 1
= tea? So Giyeapy7z de
ae oe ee x = 1 A_L
dr eo 2? Jz2+a2 0 Amen z /z2+L2
Sk L X\dx .: eae | adx
Ex = —Freq Jo 7 N89 = —GaGA (@24+22)372
ee ee| [-1
Ameo Vx2422
. = —-1L)/i-—_L
0 d4reg z V22+L? |°

(+ yee) *+Gare) 4
Zz L
oat ey oe

1
For z > L you expect it to look like a point charge gq = AL: E — aa, 42. It checks, for with z > L the x
term — 0, and the Z term — 1 247%
ALg
A4meg zz

Problem 2.4
From Ex. 2.2, with L > 2$ and z = \/2z? + (2) (distance from center of edge to P), field of one edge is:

a: Aa
Ey
Atre€y [p24 a2 224g ae

There are 4 sides, and we want vertical components only, so multiply by 4cos@ = 4 Jaa
z
:
2249-

Problem 2.5

“Horizontal” components cancel, leaving: E = ron {f 34 cos o}Zz.

Here, 2 ? = r? + 2”, cos@ = % (both constants), while fdl = 27r. So

1 = A(2ar)z
os (2 +:
+ 22)972 Z.

Problem 2.6
Break it into rings of radius r, and thickness dr, and use Prob. 2.5 to express the field of each ring. Total
charge of a ring is 0 -2ar-dr = - 2mr, so A = cdr is the “line charge” of each ring.

1 (odr)2rrz 1 [ r
ring — — ee I, ; disk = 4 2roz —— "dr.
Amey (r2 + 22)9/? TEQ 0 (r2 + 22)3/?

For R > z the second term — 0, so Eplane = 7

1 pape R?
-1/2 wi 1 meesa e ao dtSU TR?
=
For
z > R, Jaren = (1+ 4) 2
wi 3%), 90[]~3 2 +335
= 2,5)
and B = rere 2ahe = ror S, where Q=7R?0. V
Problem 2.7
E is clearly in the z direction. From the diagram,
dq = oda = oR? sin@ dé do,
2? = R? 4+ 27 —-2Rzcos8,
cos3a) == 2=Reos8
z icos .

E. = i!e
oR? sin
6dé dd(z — Ros @)
e do = 2r.
Are (R?2 + z2 — 2Rzcos@)3/2 a dae

= +
Arey (R? +22 —2Rzcos6)3/2at *
o a
(2nR’a) [ tees7 ee
—_—
P= OF ¥= +1f°
= —singdg,4 'l@=r>u=-1

= : (27R?0) / ——
—_—_—__e—e—eoeoeoeoeoe du. 7 Integral
> can be done > byoe partial fractions—or
‘ Ss
look it u P 7
Ameo _1 (R? + z? — 2Rzu)3/? -
= 1 2 _ Le
Stes eG) eeae | ee
Arey 2? J/R24+22-2Rzuj_, 406 27 |z— RI |jz+ RI

. R20 1 -
For z > R (outside the sphere), BF, = in aire = a 4, s0|E= roo 5 Zz.

For z < R (inside), BE, = 0, so

Problem 2.8
According to Prob. 2.7, all shells interior to the point (i.e. at smaller r) contribute as though their charge
were concentrated at the center, while all exterior shells contribute nothing. Therefore:

1 Qint a
E(r) = dreg
——r 3
r2
where Qint is the total charge interior to the point. Outside the sphere, all the charge is interior, so

oF
~ Areg rr?”
Inside the sphere, only that fraction of the total which is interior to the point counts:

4 :3
Qint =2
1p Re? RB ==
Problem 2.9
(a) p=eV-E= oaZ (ake) = eo azk(5r*) =

(b) By Gauss’s law: Qenc = €9 $E-da = e9(kR*)

(40 R?) =
By direct integration: Qene = [pdt = Je" Geokr?)(4r2dr) = 207e9k Ay r4dr = 4negkR°.V
Problem 2.10
Think of this cube as one of 8 surrounding the charge. Each of the 24 squares which make up the surface
of this larger cube gets the same flux as every other one, so:

Problem 2.11
Gaussian surface: Inside: fE- -da = E(4rr?) = *Qene =0=>
= [E=0.|
0.
fon) (As in Prob. 2.7.)
—+ Gaussian surface: Outside: E(4rr?) = +(a4 R?) => p=
= —>
cE,fF.

Problem 2.12
f E-da = E -4rr?= 4 Qene = +4nrep.
s So
Gaussian surface

es ==‘il

Since Qtor = 47R3p, E= Goh f (as in Prob. 2.8).

Problem 2.13
Gaussian surface fE-da=E-2ns-l= 2 Qene _ 21. So

auras
7 aaa, 8 |(same as Eq. 2.9).
eg ==

Problem 2.14

f E-da = E- 4rr?= A Qene =+fpdr=

= & (kr) (7? sin
6 dr d6 dé)
. 1 =8 4k kd
Gaussian surface =< k4n Inf dr= : =—'*

1 a
E= akr?é
ATe€9

Problem 2.15
(i) Qene = 0, 80
(ii) $E-da = E(4mr?) = +Qene = 2€0 fpdr = 2 JF sin
0dr dO do
= dak
f dp =42k(r — a)».
(iii) E(4mr?) = 428 [? dr = 42*(b — a), so

Problem 2.16

f E-da =E-2rs-l= 4 Qene = A prs?l;

(i) QQ )j— Gaussian surface a PS 5
2€o

; (¥\___N— Gaussian surface f E-da os ah 2 Qene a 2 pral;

(ii) 7 pa? ;

a eos

(iii) ¢ E-da= E-2ns-l= > Qene = 0;

\E|

a b 8
Problem 2.17 On the xz plane EF = 0 by symmetry. Set up a Gaussian “pillbox” with one face in this plane
and the other at y.

LS Gaussian pillbox
fE-da=E-A= + Qene = + Ayp;

€0

Qene = 2 Adp > (for yo d).

Problem 2.18
From Prob. 2.12, the field inside the positive sphere is E+ ar, where r; is the vector from the positive
center to the point in question. Likewise, the field of the negative sphere is =F: So the total field is

But (see diagram) r; —r_ =d. So|E

360

Problem 2.19

1 a 1 n
vxE= ox f Fapdr= | [vx(25 )]pdr (since p depends on r’, not r)

=0 (since Vx (+3) = 0, from Prob. 1.63).

Problem 2.20
gy @
(1) VxE.=k|2Z £2J 2 = k[&(0 — 2y) + (0 — 3z) + 2(0 — x)| £0,
vy 2yz 32x
so E, is an impossible electrostatic field.

y
A
x
(2) VxE2 =k|# by P
|x
N
= k[&(2z — 2z) + ¥(0 — 0) + (2y — 2y)] = 0,
y? 2ry + 2? yz
so Ez is a possible electrostatic field.
Let’s go by the indicated path:

E-dl = (y? dx + (2ry + z?)dy + 2yzdz)k (xo, Yo, 20)

Step I: y= z =0; dy = dz = 0. E-dl = ky? dz = 0.
Ill
Step
I: x= 29, y:0 > yo, 2 = 0. dx = dz = 0.
E-dl = k(2ry + 27)dy = 2kaxoy dy.
Jy; Ed = 2k Se” y dy = kxoy2.
Step
IIT: x = xo, y= yo, 2:0 — 20; dx = dy = 0. x
E-dl = 2kyz dz = 2kypz dz.

Sry E-dl = 2yok fo’ 2 dz = kyozg.

(20,yo.20)
V(z0,
yo, 20) = — iE-dl = —k(xoyz + yoz), or |V (a,
y,z)= —k(xy? + yz’).

Check: —Vv==k[ 2 (ey? +y2? )x+ 2(ay? +yz? 9+ 2 (zy? +yz 2) aj= ky? R+(Qay+27 ) ¥+2yz Z|=E. v

Problem 2.21
Outside the sphere (r > R) : E = - 4?.
V(r) = — fi, E-dl.
Inside the sphere (r << R): E= Ameo
arr.

ae
So for
r > R: V(r) = — fx (ass )ar= taegt (#) .Pix oe1

wd rr Ve) =—2 (ta) e— fa (ahh) = ts[ak (29°)

q 1 3 r?
“| Are 2R R

'
1
(In the figure, r is in units of R, and V(r) is in units of g/47e9R.)
1
'
1
‘
‘
0.5 1

Problem 2.22

E = Tan 2A (Prob. 2.13). In this case we cannot set the reference point at oo, since the charge itself
extends to oo. “Let? s set it at s =a. Then
1 s
V(s)=- (ao%2) d 3=
1 s= —
a2
——
(FZ).
_—

(In this form it is clear why a = 00 would be no good—likewise the other “natural” point, a = 0.)

VV =~so 2a (In($)) 8 = geass = —BV

Problem 2.23

V(0) = —fQ Bd = — fy (£S2)ar

— fe(ES™)ar - €0 f20)dr = ES — ¥ (in (2) +a(4
-4))
k b
“> p-G) th eh= a (i):
Problem 2.24
Using Eq. 2.22 and the fields from Prob. 2.16:

V(b) —V(0) = — fyE-dl = — fo E-dl — f? Edi = —& ff sds — 8 f° lds

a 2 b
a sf PL)
= 2e0 2
0
+ 62
<D
Inslh* =|-A
4
(1+2m(2))
a

Problem 2.25

(b) =i _
Adz
Vz2+a2
+a?
= ws
In(a+ Vz?
+ 2?) ie

_| A), | 2tv2+h? || A | (bev +L? z ;

~ |Ate —~L+V22+L2|| 2me z ,

db1 R Ye
GgQardr 1 R a (\/r2422~- )
(c) V iJ. ta oe ee
mao Cae
(Vr2+2z 2)|
Yo —|-~
rat R2+22-2z

_ by symmetry
In each case, ; amy OV ==
oy — OV _ 0. .p_ _WVe
..B=-$-z.

