Chapter 6 HULL SCANTLINGS

Section 1 PLATING

Symbols

For symbols not defined in this Section, refer to Ch 1, Sec 4.

IY : Net moment of inertia, in m4, of the hull transverse section about its horizontal neutral axis, to be calculated
according to Ch 5, Sec 1, 1.5, on gross offered thickness reduced by 0.5tC for all structural members
IZ : Net moment of inertia, in m4, of the hull transverse section about its vertical neutral axis, to be calculated
according to Ch 5, Sec 1, 1.5, on gross offered thickness reduced by 0.5tC for all structural members
N : Z co-ordinate with respect to the reference co-ordinate system defined in Ch 1, Sec 4, 4, in m, of the centre
of gravity of the hull net transverse section, defined in Ch 5, Sec 1, 1.2, considering gross offered thickness
reduced by 0.5tC for all structural members
t : Net thickness, in mm, of a plate panel.
pS, pW : Still water and wave pressure, in kN/m2, in intact conditions, defined in 3.1.2
pF : Pressure, in kN/m2, in flooded conditions, defined in 3.1.3
pT : Pressure, in kN/m2, in testing conditions, defined in 3.1.4
σX : Normal stress, in N/mm2, defined in 3.1.5
l : Length, in m, of the longer side of the elementary plate panel, measured along the chord
s : Length, in m, of the shorter side of the elementary plate panel, measured along the chord at mid-span of l
ca : Coefficient of aspect ratio of the plate panel, equal to:
2
⎛s⎞ s
c a = 1.21 1 + 0.33⎜ ⎟ − 0.69 , to be taken not greater than 1.0
⎝l⎠ l
cr : Coefficient of curvature of the panel, equal to:
s
c r = 1− 0.5 , to be taken not less than 0.4
r
r : Radius of curvature, in m.

1. General

1.1 Application
1.1.1
The requirements of this Section apply for the strength check of plating subjected to lateral pressure and, for
plating contributing to the longitudinal strength, to in-plane hull girder normal stress.
In addition, the buckling check of platings and stiffened panels is to be carried out according to Ch 6, Sec 3.

1.2 Net thicknesses

1.2.1
As specified in Ch 3, Sec 2, all thicknesses referred to in this Section are net, i.e. they do not include any corrosion
addition.
The gross thicknesses are obtained as specified in Ch 3, Sec 2, 3.
1.2.2
The net thickness, in mm, of each plating is given by the greatest of the net thicknesses calculated for each load
calculation point, as defined in 0, representative of the considered plating (see Table 1). The geometry to be
considered is that of the elementary plate panel related to the load calculation point.

166
1.3 Pressure combination
1.3.1 Elements of the outer shell
The still water and wave lateral pressures are to be calculated considering independently the following cases:
・ the still water and wave external sea pressures
・ the static and dynamic internal pressure considering the compartment adjacent to the outer shell as being loaded.
If the compartment adjacent to the outer shell is intended to carry liquids, this static and dynamic pressures may be
reduced from the corresponding still water and wave external sea pressures.
1.3.2 Elements other than those of the outer shell
The static and dynamic lateral pressures to be considered as acting on an element which separates two adjacent
compartments are those obtained considering the two compartments individually loaded.

1.4 Elementary plate panel

1.4.1
The elementary plate panel (EPP) is the smallest unstiffened part of plating between stiffeners.

1.5 Load calculation point

1.5.1
Unless otherwise specified, lateral pressure and hull girder stresses are to be calculated:
・ for longitudinal framing, at the lower edge of the elementary plate panel (see Table 1) or, in the case of
horizontal plating, at the point of minimum y-value among those of the elementary plate panel considered, as the
case may be
・ for transverse framing, at the lower edge of the elementary plate panel or at the lower edge of the strake (see
Table 1) or, in the case of horizontal plating, at the point of minimum y-value among those of the elementary
plate panel considered, as the case may be.

Table 1 Load calculation points

Longitudinally stiffened plating Transversely stiffened plating

2. General requirements

2.1 Corrugated bulkhead

2.1.1
Unless otherwise specified, the net plating thickness of a corrugated bulkhead is to be not less than that obtained
for a plate panel with s equal to the greater of a and c, where a and c are defined in Fig 1.

167
 Fig. 1 Corrugated bulkhead
a
c
tf tw
R d
ϕ ≥ 55 o

sC

2.2 Minimum net thicknesses

2.2.1
The net thickness of plating is to be not less than the values given in Table 2.
In addition, in the cargo area, the net thickness of side shell plating, from the normal ballast draught to 0.25T
(minimum 2.2 m) above T, is to be not less than the value obtained, in mm, from the following formula:

t = 28( s + 0.7)
(BT )0.25
R eH

Table 2 Minimum net thickness of plating

Plating Minimum net thickness, in mm
Keel 7.5 + 0.03L
Bottom, inner bottom 5.5 + 0.03L
Weather strength deck and trunk deck, if any 4.5 + 0.02L
Side shell, bilge 0.85L1/2
Inner side, hopper sloping plate and topside sloping plate 0.7L1/2
Transverse and longitudinal watertight bulkheads 0.6L1/2
Wash bulkheads 6.5
Accommodation deck 5.0

2.3 Bilge plating

2.3.1
The net thickness of the longitudinally framed bilge plating, in mm, is to be not less than the value obtained from
3.2.
2.3.2
The net thickness of the transversely framed bilge plating, in mm, is to be not less than the value obtained from the
following formula:
t = 0.76[( p S + pW )s b ] R 0.6 k 0.5
0.4

where :
R : Bilge radius, in m
sb : Spacing of floors or transverse bilge brackets, in m.
2.3.3
The net thickness of the bilge plating is to be not less than the actual net thicknesses of the adjacent 2 m width
bottom or side plating, whichever is the greater.