1 1 2z 1 2qz
(a) E = —-——2q (-3) <<a7r
72 2 = |ois2\3/2 2| (agrees with Ex. 2.1).
A4Tre9 2 (24 (4)*) Aro (22 + (¢) )

(b) E= x { ! : 2z : . : ash
dren |(L+ Vz? + L?) 2 V2? + L? (-—L+
V2? + L?) 2 V2?+ L?
A z —-L+V24+1?7-L-V2* +L? 2LX 1 P .
ayn) ——> L? | (agrees with Ex. 2.2).
dre9 Vz? + L? (z2 + oe L? Amey zVz2 +

o 1 1 o z
©) ey (3VRP+ 2 } 2€ | ed (agr )
Cc E =-s — —————— 27 —_ 1 Zz =>|\=-—— 1 ——__ VA agrees with Prob. 2.6 ‘

If the right-hand charge in (a) is —q, then , which, naively, suggests E = —VV = 0, in contradiction
with the answer to ee 2.2. The point is that we only know V on the z azis, and from this we cannot hope
to compute FE, = a or Ey fk That was OK in part (a), because we knew from symmetry that
E, = FE, =0. But now E peta in the x direction, so knowing V on the z axis is insufficient to determine E.
Problem 2.26

Vila) = a ay = oe
one (vin)= = ¥ 4

(where r= 2 /V2)

V2h
V(b) = af (=) dz (where % = Vh?2+22-V2hz)
Are€9 Jo
Qra 1 v2h a2
pe lia aa Se (7)
Amey/2 Jo h24+22-/2hr
} V2h
Oo L
= Vh?4+22-V2he +H ln(2Vh?+ 22-V2h2 +22 - an)
win | v2 vat ” a 0

h
“aan ae
5 In(2h + 2V2h — V2h) — h— BsIn(2h — van]
o = [In(2h + V2h) —In(2h — v2h)| = oh,n(2* %) 7 oh n (24 2")
~ 2/2e, 5 Ae 2-72 deo 2

= a in( + V2). .|V(a) — V(b)= on

om —In(1+ v3].
€0

Problem 2.27

Cut the cylinder into slabs, as shown in the figure, and

use result of Prob. 2.25c, with z — « and o — pdz:
z+L/2
V=£ Jf (VR? +2?-2)dr
z—-L/2

[a/R?
= £3 [x + 2? + R? n(x + VR? + 2?) -—2 a eee

Dy eG Eyoatn|
rw
AEE 5 Ye

| (+8) VEE 2 H+ R?24(2-4)

eee ee
+ R?

Problem 2.28
Orient axes so P is on z axis.
pe | Here p is constant, dr = r? sin
@dr dO dd,
V= arep Jar. {2 =V224+r? —2rzcosé.

2:
_—_p r?sinOdrdOdd_ , p27 =
“i deg J V/2?+r?—2rz cos0 ’ So do = 2.

So Jer irc 8 = - (Vr? + 2? — 2rzcos8)|) = 2 (Vr? +2? + Orz — r? + 22 — 2rz)

= Airtel aya {Heer se}

2/r ,ifr
> z.

2
But p = xo5, 80 V(z) = gh pfs (R? - F) = ety (3- fe)i/V(r) = : (3-5) .v

Problem 2.29

VV = ee VS (Ff)
dr = dreg
ee Slt’)
(V? Z-)dr (since p is a function of r’, not r)

= Fhe Jee’)[—4063(x — r')] dr = —2p(x). V

Problem 2.30.

(a) Ex. 2.5: Eabove = 92°83 Epelow = — 327i (fi always pointing up); Eabove — Evelow = ZA. V

Ex. 2.6: At each surface, E = 0 one side and E = = other side, so AE = <. v

Prob. 2.11: Bou, = 227% = 2#; Ey, =0; so AE = 2. V

€

Outside: ¢E-da = E(278)l = 2 Qene = 2(2rR)l > E= 2€0 Re = 28 (at surface).

Inside: Qene = 0, so E= 0. », AE = <8. v

re = ie
(c) Vout = 42 R (at surface);
surface): Vin —= =
Ro...;80 Vout == Vin. Vv
€or €

OVout _ Ro =-zZST (at

— (¢ surface);
~ +). G*
OVi == 0;» soen Spe
IVo _ Vin » —_ _o V
or ~ egr? or or €9°

Problem 2.31

(a) V=7t A4meg

“— 1
Vij Ameg
t+ 44st} = pt (-24+ 4).

7" W4, = qV =

(b) Wi=0,We =4 gh (="); Wa = ahs (Fe - ©); Wa = (ee (2)).

Wot = =—sa
dren {-1 +

Problem 2.32
Conservation of energy (kinetic plus potential):

1 2 1 2 1 qgaqB
=MAv4 + =MBURB+ =E.
Yee it 4dnreg

At release v4 = vp = 0, r =a, so
__1 44
4neg a
When they are very far apart (r — 00) the potential energy is zero, so

1
—=M,Av4
2,1 2
+ —MBVvR_R=
1 gaqp ‘
ga gee 4nmeép9 2

Meanwhile, conservation of momentum says m4v4 = MgupB, Or UB = (M4/mp)va. So

1 1 /m
ma\? v4 = 1 (24) (ma +mp)v3 =
1 qAqB
=mav +=mg (=)
B 4ré) a

vA = ——— > Up=

1 ———qAqB (==) ;
27e9 (M4 +™Mgp)a 27€9 (M4 +mp)a ma

Problem 2.33
From Eq. 2.42, the energy of one charge is
oo

= =(2). 1 (-)"¢? = ¢ 3 (=1)"

W= 5
2 = 4dneg na Are 0a “FT n

(The factor of 2 out front counts the charges to the left as well as to the right of g.) The sum is —In2 (you
can get it from the Taylor expansion of In(1 + 2):
1
In(L+2)=2- 527+ 52%— tatt--.

with « = 1. Evidently [a =In2}.

Problem 2.34

(a) W = } feVdr. From Prob. 2.21 (or Prob. 2.28): V = & (R?- 5) = ghisk (3- #)

W = ef = 5 tnrtdr
= [gh
_ 1)" _ 9 (ps_
ioe ~ deoR [3 25]|> 4eoR 5
_ WP po _ ge ange L (24
5ep 5Eo 47 R3 dren \HS R

(b) W = 2 fEdr. Outside (r > R) E = ira ot ; Inside (r < R) E= reo part.

_f 1
= 2 (ane)?! 2 {/,
~ =r 1.An dr) + ‘ Rory? 2
(ss) (4rr“dr)

Ae et ON a or fay BN Dae,
~ Amey 2 r}|p R°\5/\,f 4re 2 \R SR) 4reg5R

()W=¢ { $5 VE-da+ te E*dr}, where V is large enough to enclose all the charge, but otherwise
arbitrary. Let’s use a sphere of radius a > R. Here V = Tay 2.

2
=—€0 1 q 1 q Odéd Ed2 in 1 =)q 2
(4rr*d
Md 2 t/(ae 3)(Ge 5).
7 otf re Rr \4re r? Kaen a)

€
=0. q2 1
“4 a 2 ee oat 1 eee | 2 a1
a
2 wars ™ + (area)?
(479)? 5R (47re9)? we rJ} ip
=-
ne q
a (ree
-+—--+s—
ees See | 1 3¢
Se eee
4dreg 2 la 5SR a R 4reg5 R

As a — o, the contribution from the surface integral (as £) goes to zero, while the volume integral

(as Wa = 1))picks up the slack.

Problem 2.35
1
dW =dqV = dg ( )2, (q = charge on sphere of radius r).
Ar eg r d

4 r3 q
q =-7r’p=aq=5
3 p TRS (q = total charge on sphere). ae

4
dq = 4nr7dr p= ae = ot dr.

1 qr 3q » 1 3q7 4
(fs)! (sr r) Ame) RS’
1 3¢? 4 1 3q? R® 1. (30
eS = rdr= se Holes] Y
Areg R® Jo 4reg R® 5 4reg \5 R

Problem 2.36
(a)W=$ f E? dr. E= qn
Teg r2 (a <r <b), zero elsewhere.
2 2
—é q bra 2 q_ fpeoa _|_% 1 ol
W= z ‘ale_ (4r)” dar’ dr= 87re9 Ja a _ 8rrE9 (5-5) :

2
(b) WwW, = Tess i, W2 = med E, = Gat (r >a), E2 = ore f(r > b). So

1°drena
Phere Ee ek “-, (r > b),
b and
d he E; -- Ej dr
5 f E,
hence = 1
Atreg
a
df, Anr*dr = —;- |
2 e= 0.» sig*

Weor = Wi + Wo + €0 f Bi En dr = pa €0 (3 +5 ~ 5) = whe (9-3)4

Problem 2.37

la.
= Tinea
D5. 1 @ 9192 1
a= = Trine= 2 ye Wi — = 60 (Ameo)? /zn 3r? sin 6dr
r2n 2 cos 6 dr dé
dO dode,

where (from the figure)

—acos6
4 =Vr?+a?—2racos@, cos?= dest)

Therefore
qide
an (47)ia
fe sino ard.
It’s simplest to do the r integral first, changing variables to 2 :

22 dz =(2r—2acos@)dr = (r—acos@#)dr=% dz.

Asr:0—>
0, 2 :a—o,so

= an f / ax led:
87rE9 0 a & 2

The 2 integral is 1/a, so

W, = 8rega
2 if Jo
sin
6dé = Arega

Of course, this is precisely the interaction energy of two point charges.

Problem 2.38

(b) V(0) =~ Jy, Bed =~ JQ.(ates

eh)atv—J(O)dr
—J (apep ear
—Jy(O)dr =| (ae ee

(c) [55 0](the charge “drains off"); V(0) = ~ 2(O)dr— [2"(qdz)dr

—Jy(0)dr=| =— (4-4).
Problem 2.39

(a) |o, = -—“ z oy op = et

7 Ara2’ Anb2’ dn R2 °

1 +
(b) |Bout = oe f,| where r = vector from center of large sphere.
dreg rr?

where rg (r;) is the vector from center of cavity a (b).

(@
(e) or changes (but not oq or oH); Eoutside changes (but not E, or Ey); force on gq and q» still zero.
Problem 2.40
(a) For example, if it is very close to the wall, it will induce charge of the opposite sign on the wall,
and it will be attracted.
b) Typically it will be attractive, but see footnote 12 for an extraordinary counterexample.
Problem 2.41
Between the plates, E = 0; outside the plates FE= 0 /e9 = Q/egA. So

pap
2
0% _| O
2 2A? | 2A?
Problem 2.42

Inside, E = 0; outside, E = ta re}

Tf; so
1

Eave = i= :€0 mt i fz ~= 0(Eave)z; 7 ~ On R?*

F. = f f.da = {(zSx)4
(a4 #2) c080 R? sin 6 dO do
dnegR

n/2 Q)2 (1g 2 n/2 Q _ QF

= s- (zon) 2x [,’~ sin@ cos@ dé = =
=— (zh) (5 sin? 0) . = st-(#)’ = 30m Re,

Problem 2.43
Say the charge on the inner cylinder is Q, for a length L. The field is given by Gauss’s law:
fE-da=E.2ns-L= 2 Qene = +9 =>E= arts 8. Potential difference between the cylinders is

° b
v()-v(a) =— | E-dl = ay ==- Soino(2),

As set up here, a is at the higher potential, so V = V(a) — V(b)= ay In (2).

C= € = me) so capacitance per unit length is

Problem 2.44

(a) W = (force)
x(distance) = (pressure)
x (area) x (distance) = EP Ae.

(b) W = (energy per unit volume)

x (decrease in volume) = (co) (Ae). Same as (a), confirming that the
energy lost is equal to the work done.
Problem 2.45
\Y
From Prob. 2.4, the field at height z above the center of a square loop (side a) is yy
yY w|E
1 4X\az
Z. yY
i= Are (.2 , a?
(2+ 7) Y2?+F
24 a? y
d\ + a

Here \ > o 4a (see figure), and we integrate over a from 0 to a:

1 ' d 2
a) /e+8
E= 202f —__ 9. Letu= ~, so ada = 2du.
Ate 0 (22 + 1

a?/4
1 a du = —
oz |2.
| - tan
_, ( ae
V2u+2?
= doz ———
—————
0 (u+22)/2u+22 Te Zz
0

2
= tan“! (___*___ } .
EO Az \/z? + (a?/2)

a — oo (infinite plane): E = 2% [tan~!(oo) - 7] = 22 (§ -F) =. Vv

z >a (point charge): Let f(x) = tan~' /1+ x — 4, and expand as a Taylor series:

1
f(x) = f(0) + xf'(0) + 50 f"(0) 5 ea

Here f(0) = tan~'(1)- } = 4-4 =0; f(z) = yap? Je = Farsi’ so f’(0) = 7, so

fla) = 52+ (2? + (lab +

NY Perea een ~ 20 la? \_ 1 oa_ 1
Thus (since #y =a <1), Bx =
TED 4222 =r =a

Problem 2.46

p= aV B= 0 55.(P=) 4 : 5p(sino rconene) | noe)

r2 Or r rsin@ 00 rsin@ 0@ r
1 2ksin (2sin@ cos? 6 — sin® 0) 1 (—ksin@sin @)
oi.r2 ee
rsin@ r
SErsin@ r
*s
==>= [3 + 2sin o(2 cos? 6 — sin? 0) — sin ¢] = a [3 + sin @(4 cos? @ — 2 + 2cos? 0 — 1)]
r

_ hee[1 + sin 6(2 cos? §— 1)] = a TA + sin dcos 26).

r2 r

Problem 2.47
From Prob. 2.12, the field inside a uniformly charged sphere is: E = Ts Ear. So the force per unit volume
is f = pE= (x95)
3 us
(ae)
ai
= 3€0 (52
Tv
,)"r, and the force in the z direction on dT is:

2
dF, = fadr = =(r a) r cos 6(r? sin@dr dé dé).
fs

The total force on the “northern” hemisphere is:

3 Q 2 pR ‘ n/2 20
r= [f.ar=3 (35) i rar f cos 6 sin @ d@ f do

7 |we
Q_\? (RY ( sin? |” Ga 3Q?
~ eg \4rR3 4 2 |o i 647€9R2°

Problem 2.48
1 oR
Vee er >= 7 ar 2nR? =
ans Are fee
= x . ~ Aneo Re ) 2€0
da = 27R? sin0 dé,
Vpole = Ameo
ae | cae ’ wit 2 + R?2 — 2R? 2 cos
2 = R? = 2R?(1 2 — cos 8).

=
1 o(27R?) ou
/2 sin
@dO
—_—_—_—_—_—_— —— 2
Twa)
Are RV2 0 V1-—cosé = 5 €9 ( ad i

oR oR oR
= 7m
—(l- 0) = Ji
—>. ”.. Vote —Veent
ole — 3, (V2— 1) 4).
Veenter= | 7

Problem 2.49
First let’s determine the electric field inside and outside the sphere, using Gauss’s law:

mkr4 (r< R),

€0 fda = e94nr7E = Qenc = Jedr = fone sin
6dr d@ do = ark [ Pdr = ee (r > R).

So E= =r’ (r < R); E= £252 (r> R).

Method I:
R 2\2 fers) 4\2
W _o0
= 9 fefpdr (Eq. 2.45) _= ©9 Lad Arr“dr
i (=) 2ar ++©2 In (aid ) drr“dr
2
deo degr?

ant ((=)
== An eee
* tf"6 ar+ Bf 1iar} m {t+
2 7
+R eae=| .: = mk? R + R’
R 8€ Ea

_| wk? R?
T€g

Method II:

1
W = 5 [wv dr (Eq. 2.43).
r R 4 r Bee |
For r < R, vir) =-f manok As
ae, ar— [ ci oak: R* ce
an degr? Rr \4e0

a Te 3 —s 4

-i/ ; oT i ae ee a er
w=5/ (ir) [5 (#- 7)|anrtar = = | Ga ~ 7r°)ar

_
a
2 rk? pr= 1 R7S
4
_ mk? R?
2-3e
6
\7)°
_ tk? R’
Te °
V

Problem 2.50

a (e"’. r(—A)e? —e>") = F

B=-wv =-a2 ( - )e--aftve ne r= Ae (1+Ar)3-

p = e9V-E = eA {e~*"(1 + Ar) V: (5) + 5V (e"(1+Ar))}. But V- (4) = 4nd3(r) (Eq. 1.99), and
e—*" (1 + Ar)d3(r)= 53 (r) (Eq. 1.88). Meanwhile,
Vieer"(1+ Ar)) = ro (e e~>r(1+ Ar)))= = &{-—Ae~*" (1+ Ar) + e\} = f(—A?re~>").

So £-V (e"(1 +4 Ar)) = —Xe ",P and | p = €9A |476" 3 (r)

—?—e
r
—Ar
:

— dr fore)
Q= ow =€0A {ax [%@)ar -\ [-s2rar} =€9A G - Man [ red) F
r 0

But i re—"dr = vr, so Q = 4re9A (1= 7) =

Problem 2.51
=
=f
4neg J 2
da =
A4teg Ll
Jo Jo JR? +s? —2Rscos@ y= sds
.
do.

Let u = s/R. Then

20R u
= —— ey
Aveo Jo 0 V1+u?—2ucosd

The (double) integral is a pure number; Mathematica says it is 2. So

V ett
TED

Problem 2.52

(a) Potential of + is Vy = —s- In (*+), where sy is distance from \4 (Prob. 2.22).

Potential of —\ is V_ = +52- In (=), where s_ is distance from \_.

~, Total |V =

Now s4 = /(y— a)? +22, and s_ = \/(y+ a)? + 22, so qi

2y)
V(a,y, z) ™~
= acin( Vo) _[ >,
2Q1reo In (ear) ~
[tert2
Are ms fe= a)? +27]
°

vn q
b) Equipotentials are given by (yta)’+2" = e(4ze0Vo/A) — k = constant. That is:
(y—a)*+2
y? + 2ay
+ a? + z? = k(y? — 2ay
+ a? + 2?) > y?(k— 1) + 22(k— 1) + a?(k— 1) — 2ay(k+ 1) =0, or
y? + 27 + a? — ay (4) = 0. The equation for a circle, with center at (yo,0) and radius R, is
(y — yo)?
+ 2?= R?, or y? + 2? + (yp — R?) — 2yyo = 0.
Evidently the equipotentials are circles, with yo = a (
ttt) and
2 2 2
a“ 2 = y9
2 _—R*
R? > R*
2 =yp
42 _ —a*G2 =a
— g2(ktl)
(#4) _ a~=a
g2 = g2 hk +2kt1 kk +2k-1) =
(k=1)2 _ a"
92_GF
4k __ OF

R= zavh ; or, in terms of Vo:

eimeoVo/A +1 e2760Vo/r a. e727e0Vo/A

Yo = 4 ameoVo/A 1 @2menVo/A — e—2me0Vo/A

e27e0Vo/X 9 a 27E9Vo
R = 2.-———— = 1 —______—. = = cesch {|——— }.
etten Vo/A = 1 (e27€0Vo0/> = e—27€0Vo/2) sinh (22<0¥o )

Problem 2.53
27 , av = 1
(a) V*V = =—- (Eq. 2.24), so da = er

2qV
=
(b ) q V = gmu* 2
x > |u = ——-,

(c) dq = Apdz ; a = aps =| Apv = /| (constant). (Note: p, hence also J, is negative.)

(d) d?V
dat = 1
2p P = —-a1dav = GAI av > vy
ay —1/2
= BV—'/?| | where
3 = Srl

(Note: I is negative, so 2 is positive; q is positive.)

(e) Multiply by V’ = 2%
v

v= = pvt > |v dV' = p fv" dV => sv" = 23V'/? + constant.

rc rc

But V(0) = V’(0) = 0 (cathode is at potential zero, and field at cathode is zero), so the constant is zero, and

Vv? =49v? = o =2/8V"4 = V-/4dv = 2/8 de;

[vw dV = 2V8 far> sve = 2\/9x + constant.

But V(0) = 0, so this constant is also zero.

4/3 2/3 2 1/3

yi/4 — =Vie, so V(x) = (5v3) z4/3, or V(x) = (7°) g/3 — (saat) rt/3,

ar\4/3
Interms of Vo (instead of J): |V(a) = Vo (=) (see graph).

Without space-charge, V would increase linearly: V (a2) = Vo (2). Vg pee reeoiees j

7 @V 7 : 141 sia 4eoVo without

p= og= Vos 37 —|~ Odin

= [ve =[aor (3) —
(f) V(d) = Vo = (St)
2mm hd
dt > ve = Sit?
md*
; P= Saas,
3262 A?
81md*4

I= See 84 Kv", where | Kk = on

9/m d? Qd2

Problem 2.54

(a) |E= = i (1+ +) e~® /dr.

(b) The field of a point charge at the origin is radial and symmetric, so V XE = 0, and hence this is
also true (by superposition) for any collection of charges.
7 1 "1
(c) V =— [=a . aif = (1+5)e
=-__ —r/X dr
co

= ——1 1
zai/
1+ =) e7"\dr = a
r2 ( N _ 4reo
/\J;. ffsetd
rae
+5 1/1
/ =e" ar}
mT y P re 7
,
Now fer" dr = ——— -<fsa dp a exactly right to kill the last term. Therefore

V(r) = q nl pes alt

P dren or

(d) rs
fBua= 7 ! A RP = = (1+ 3)e7R/A.
(1+ x)eR/4

1p Bda+ 5 [ var=4 ia gp AIN fae eA 41 = =. qed

Ss A? yp €0 Xr Xr €0

(e) Does the result in (d) hold for a nonspherical surface? Suppose we
make a “dent” in the sphere—pushing a patch (area R? sin 6 d@ dd)
from radius R out to radius S$ (area S? sin 6d6 dé).

A fB-da = cI 13 (1+5) e~ 5/4($? sin@d0

dd) — =
a(1+5) e~F/A(R? sino d9 do)
AT€9 Dy’ r

_a _4 (1+ S\
xesr _ (1+ R\
x) °¢ ral | 6d
sin dd.

e/a 2. , 1 q °
Ax3 |Var==>vie| ; r~ sin 0 dr d@ dé = Pi; sinodoae [= re—"/Adr
—r/xX

= — 4 sino dodge (e-"” (1

TEQ + Mh
___4F s —S/X _ R —R/A| ©:
see (1+ xe (1+ xe sin ™ d0 dd.

So the change in eed|[V dr exactly compensates for the change in ¢E-da, and we get aq for the total using
the dented sphere, just as we did with the perfect sphere. Any closed surface can be built up by successive
distortions of the sphere, so the result holds for all shapes. By superposition, if there are many charges inside,
the total is =Qene: Charges outside do not contribute (in the argument above we found that S
for this volume sum is not changed by distortions of the surface, as
long as q remains outside). So the new “Gauss’s Law” holds for any charge configuration.

1 1
(f) In differential form, “Gauss’s law” reads: |V-E + VY = —p,|or, putting it all in terms of E:
€0
V-E- a [ea = an Since E = —VV, this also yields “Poisson’s equation”: —V?V + iy = 2%
d? €0 2 €0

(g) Refer to ”Gauss’s law” in differential form (f). Since E is zero, inside a conductor (otherwise charge would
move, and in such a direction as to cancel the field), V is constant (inside), and hence p is uniform, throughout
the volume. Any “extra” charge must reside on the surface. (The fraction at the surface depends on A, and
on the shape of the conductor.)
Problem 2.55

p=oV-E= ef (ar) = (constant everywhere).

The same charge density would be compatible (as far as Gauss’s law is concerned) with E = ayy, for
instance, or E = ({)r, etc. The point is that Gauss’s law (and V XE = 0) by themselves do not determine
the field—like any differential equations, they must be supplemented by appropriate boundary conditions.
Ordinarily, these are so “obvious” that we impose them almost subconsciously (“£ must go to zero far from
the source charges” )—or we appeal to symmetry to resolve the ambiguity (“the field must be the same—in
magnitude—on both sides of an infinite plane of surface charge”). But in this case there are no natural
boundary conditions, and no persuasive symmetry conditions, to fix the answer. The question “What is the
electric field produced by a uniform charge density filling all of space?” is simply ill-posed: it does not give
us sufficient information to determine the answer. (Incidentally, it won’t help to appeal to Coulomb’s law
(E = ina [pgxdr) the integral is hopelessly indefinite, in this case.)

Problem 2.56

Compare Newton’s law of universal gravitation to Coulomb’s law:

mim . 1 qg2
F=-G r rc Ee 4tég Tr
Fr.

Evidently Ea — G and q— m. The gravitational energy of a sphere (translating Prob. 2.34) is therefore

Now, G = 6.67 x 1071! N m?/kg?, and for the sun M = 1.99 x 10°° kg, R = 6.96 x 10° m, so the sun’s
gravitational energy is W = 2.28 x 104! J. At the current rate this energy would be dissipated in a time

Problem 2.57

First eliminate z, using the formula for the ellipsoid:

1 ee
a(x,y) = a
Arnab ,/c2(x2/at) + c2 (y?/b4) + 1 — (a? /a?) — (y?/b?)

Now (for parts (a) and (b)) set c > 0, “squashing” the ellipsoid down to an ellipse in the xy plane:

Loe
OY = nab JE ela = OE
(I multiplied by 2 to count both surfaces. )

3 . Q 1
(a) For the : circular disk,
eas set a == b= ——
R and let r= \/x? 24 + y?.y2. |o(r) = onR — ;

2 2 1
—+— .=1, witho= as,
a? @ eo nae Ja? Jat4 2]

The charge on a ring of width dz is

dq =o2nrds, where ds = dx? + dr? = dry/1 + (dr/dz)?.

d. d d 2 A.2 2
Tae a c
| EY
ar
f atr2
S Pr GM

ea_ dq“ae
_ Q DY = ara
ST 1 a a 7442/4
7aah .|2
Jat +r?2/cA= 3a (Constant!)!

Problem 2.58

(a) One such point is on the x axis (see diagram) at « = r. Here the field is

_ 4 1 _ 90088 ai . 2cosO _ 1
"Greg [(atr? ~B ] B aer?
Now,
2
ae 0 _
cos (a/2)—r : ob2 =(5
a ): + v3
5 2 _=(a (2 2
ar +r*)

Therefore
2[(a/2) ~ r| — _i To simplify, let 7s =U:
(a2 — ar + r?)3/2 — (a+r)? a

Tae Tey of OB =dutty

tatA
©2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is
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reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
CHAPTER 2. ELECTROSTATICS 49

Multiplying out each side:

1 — 6u? — 4u> + 9u4 + 12u°

+ 4u® = 1 —3u+ 6u? — 7u* + Gut — 3u>
+ US,

3u — 12u? + 3u* + 3ut + 15u° + 3u® = 0.

u = 0 is a solution (of course—the center of the triangle); factoring out 3u we are left with a quintic equation:

1—4du+u?+u3 +5ut+u° =0.

According to Mathematica, this has two complex roots, and one negative root. The two remaining solutions are
u = 0.284718 and u = 0.626691. The latter is outside the triangle, and clearly spurious. So |r = 0.284718a.
(The other two places where E = 0 are at the symmetrically located points, of course.)

in NS

(b) For the square:

_ 4 cos 04 cosO_\ _ cosO, — cos6_

a a ae =) - oe
where : :
cos@ = Wir. n= (5) +(%+r) =a?
+ VQar+r?.
+

Thus
(a/V2)+r (a/ 2) —r
(a2 + V2ar + r?)3/2 (a? — /2ar + r2)3/2°

To simplify, let w = /2r/a; then

l+w l-—w ;
Dede aE = Dlaw eT & (tw) -2w tw?) = (1 w)%(2 +20 + 02),
Multiplying out the left side:

8 — 8w — 4w? + 16w* — 10w* — 2w? + 7w® — dw’ + w® = (same thing with w > —w).

The even powers cancel, leaving

8w — 16w?
+ 2w°+4w’ =0, or 4-—8v+v?+2v* =0,
where v = w?. According to Mathematica, this cubic equation has one negative root, one root that is spurious
(the point lies outside the square), and v = 0.598279, which yields

VW Vu

JX
NE,
For the pentagon:
p=! (a + 25S" - 22) =o,
~ dren \(a +r)? b? c
where
ade hd oil 2 hl ihe lb ae
b c

b? = [acos(2n/5) +r]? + [asin(27/5)|? = a? +r? + 2ar cos(27/5),

ce = [acos(r/5) — r]? + [asin(x/5)|? = a? + r? — 2ar cos(m/5).
1 9 r + acos(27/5) r — acos(7/5) =
(a+r)? © “a? +r? + 2ar cos(2x/5))°/? |” [a? +r? — 2ar cos(x/5)]*/?
+

Mathematica gives the solution

For an n-sided regular polygon there are evidently n such points, lying on the radial spokes that bisect
the sides; their distance from the center appears to grow monotonically with n: r(3) = 0.285, r(4) = 0.547,
r(5) = 0.689, .... As n — 00 they fill out a circle that (in the limit) coincides with the ring of charge itself.
Problem 2.59 The theorem is false. For example, suppose the conductor is a neutral sphere and the external
field is due to a nearby positive point charge q. A negative charge will be induced on the near side of the sphere
(and a positive charge on the far side), so the force will be attractive (toward q). If we now reverse the sign of
q, the induced charges will also reverse, but the force will still be attractive.
If the external field is uniform, then the net force on the induced charges is zero, and the total force on the
conductor is QE,., which does switch signs if E, is reversed. So the “theorem” is valid in this very special case.

Problem 2.60 The initial configuration consists of a point charge q at the center, —q induced on the inner
surface, and +q on the outer surface. What is the energy of this configuration? Imagine assembling it piece-by-
piece. First bring in g and place it at the origin—this takes no work. Now bring in —gq and spread it over the
surface at a—using the method in Prob. 2.35, this takes work —q?/(87eoa). Finally, bring in +q and spread it
over the surface at b—this costs q?/(87¢9b). Thus the energy of the initial configuration is

2
"ee SE ee
ue 87rep (; 5):

The final configuration is a neutral shell and a distant point charge the energy is zero. Thus the work
necessary to go from the initial to the final state is

q2 1. tt
W=W,-W;= —-—-—|}.
y "| 81r€9 € i)

Problem 2.61

Suppose the n point charges are evenly spaced around the circle, with the jth particle at angle j(27/n).
According to Eq. 2.42, the energy of the configuration is

1
W, = 54
n—=@V,

where V is the potential due to the (n — 1) other charges, at charge # n (on the =z axis).

n—-1
1 1 is
V= room —,
Dew #2, i=2Rsinsin | —
(=)

(see the figure). So

2 n—-1 1 g
— q be =

Wn = 4negRA » sin(ja/n) Ineo”

Mathematica says

Qo = Wy
4 wai
_1
sin(j7/10)
= 38.6245

Q = To
= saga
sin(ja/11) = SSR
10

12 1
Qi. = 7 o- sin(jx/12) =| 59.8074

If (n — 1) charges are on the circle (energy 2,,-1q?/47e9R), and the nth is at the center, the total energy is

¢
W, = [Qn—-1 + (n _ 1) recht’

For

n=11: Qi9 + 10 = 38.6245 + 10 =| 48.6245 |> Oi

n=12: Q4i + 11 = 48.5757+ 11 =| 59.5757] < Ore

Thus a lower energy is achieved for 11 charges if they are all at the rim, but for 12 it is better to put one at
the center.

Chapter 3

Potential

Problem 3.1
The argument is exactly the same as in Sect. 3.1.4, except that since z < R, Vz? + R? —2zR=(R- 2),
;
instead of (z — R). Hence Vayve =
q_ 1
——x=— [(z+ R) —(R-2z)] =
@ —.|If there
;
is more than one charge
( ) we Areg 2zR ( )—( ) dren R . 8

inside the sphere, the average potential due to interior charges is Seve,and the average due to exterior
TEQ

charges is Veenter; 80 Vave = Veenter + PR. v

Problem 3.2
A stable equilibrium is a point of local minimum in the potential energy. Here the potential energy is qV.
But we know that Laplace’s equation allows no local minima for V. What looks like a minimum, in the figure,
must in fact be a saddle point, and the box “leaks” through the center of each face.
Problem 3.3
Laplace’s equation in spherical coordinates, for V dependent only on r, reads:

ld dV dV dV c c
VV
2 = =eoo (-
=e 27 )= 0>r 27 a = 7e (constant)
ste => _—
-m lc =>1V = oe = +k.

Example: potential of a uniformly charged sphere.

In cylindrical coordinates: V?V = ts (<) =0> Peal =c> lil == =
: 8 Is 8
Example: potential of a long wire.
Problem 3.4
Refer to Fig. 3.3, letting a be the angle between 2 and the z axis. Obviously, Egy. points in the —Z
direction, so
1 1 q 1
ve = > da = -% sada.
Ea dr R? fe - "4 R? Arey / FE crate!
By the law of cosines,

R= 2427-22 zcosa => cosa = ————,

22 z
2? = R?
; 2 +27-R
2 2 z— Rcosé
2 _ 9RzcosO =>
R*+z zCOS nk
ro Ae SE
224 3 Ses
(R?2 + 2? — 2Rz cos 0)3/2

‘ q z—Rcosé ae
ave — —Z77 ap. 7a Le AD AAT sin ™
™ “T6n? Re } (R2 + 22 —2Rzcos asra ane aedg
qa ‘3 z—Rcosé
ridhantal sey
sin 9 d8 = gz [ z—Ru da
= eee
819
~ Jo (R? + 2? —2Rz cos 6)3/? meq J_1 (R24 22 — 2Rzu)3/2
(where u = cos @). The integral is
R2 + 2? 1
1 ; 1
r= = P+ a — Riu + Ge
RVR? + 22—2Rzu|_, 2R2 ( VR? + 22 —2Rzu/ |_,
++ +2) (—- 5).
-3(Ga- k)- maa [F-AI-
(a) Ifz > R,
1 1 1 1
I=—= —- — })-—5 |(z-R)- R) + (R? + 2”) ( —— - ——
nla =) sna | acs tae +)( =n)
1 2, 2k 2
= az a) - RZ [an + (n+ 2) | - 5
So 1
Eave = Meee
Atreg 22
the same as the field at the center. By superposition the same holds for any collection of charges outside the
sphere.
(b) Ifz < R,

ea
ie ae Ss ee)
1 espie
1 =e lia 2 2
1 i
1
Coe =) 2Rz? G ate a a + (E> =3)|
1 2z 1 2z
= — |———__} —-——__ ]-2 24 22 =
a(@=s) x | PEK +) .
So
Eave = 0.

By superposition the same holds for any collection of charges inside the sphere.
Problem 3.5
Same as proof of second uniqueness theorem, up to the equation $, V3E3 - ayso Jy (4s)? dr. But on
each surface, either V3; = 0 (if V is specified on the surface), or else F3,= 0 (if aaa
2 = —F, is specified). So
Jy (Bs)? = 0, and hence Ej = E;. qed
Problem 3.6
Putting U = T = V3 into Green’s identity:
[V3V?V3 + VV3-VV3] dr = ¢ V3VV3-da. But V?V3 = V?Vi-V?V2 = -£ +f = 0, and VV3 = —Es.
v s 0 €0
So | E2 dr = -4 V3E3 - da, and the rest is the same as before.
Y Ss

Problem 3.7
Place image charges +2q at z = —d and —q at z = —3d. Total force on +q is

q —2q 2q —q |. ¢
= Ame |(2d)?
+ (4d)?_—
+ (6d)?
= Ar eq d?
a 2Ld ee
8
1
36
3 1
Areg \72d?
2994? .
aT \¢

Problem 3.8
(a) From Fig. 3.13: 2 = Vr?+a?—2racos@é; 2! = Vr2+6?—2rbcos@. Therefore:

q’ R q ; R?
SS FF . 3.15), while b = — (Eq. 3.16).
a! a Vr? + b? — 2rbcosé (Ea ) a im
qd q
(%) Ba
fr?+ r cosd (Hf)? +R? — 2racond
Therefore:

=! (2+ ee. ees u

dneg \2 r2+a*—2racos@ \/R? +(ra/R)*
— 2racosé

Clearly, when r = R, V — 0.
(b)o= —€9 9% (Eq. 2.49). In this case, oe = a at the point r= R. Therefore,

a(@) = —e9 (4) {50° + a? — 2racos @)~*/?(2r — 2a cos 0)

2
+ ;(R? + (ra/R)? — 2racos@) (fer — 2a cos 0)}
r=R

)}
2
qd
sae {U3 + a” — 2Racos6)~*/?(R — acos@) + (R? +a? — 2Racos 0)” (S —acos@
2
— 4
1, (F p2 + a*2 —2Racos@)
f)—3/2
E _ [email protected] + avosd|
:

= pi — a*)(R? + a? — 2Racos@)~*/?.

Qinduced = [oda = reed a a?) [(Re +a? —2Racos6)~*/?R?sin

6d0 dé
Tv

= —1(R? — a?)2rR? la +a? — 2Racos)""

4rR a
0
q,9 2 1 1
= — RY) |——___.
- ——___ |.
2a" las VR? +a? —2Ra
But a > R (else q would be inside), so \/ R? + a2 —-2Ra=a-—R.
oe a oe i Bae asMegs
7 2a! re) aor aE = 2 | ae +R) = 95 an)

—-—=q.
a

Sh
as Se ek eS
dre9 (a—b)? Aen a (a — R?/a)? Aréy (a2 — R?)2°

To bring q in from infinity to a, then, we do work

w=" 2R a
[a aa- 2R
ee
1 1
|7 eee
1
oa
2R
Arey J (a? — R?)? dreg | 2 (a? — R?)} |, Arey 2(a? — R?)
oo

Problem 3.9
Place a second image charge, q’’, at the center of the sphere; 2 fe)
this will not alter the fact that the sphere is an equipotential, —
1 ” a“ ‘

but merely increase that potential from zero to Vo = mney SF ———

dnreg R
q" =4negVoR at center of sphere.

For a neutral sphere, gq! + q" = 0.

= 1 q’' q’ 7 qq’ 1 1

— tat (at a) ~ neo (-z+ a)

_ aq Wa) _ (—Ra/a) (R2/a)(2a— R?/a)
Are a?(a — b)? Arey a?(a — R?/a)?
@ (2) (2a? — R?)
4neg \a) (a2 — R?)?°

(Drop the minus sign, because the problem asks for the force of attraction.)

Problem 3.10
(a) Image problem: \ above, —A below. Potential was found in Prob. 2.52:
z
_ 2A _ 4% = pe
y \ V(y,2z) = 7 aeIn(s_/s4) = ie In(s* /s4)

F _[ 2, {eter
2 2
Areg y? + (z—d)?

OV OV OV
(b) o= —057° Here On Oe? evaluated at z= 0.

A 1 1
a(y) = OF re \eerare + d) = P+(e-ape = a}
z=0

2d -d \_[Ad
y2+d2 y2+a@f | a(y? +d?)
Check: Total charge induced on a strip of width / parallel to the y axis:

el Id fol
Oe POGOe I\d [1 ee
col elt G2 od
sce Ae (pe
ad ra / y? + d? dy T ce (4)|| E ( 7)

—AXAl. Therefore Ajng = —A, as it should be.

Problem 3.11
The image configuration is as shown.

q 1 1
V(z,y) = =e OL ——————— ed

Arey laa (a + a)? + (y+)?

+ 27
1 1
~ VaetaPty—bet+z2 JS(r—aPtytbhet+z |

7 1 -_ 1
q —_ ——_ — oo
loos +sinog,
= Arey { (2a)? - (2b)? a+ (2Va? + b?)?
where cos@ = a/Va? + 6?, sin@ = b/Va? + b?.

F= _f —— = K+ _ > _
~ 167€9 | |(a? + b?)3/2— a? (a2 + b2)3/2

1 1 -g -q 4: ¢ q? 1 1 1
Wwe
2 Ine la * 28) eT Lémé aE a |
For this to work, Thus 180°, 90°, 60°, 45°, etc., are OK, but no
others. It works for 45°, say, with the charges as shown. 45° line
(Note the strategy: to make the x axis an equipotential (V = 0),
you place the image charge (1) in the reflection point. To make the
45° line an equipotential, you place charge (2) at the image point.
But that screws up the x axis, so you must now insert image (3) to
balance (2). Moreover, to make the 45° line V = 0 you also need (4),
to balance (1). But now, to restore the x axis to V = 0 you need (5)
to balance (4), and so on.
why it works for 06 = 45°

wNo good
The reason this doesn’t work for arbitrary angles is that you are even- 135° line

tually forced to place an image charge within the original region of

43)
interest, and that’s not allowed—all images must go outside the re-
gion, or you're no longer dealing with the same problem at all.) “by :

Problem 3.12
A (x +a)? +y?
From Prob. 2.52 (with yo > d): |V = In I where a? = yo? — R? > a= Vd? — R?,
ATe€9 (x —a)? +y?
and
acoth(27eqVo/A) = d = aq te _ 27€9Vo
{wcadh(enVa/A)=R => (dividing) R= cosh
a & cosh~!(d/R)
Problem 3.13
a
oo
. 2 :
V(z,y) = S> Cne—"**/* sin(nmy/a) (Eq. 3.30), where C,, = = |Vow)sin(nty/a) dy (Eq. 3.34).
n=1 - 0

+Vo, for0<y<a/2
In this case Vo(y) = {—Vo, for \. Therefore,
a/2<y<a

a/2 :
= “ {-eats) ° satura 3
) dy
Cr = “¥ [ sintoery/a) dy — [ sin(nru/a
.
e a/2
(")} .
= a {= cos(+) + cos(0) + cos(nm) — cos (>)} = =“ {1+(-1)" — 2cos

The term in curly brackets is:

n=1 :1-—1-2cos(7/2)=0,
n= : 1+1-2cos(r)
= 4,
etc. (Zero if n is odd or divisible by 4, otherwise 4.)
n=3 :1-—1-2cos(37/2)=0,
n=4 :1+1-2cos(27)=0,

Therefore
_ J 8Vo/nz, n= 2,6,10,14, etc. (in general, 47 + 2, for 7= 0,1,2,...),
0, otherwise.

e"™*/4 sin(nay/a)| 8Vo 2 e~ (43+2) "2/4 sin[ (47 + 2)ry/al

n oe (4j
+ 2)

AV 1 Shas OV
V(a,y) = — > seer sin(nmy/a) (Eq. 3.36); o = —057 (Eq. 2.49).

So
4 1
a(y) = —€0 = o> ne" /8 sin(nny/a)} = -€ vo a5 a(t )e-nzz/a sin(ny/a)
«r=0
us n° oa z=0

Or, using the closed form 3.37:

2V0 tears (sin(my/a) )bees 2Vo 1 (See |T

V(z,y) cosh(7a/a) _
7 sinh(7x/a) Oe aE ee ene sinh?(rx/a)/ a
sinh

_ 2e€)Vo — sin(ty/a) cosh(72/a) = 2€9 Vo 1

~ @— sin? (ry/a) + sinh? (a2/a) Let a sin(ry/a)*

{[Comment: Technically, the series solution for o is defective, since term-by-term differentiation has produced
a (naively) non-convergent sum. More sophisticated definitions of convergence permit one to work with series
of this form, but it is better to sum the series first and then differentiate (the second method.)|

Summation of series Eq. 3.36

AV, 1 7
V(«,y) = —*I, where I = y —e7"™*/4 sin(nay/a).
ts n
n=1,3,5,...

Now sinw = Im (e”), so

T= Im)- 1 -nxx/apinny/a =Im ry 1 gn
n n

where Z = e~7(-9)/4, Now

gait [7 ISO, 2
an LBP » +i) Zit) = I a" isa :
! Sst

Zz
= /oee- tes} = 5In (Re'?) = 5(InR+i0),
1-u? 2 1-Z
0
where Re!? = fee. Therefore

1 ; 1 1+2 1+ e77t(e—iy)/a (1 + e—7(z—ty)/2) (1 _ e~*(ztiy)/a)

I=Im {FanR+ io} = 9°: But 1-2 1—e-7(e-iy)/a (1 = e—7(x—iy)/a) (1 = e—(z+iy)/a)

2 1+ ent/a (ei™¥/a = e~itu/a) _ en 2me/a . 1+ Jie t/a sin(ry/a) —e 27x/a

a |1 = e-(e-iy)/a|? ~ |1 _ en 7(2—iy) /al ?

so
2e—**/4 sin(ry/a) 2 sin(y/a) sin(7y/a)
tan@ = —<—$ =
1 — e—22/a e™/a—e-m2/a — sinh(r2/a)
Therefore
1. _,/ sin(ry/a) 20, _1 [ sin(ry/a)
f= =ten) | — d = ts |!
20 (ao » and /V(z,y) 7 sinh(7a/a)

Problem 3.15
2 2
(a) as + oo = 0, with boundary conditions
y

(i) V(ax,0) =0,

(ii) V(a,a) = 0,
(iii) V(0,y) = 0,
(iv) V(6,y) = Vo(y).
As in Ex. 3.4, separation of variables yields

V(x, y) = (Ae + Be-) (Csinky + D cos ky) .

Here (i)=> D = 0, (iii) B= —A, (ii)> ka is an integer multiple of :

V(a,y) = AC Call - pres) sin(nwy/a) = (2AC) sinh(nra/a) sin(nzy/a).

But (2AC) is a constant, and the most general linear combination of separable solutions consistent with (i),
(ii), (iii) is

V(a,y) = se C,, sinh(nrax/a) sin(n7y/a).

n=1

It remains to determine the coefficients C;, so as to fit boundary condition (iv):

2: C,, sinh(n7b/a) sin(nmy/a) = Vo(y). Fourier’s trick => C), sinh(n7b/a) = “[row sin(nry/a) dy.
0
Therefore
2 /
Cr = aunhtanb/a) [vow sin(nay/a) dy.
0

b) C, = ——*_w 2 f ;
[s dy= —2¥_,.
2Vo J0, ifrniseven,
0, if n is even
(b) Cr asinh(nrb/a) 9 fsin(nery/) : asinh(nzb/a) . {24 if n is odd. \
0

sinh(n7a/a) sin(nry/a)
nsinh(nib/a)

Problem 3.16
Same format as Ex. 3.5, only the boundary conditions are:

(i) V=0 when «=0,

(ii) V =O when «=a,
(iii) V =0 when y=0,
(iv) V=0 when y=a,
(v) V=0 when z=0,
(vi) V = Vo when z =a.

This time we want sinusoidal fuctions in x and y, exponential in z:

X(ax) = Asin(kx) + Bcos(kx), Y(y) = Csin(ly) + Deos(ly), Z(z) = BeV! +P? + Ge“ VEFP2,
(i)> B= 0; (ii) k = nr/a; (iii) D = 0; (iv)> 1 =mn/a; (v)> E+G=0. Therefore

Z(z) = 2Esinh(m
Vn? + m2z/a).
Putting this all together, and combining the constants, we have:
oo co

V(a,y,z) = S> DB Chm sin(ntax/a) sin(mmy/a) sinh(aV n? + m?z/a).

n=1m=1

(vi):
It remains to evaluate the constants C),,..,, by imposing boundary condition

Vim 52; [Crm sinh(m Vn? + m?)) sin(nax/a) sin(mmy/a).

According to Eqs. 3.50 and 3.51:

3
0, if n or m is even, |
Crom sinh (xv n? +m
2
)
2
(:iA) [Jssomsin sin(mmy/a) dx dy|= {2
—
a, if both uw oda.

Therefore

Veena) =tS n=1,3,5,... m=1,3,5,...

a tine /a) sin mya) sinh (1 /n? + m?z/a)

Consider the superposition of siz such cubes, one with Vo on each of the six faces. The result is a cube
with Vo on its entire surface, so the potential at the center is Vo. Evidently the potential at the center of the
original cube (with Vo on just one face) is one sixth of this: To check it, put in z= y= z=a/2:

sinh (rV/n? + m?/2)

Let n = 2i+ 1, m= 2j + 1, and note that sinh(2u) = 2sinh(u) cosh(u). The double sum is then

$93 >> aaa ech |rJV(Qi

V/+1)?+ (25 +1)?/2I .
21 +1)(2j3 +1
Setting the upper limits at i = 3, 7 = 3 (or above) Mathematica returns S = 0.102808, which (to 6 digits) is
equal to 77/96, confirming (at least, numerically) that V(a/2,a/2,a/2) = Vo/6.
Problem 3.17

Pale) = gg (0? 1)" = 8 (2? ~ 1)? 20 = Fa (0-1)

= aay [@?-)" + 2a (2? “ye }d. ~1)(x?-1442?)]
= aa ((2?-1) (52? — 1)] = 5[2 (52°— 1) + (x? —1) 102]

= 3(609 24 52° — 52) = 3(1003 — 62) =|329—$2,

We need to show that P3(cos @) satisfies

1 df. .dP .
sin 6do (sino) => —l(l + 1)P, with |= 3,

where P3(cos@) = 5+ cos 9 (5cos? @ — 3).

aPy
dé
5[—sin8(5 cos” @— 3) + cos0(10
cos @(— sin
@)| = —5sind (5cos” 0 — 3 + 10 cos” @)

—5sind (5 cos? 4-1).

0 [(. dP 3d_. 35. . : .

0 (sino) == 757 [sin? @ (5 cos? - 1)] ==5 [2 sin @cos 0 (5 cos? 0 — 1) + sin? 6 (—10cos 0 sin @)|

= —3 sin 0 cos 6 {5 cos? 0 -l1l- 5 sin? 6] .

— (sino) = —3cos@ [5cos? —1 — 5 (1 — cos? @)] = —3.cos@ (10 cos? 6 — 6)

= -3-4- 5080 (5 cos? 6 — 3) =—l(l+1)P3. qed

1 1
[Perc dx = [o; (52° — 3x) dx = ;(2° -z*)|", - tl -1+1-1)=0.V
“1 =
Problem 3.18 ie
(a) Inside: V(r, 0) = S> Air' P(cos 0) (Eq. 3.66) where
l=0

_ (+1)
A [ Vo) Pi(cos0)sinfd@ (Eq. 3.69).
OR!
0
In this case Vo(@) = Vo comes outside the integral, so

A; =
(2141)Vo
+
DRI
1)Vo [ ;
J Fi(cosa) sind.
0
But Po(cos@) = 1, so the integral can be written

Py(cos 6)P,(cos6)
sino doe= 4%2,ifl1=0
#' AOL ea 3.68).
0

Therefore
_ 0, if 40
A={¥ nine
Plugging this into the general form:

V(r, 0) = Aor P(cos 8) =

The potential is constant throughout the sphere.
lo]

Outside: V(r,0) = )> ea

i+1
Vee 0) (Eq. 3.72), where
i=0 J :

1 Tv

5, = Cr RM fV(o)Pi(cos6) sina (Eq. 3.73).

(HET
—s sige VofPy ¥%(cos6)
eatensin ies PU...
d0 = RVo, TAO
if 1-0 f°
0

1
Therefore |V(r, @) = Win (i.e. equals Vo at r = R, then falls off like —).
r r
(b) |
S> Air’ P;(cos 0), for r < R (Eq. 3.78)
Vir,8)=) 7
S: at Pi(cos 8),for r > R (Eq. 3.79)
I=0
where
B, = R?'+1A, (Eq. 3.81)
and

A, = spe |7010) P(c0s 6) sin@Od@ (Eq. 3.84)

. 0
-= saqir0
I j Pi(cos#)
| San sino ad _= {90,
Roo/eo, if
if lA0
|= 0 \.
0
Therefore

Note: in terms of the total charge Q = 47R?o9,

if
Tne, xR <
forr<R

V(r,0) =
1
Race! forr>R
>

Problem 3.19

Vo(0) = kcos(30) = k [4cos* @ — 3cos 6] = k [aP3(cos0) + BP;(cos 6)] .

(I know that any 3'¢ order polynomial can be expressed as a linear combination of the first four Legendre
polynomials; in this case, since the polynomial is odd, I only need P, and P3.)

4cos®
@ — 3cos 0 = a 5(5e0s*@ — 3c0s6) + 8cos?= "cos! 0+ (e- 5°)cos6,

Therefore ‘
Vo(8) = 5 [8P3(cos @) — 3P;(cos@)} .

Now

S> Air’ P(cos 0), for r < R (Eq. 3.66)

V(r,0)= 9 IS
as “at Pi(cos 8),for r > R (Eq. 3.72)
l=0

where

A e aad Vo(8)P;(cos 6) sin@d@ (Eq. 3.69)

-
a+ik
( 7 ds{8
{f
[ rionenicmnsneds 2
/{riomyrn inna
0 0

_ k (+1) 2 2 kil
~ 5 QR! { (21+ 1) ots SOl4 1) in}= 5 A Sos —36n]
» 3 3 —
= {ae : _ :\(zero otherwise).

Therefore

3k 8k
V(r,0) = —=-rP\(cos8) + =r" P3(cos8) =| k{orr\3
= s(=) P3(cos6)— 3 (=) P,(cosd)

cos{4(z) [5cos?@—3] - 3}

(for r < R). Meanwhile, B; = A, R?/+! (Eq. 3.81—this follows from the continuity of V at R). Therefore

p, — {8kR*/5, if l= 3 } (zero otherwise).

1 | -3kR?/5, if b= 1
So

V(r, 0) =
—3kR?
—-—
1Pi (cos8) +
8kR! 1
—=— | Ps(cos 8)= f
R\*
(=) Py(cos) 3
RY
(=) P, (cos 0) ’

V(r,0) = :(2) coos (2) [5cos?

@— 3] — sh

(for r > R). Finally, using Eq. 3.83:

o(0) € > (21 + 1) AR! P;(cos@) = €0 [3A1P1 + 7A3R?

Ps)
l=0

3k 8k €ok
€ 3(-%) P,+7 (=) er, = a [—9P, (cos 0) + 56P3(cos@)]

T |-9cos0 + * (50s
= So — 3080) = a cos
7) 0[—9 + 28 -
. 5 cos*22 69 — 28 -
; 3]

eok
BR cos 0 [140 cos? 9 — 93] :

Problem 3.20
7

Use Eq. 3.83: 0 (0) = €9 $5 (21+1) ALR Pi(cos #). But Eq. 3.69 says: A; = ae iVo (8)Pi(cos @) sin @ dé.
I=0 0
Putting them together:
wT

a(0) = oR Sal +1)?C,P;(cos@), with C; = [ Vo) Fi(cos#)sin@d@é. qed

l=0 0

Problem 3.21
Set V = 0 on the equatorial plane, far from the sphere. Then the potential is the same as Ex. 3.8 plus the
potential of a uniformly charged spherical shell:

Problem 3.22

(a) V(r,8) = => Fer

B — B
Pi(cos8) (r > R), 80 V(r,0) =) HP) = — B
oe
rl+t
= a
2€9
[Vr + R? -r].
i=0 i=0 i=0
1 1
Since r > R in this region, /r? + R? =rV/1+(R/r)? =r E- 5 (R/r)” = g(R/r)" +.. |so

3 1 o 141 Rt 1 a (R Rt
2. —_—_
ritl
= —T
eg
-——
2r2,
=
8 rt
ace =
= 365 (ar ~ a8 aa conde

R? Rt
Comparing like powers of r, I see that Bo = oy B, =0, Bo = see .... Therefore
deg 16€o

oR? [1 R?
V(r, 9) = Seo E - 7,3 F2(cos 8) + sl;

(for r > R).

-
oR?
=
1/R\?
-3(2)
4
(3.cos aye,

(b) V(r, 9) = S— Air’ P,(cos@) (r < R). In the northern hemispere, 0 < 6 < 7/2,
i=0

V(r,0) = So Air! = o [Vr? +R - r|:

i=0

Since r < R in this region, Wr? + R? = R\/1+(r/R)27=R f+ 5(r/R)? - 5(r/R)! +.. |. Therefore

le foe rP; (cos 0) + | _,2P,(cos@) +...],

0 2R
(for r < R, northern hemisphere).
1— (4) cos +:(=) (costo - 1) + |

In the southern hemisphere we'll have to go for @ = 7, using P;(—1) = (—1)!.

V(r,n) = Zar = = [vert Rr].

(I put an overbar on A, to distinguish it from the northern A;). The only difference is the sign of Ai:
A, = +(a/2€9), Ap = Ap, Az = Az. So:

V(r,0) = ee rP, (cos 0) + ete tend) +...],

2€0 2R
(for r < R, southern hemisphere).

= Fes Gomer iG) Gore +].

Problem 3.23

S> Air'Pi(cos 0), (r < R) (Eq. 3.78),

V(r, 0) = & '=0 i
> arPi(cos8), (r > R) (Eq. 3.79),
i=0

where B, = A; R?!+! (Eq. 3.81) and

1 ip70(0)P;(cos
A= 55 6)sindd0 (Eq. 3.84)
0

w/2 T

= aR J Pi(cos) sina — J Pi(cose)sinoao (let 2 = cos 8)

eo R!-
. 0 n/2
1 0
a
= RoR [ Piaae- | Paar
0 -1

Now P;(—x) = (—1)'P;(x), since P;(x) is even, for even 1, and odd, for odd /. Therefore

ae !
0 0 1

P(x) dx = | P,(—x)d(—2) = (-1)' | Pi(2) de,

and hence
1 0, if | is even
A 1 = 2oR=1
585 [t= (-1)}] fPie)ae
:
= of
7 if
rf epR'-1 J P(x) da, if Lis odd

So Ap = Ag = Ay = Ag = 0, and all we need are A;, A3, and As.

ma) & a & II 8 a & II

wm]
Fa

ae
i

II |
15 1 (36 - 35) = =.1
)= 75
co| wm]{&
OO
aN
wl 2 16

Therefore

and

Thus

Problem 3.24

12 (6m) 1 0?V
3 ds \"ds +2
Op
Look for solutions of the form V(s,@) = S(s)®(@):

lg
s ds \ ds
(,45) , Loto_ s2~ do?

Multiply by s? and divide by V = S®:

sd
—_— s=—
(dS _ ide
Sds \ ds ® dé?
Since the first term involves s only, and the second @ only, each is a constant:

sd (ds 1 d?®
—=—(s—]J=Q,, =—=C2, withCi+C.=0.
al =) * 6d ~ Pane
Now C2 must be negative (else we get exponentials for ®, which do not return to their original value—as
geometrically they must— when @ is increased by 27).

Moreover, since ®(¢ + 27) = ®(@), k must be an integer: k = 0,1,2,3,... (negative integers are just repeats,
but & = 0 must be included, since ® = A (a constant) is OK).
Md (=) = k*S can be solved by S = s", provided n is chosen right:

d d
si, (sns"~') =ns— (s") =n?ss""! = n?s" =h’S > n= +k.

Evidently the general solution is S(s) = Cs* + Ds~*, unless k = 0, in which case we have only one solution
to a second-order equation—namely, S = constant. So we must treat k = 0 separately. One solution is a
constant—but what’s the other? Go back to the diferential equation for S, and put in k = 0:

d ({ dS dS dS C d:
s— (s— ) =0>s— =constant =C > — = — dS =C— +S=Clns+D (another constant).
ds ds s s

So the second solution in this case is In s. [How about ®? That too reduces to a single solution, ® = A, in the
case k = 0. What’s the second solution here? Well, putting k = 0 into the ® equation:

d'
cpt 70> Gy~eonstant = B > = Bo+ A.

But a term of the form Bd is unacceptable, since it does not return to its initial value when @ is augmented
by 27.] Conclusion: The general solution with cylindrical symmetry is

V(s,@) = ao + bo ns + Ss; [s* (ax cos kd + by sink) + s~* (cy cos kd + dy sin ko)| :
k=1

Yes: the potential of a line charge goes like In s, which is included.

Problem 3.25
Picking V = 0 on the yz plane, with Ep in the x direction, we have (Eq. 3.74):

(i) V =0, when s = R,

(ii) V — —Eox = —Epscos ¢, for s > R.

Evidently ag = bp = by = dy, = 0, and a; = cy = 0 except for k = 1:

V(s,¢) = (ais + =) cos @.

(i)=> c, = —a,R?; (ii) a; = —Ep. Therefore

Problem 3.26

Inside: V(s,@) = ap + So st (a; coskd + by sink). (In this region Ins and s~* are no good—they blow
k=1
up at s = 0.)

Outside: V(s,@) = Gp + = (c, cosk@ +d; sink@). (Here Ins and s* are no good at s > 0).
k=1
8

o=—e OVout _ OVin

(Eq. 2.36).
— Os Os s=R

Thus
k
asin5@ = —€9 > {a= (cy, coskd + dy sinkd) — kR*—? (a; cos kod + by sin ke} ;
k=1
1
Evidently ay, = cy = 0; by = dy = 0 except k = 5; a = 5ep ( ds + Rts). Also, V is continuous at s = R:
Ré
ao + R°bs sin 5¢@ = Got pts sin 5@. So ap = Gp (might as well choose both zero); R°bs = R~°d5, or ds; = R'bs.

aa sds results:
raniilia a na= 5e9 (R 4 bs +R 4p)bs) — 1069 | R*bs;
a bs a aR 6
Combining these 0c Rt . ds = ——.
10< Therefore

asin5@ {s°/R*, for s < R, \

V(s,0) = 10€ R® /s°, for s > R.

Problem 3.27 Since r is on the z axis, the angle a is just the polar angle @ (I'll drop the primes, for simplicity).
Monopole term:
1 ;
oa = ir |EG — 2r) sind r” sin
6dr dO do.

But the r integral is

R
[(R-2ar= (Rr — r?)|* = R?—R? =0.
0
So the monopole term is zero.
Dipole term:
[res Opdt = ER [(r0os8) EG — 2r) sin 7r? sin
6dr dO do.
r
But the @ integral is
° us
sin? 6
[si? cosa a
0
So the dipole contribution is likewise zero.
Quadrupole term:

ce apa pdt = sar [12(3cos?

@— 1) | (R~2r) sind r? sin 6dr d do.
2 2 2 r?

r integral:
R 3 4\|F 4 4 4
20 p_ arar=Py
[re bay -pretTL -%_F_F
(FR = 5 9 6

@ integral:

/ (3cos?
@— 1) sin? do =2 |sin?oao—3 |sin oa9
0 3(1~sin? 6)—1=2-3sin? 0 0 0
T 3 9 T
= 2(5)-3(F) =-*(1-3) =-§
@ integral:
Ps

do= 2r.
0
The whole integral is:
1 R! T
-kR(-—)(-) (an) = kr? R®
;
2 ( 6 )( =) ee
©2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is
protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be
reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
CHAPTER 3. POTENTIAL 71

For point P on the z axis (r — z in Eq. 3.95) the approximate potential is

(Quadrupole. )

Problem 3.28

For a line charge, p(r’) dr’ — A(r’) dl’, which in this case becomes AR dg’.

" |= rsinOcos@X +rsinésingy + rcosdZ,

" ‘= ll Rceos¢'+Rsind’, so
r-r’ = rRsin@cos¢cos¢'
+ rRsinOsindsind’ = rReosa,
cosa = sin@(cos ¢@cos ¢’ + sin @sin
¢’).

n=0
20
ica ,_ ; — 1 2RA | AR
[oar AR f dg? = 27rR); "= fee, reed (a

n=1
20
fr cosa p(r’) dr’! > / ReosaAR do’ = XR? sind (cos¢cos¢’ + sin dsin ¢')dd’ = 0;V, =
0
n=2:
3
[oP Px(cosa) p(r')dr' > /R? € cos” a — 5)ARdq! = | 3sin?0(cos ¢cos d! + sing sin ¢’)” — 1 dd’
\R? 2 2r 2r 20
= [ssin?@ (cos?ij cos? ' dd! + sin?d| sin? ¢' dd’ + 2sindcos@ | sin ¢’ cos ¢! id) _ 7 is
0 0 0 0
3 3
= aS [3sin?6 (x cos?
d + msin?
d+ 0) — 2x] = as (3sin?9— 2) = —7AR® ($cos 0 5).

Problem 3.29
p = (3qa — qa)Z + (—2ga — 2q(—a)) ¥ = 2qgaz. Therefore

and p- & = 2qaz-f = 2qacos9, so

ve 1 2qacosé
a ee (Dipole. )

Problem 3.30
(a) By symmetry, p is clearly in the z direction: p = p2; p= f zpdr => f zoda.

3
T

cos?sind d0 = 20 FP (- *)
p= J(2e056)(k:cos0) F?sin 0 d0 dé = 2nR°k |
3 °
0
4n R3k Ark
|p=—y
2 93
=— gre —(-1]=—3—;

(b)
gat 4rR*k cos? _ | kR* cos
(Dipole.)
~ Aneg 3 r2 | 36 Or?

This is also the exact potential. Conclusion: all multiple moments of this distribution (except the dipole) are
exactly zero.
Problem 3.31
Using Eq. 3.94 with r’ = d/2 and a = @ (Fig. 3.26):

1 1la/d\"
ay ee a) P,,(cos@);

for 2 _, we let 0 — 180° + 6, so cos@ — — cos 0:

But P,,(—«r) = (-1)"P,, (x), so

1 1 Aid 24 n
ae! 1 d
q (=~ ae > (5)
. ~ a )= teen th a sO) —— P,,(—cos
[Pnn (cos@) nn 3 @)] = iat _ . (=)
— 0)
P,,n (cos37).
a AT €

Therefore
2g ld qd cos 0 .
Vv, n= _- — P, ; = ‘ h le Y. = U.
oP d4reg r 2r toon 8) Aregr? a quad =0

2g (d\3 2g d 1 F qd 1 ‘
Voct = rae (=)
— P3(cos@)
sé = ete
OO (5 cos’
3 8 _— 3cosSs 8) =| fra
—_— —_ (5 cos’
3“ @ _— 3cosSs 8) ,

Problem 3.32
1 [2q | 3qacosé
Q= = ~ Q : ea .
(a) (i) [24,| (ii) = [3qa2, | (iii) ve tr [2 + Bt |= Arey E a

(ii) p = [gaz,| (iii)V= |= i oe).

(b) (i) Q= [24

oak 3s esas = sya, | 1 [2q , 3gqasindsing en ee

Problem 3.33
: Thisa point
(a) ey
ee is at r=a,0== 5, —~N a
¢6=0,so E=ba-—v2 Af eo
deat 0= | z); F=qE= Pd
__ yn _;
z.

b) Here r=a, 6 =0,s0 E= PineOf de

2p_. a 2pq
entries ad Freya? ; drrega? . Arega? 7

Problem 3.34 ; ; .
p=qaz, so Viip = dren os”. Therefore
dneg =:
Q = —q, 80 Vinono = 7—— Tr or?

q 1 acosé 1 a oa Re ae
V(r,0) = 7 (-:+ 2 ) in 3 + 5 (2eoso+ sind).

Problem 3.35 The total charge is zero, so the dominant term is the dipole. We need the dipole moment
of this configuration. It dition points in the z direction, and for the southern hemisphere (@ : 5 — 7) p
switches sign but so does z, so
n/2 R w/2
p= | -0ar = 20 | ros? sin 0 dr-d0dé = 2po(2n) f rar f cos @ sin 6.d0
0 =0 0 0

te Rt sin? 0 aie _ tpoR*

nar aan Yam
Therefore (Eq. 3.103)
mpoR* On " A
a (2cos0# + sin 06) .

Problem 3.36
p= (p-f)f+(p-0)6 = pcosdf
— psind @ (Fig. 3.36). So 3(p-f) f— p = 3pcos6F
— pcos Of + psind 6 =
2pcosdf + psind@. So Eq. 3.104 = Eq. 3.103. Vv
Problem 3.37
Vave (R) _ eR? dV(r)da, where the integral is over the surface of a sphere of radius R. Now da =
fg

R? sin 0d0 dd, 80 Vaye(R) = [Vane sin 6d0 do.

vis
Wave 1 fO. il se — oil 2: a
IR ~ in OR 108 db dg = a fo fF) sin@dé dd = a f™ (R* sin 6 d0ddt)

1 1

(The final integral, from the divergence theorem, is over the volume of the sphere, where by assumption the
Laplacian of V is zero.) So Vaye is independent of R—the same for all spheres, regardless of their radius—and
hence (taking the limit as R —- 0), Vave(R) = V(0). qed
Problem 3.38 At a point (x,y) on the plane the field of q is

2, and 2 =xx%X+yy-
di,

so its z component is — —
q ———__—__..
d ;
Meanwhile, the field of o
: (just below the surface)
_ 6
is —-—,
Are (a2 + y? + d2)3/2 ( ) 2€
(Eq. 2.17). (Of course, this is for a uniform surface charge, but as long as we are infinitesimally far away o is
e-ectively uniform.) The total field inside the conductor is zero, so

q d a qd
>-=0 = o(2,¥) = Say ya aya
7 Ame (x? + y? + d?)3/2 ~ 2€9 ¥

Problem 3:39

The image configuration is shown in the figure; the positive image charge forces cancel in pairs. The net
force of the negative image charges is:

F= ss 2 ae of oe. + a
7 Ameo! [2(a — a)? [2a + 2(a — x)|? [4a + 2(a — x)|?

= loot aoe tat |-|S+aptaat |}

q (a—z)? (2a—z)? (3a—z)2 zw (a+zaz)? (2a+z)2? JJ”

When a — 0 (i.e. a > x) only the

x?
term ives:
survives: FF = oe
———-—
Arey (2a)?
¥v (same as for only one plane
Eq. 3.12). When x = a/2,

1 ¢ 1 1 1 1 1 1 7
Fre 4 lane + Baja? * Gafap t 4 fon: + Baja? * aap t } ee
Problem 3.40
Following Prob. 2.52, we place image line charges —\ at y = b and +A at y = —b (here y is the horizontal
axis, z vertical).

In the solution to Prob. 2.52 substitute:

a—b ot,
a——>—, Yo
2

ves Cd) m(Q))- oD

22 {[(y +a)? + 27I(y— 6)? +2 \, or, using y = scos@, z= ssing,
4meo ([(y — a)?+ 27] [(y + 6)? + 27]
mY (s? + a? + 2as cos ¢)|[(as/R)? + R? — 2as cos |
n
Are (a? + a? — 2ascos @)|(as/R)? + R? + 2as cos ¢]

Problem 3.41 Same as Problem 3.9, only this time we want q’ + q" =4q,so q" =q-—q':

oe ” U
a 2
Sl./ 1 1

dneg \a (a — b) A4rega Arre€y a (a —b)

The second term is identical to Problem 3.9, and I'll just quote the answer from there:

q jo wee)
~ dmegas (a2 — R?)?

(a) F =0 => a(a? — R?)? = R3(2a? — R?), or (letting x = a/R), x(x? — 1)? — 227 +1 =0. We want a real
root greater than 1; Mathematica delivers « = (1 + /5)/2 = 1.61803, so a = 1.61803R =| 5.66311 A.
(b) Let ag = zp be the minimum value of a. The work necessary is

=
ag
ee!
2 oo
- R?)
=
1[__ ps(2a?
2
-1)
_(2a7
Ww
[ sal Are [ a3 c e (a2
(a — R?)?
R?2)2 = Tok ~ @3(a?2 —— 1)?
1)? de
_ 7 1+2z9 — 223
4regR | 2x2(1 — 22)

Putting in 2 = (1+ V5)/2, Mathematica says the term in square brackets is 1/2 (this is not an accident; see
ge
footnote 6 on page 127), so W = Numerically,
8regR ,

(1.60x 10-19)?
W = ——_
Sm (8.85x10-12)(5.66 x__
10-10)590.083 2-08x 9 -19 J = [1.27 eV.
x10-110S

Problem 3.42

The first configuration on the right is precisely Example 3.4, but unfortunately the second configuration is not
the same as Problem 3.15:

We could reconstruct Problem 3.15 with the modified boundaries, but let’s see if we can’t twist it around by
an astute change of variables. Suppose we let « — y, y > u, a—c, ba, and Vo > Vi:

This is closer; making the changes in the solution to Problem 3.15 we have (for this configuration)

4V, sinh(nzy/c) sin(nzu/c)

V(u,y) = — :
(uy) 7 nsinh(nza/c)
n=1,3,5...

Now let c > 2b and u — x +6, and the configuration is just what we want:

The potential for this configuration is

av
V(z,y) = avi sinh(n7y/2b) sin(na(a +b)
sin (nry/2 )si /2b
+ b)/2b)
uf n=1,3,5...
nsinh(nza/2b)

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