2.4 Keel plating

2.4.1
The net thickness of the keel plating is to be not less than the actual net thicknesses of the adjacent 2 m width
bottom plating.

168
2.5 Sheerstrake
2.5.1 Welded sheerstrake
The net thickness of a welded sheerstrake is to be not less than the actual thicknesses of the adjacent 2 m width side
plating, taking into account higher strength steel corrections if needed.
2.5.2 Rounded sheerstrake
The net thickness of a rounded sheerstrake is to be not less than the actual net thickness of the adjacent deck
plating.
2.5.3 Net thickness of the sheerstrake in way of breaks of long superstructures
The net thickness of the sheerstrake is to be increased in way of breaks of long superstructures occurring within
0.5L amidships, over a length of about one sixth of the ship’s breadth on each side of the superstructure end.
This increase in net thickness is not to be less than 40% of the net thickness of sheerstrake other than those in way
of such breaks, but need not exceed 4.5 mm.
Where the breaks of superstructures occur outside 0.5L amidships, the increase in net thickness may be reduced to
30%, but need not exceed 2.5 mm.
2.5.4 Net thickness of the sheerstrake in way of breaks of short superstructures
The net thickness of the sheerstrake is to be increased in way of breaks of short superstructures occurring within
0.6L amidships, over a length of about one sixth of the ship’s breadth on each side of the superstructure end.
This increase in net thickness is to be equal to 15%, but need not exceed 4.5 mm.

2.6 Stringer plate

2.6.1 General
The net thickness of the stringer plate is to be not less than the actual net thickness of the adjacent deck plating.
2.6.2 Net thickness of the stringer plate in way of breaks of long superstructures
The net thickness of the stringer plate is to be increased in way of breaks of long superstructures occurring within
0.5L amidships, over a length of about one sixth of the ship’s breadth on each side of the superstructure end.
This increase in net thickness is not to be less than 40% of the net thickness of sheerstrake other than those in way
of such breaks, but need not exceed 4.5 mm.
Where the breaks of superstructures occur outside 0.5L amidships, the increase in net thickness may be reduced to
30%, but need not exceed 2.5 mm.
2.6.3 Net thickness of the stringer plate in way of breaks of short superstructures
The net thickness of the stringer plate is to be increased in way of breaks of short superstructures occurring within
0.6L amidships, over a length of about one sixth of the ship breadth on each side of the superstructure end.
This increase in net thickness is to be equal to 15%, but need not exceed 4.5 mm.

2.7 Inner bottom loaded by steel coils on a wooden support

2.7.1 General
The net thickness of inner bottom, bilge hopper sloping plate and inner hull for ships intended to carry steel coils is
to comply with 2.7.2 to 2.7.4.
The provision is determined by assuming Fig 2 as the standard means of securing steel coils. In case where steel
coils are lined up two or more tier, formulae in 2.7.2 and 2.7.3 can be applied to the case that only lowest tier of steel
coils is in contact with hopper sloping plate or inner hull plate. In other cases, scantlings of plate thickness are
calculated by direct strength analysis or other procedures deemed as appropriate by the Society.
2.7.2 Inner bottom plating
The net thickness of plating of longitudinally framed inner bottom is to be not less than the value obtained, in mm,
from the following formula:
(g + a Z )F
t = K1
λ P RY
where:
K1 : Coefficient taken equal to:
1.7 slK 2 − 0.73s 2 K 22 − (l − l')
2

K1 =
2l' (2s + 2lK 2 )

169
 a Z : Vertical acceleration, in m/s2, defined in Ch 4, Sec2, 3.2,
F : Force, in kg, taken equal to:
Wn1 n 2
F = KS
n3
λ P : Coefficient defined in Table 6
KS : Coefficient taken equal to:
KS = 1.4 when steel coils are lined up in one tier with a key coil
KS = 1.0 in other cases
W : Mass of one steel coil, in kg
n1 : Number of tiers of steel coils
n 2 : Number of load points per elementary plate panel of inner bottom, taken equal to:
・ in case of steel coils loaded as shown in Fig 3, n2 is obtained from Table 3 according to the values
of n3 and l / l S
・ in case of steel coils loaded as shown in Fig 4, n2 = n3
n3 : Number of dunnages supporting one steel coil
l S : Length of a steel coil, in m
K2 : Coefficient taken equal to:
2 2 2
s ⎛s⎞ ⎛ l ⎞ ⎛ l' ⎞
K 2 = − + ⎜ ⎟ + 1.37⎜ ⎟ ⎜1 − ⎟ + 2.33
l ⎝l⎠ ⎝s⎠ ⎝ l ⎠
l’ : Distance, in m, between load points per elementary plate panel of inner bottom plate in ship length,
taken equal to:
・ in case of steel coils loaded as shown in Fig 3, l’ is obtained from Table 4 according to the values
of l, lS, n2 and n3
・ in case of steel coils loaded as shown in Fig 4, l’ is the actual value.
2.7.3 Hopper sloping plate and inner hull plating
The net thickness of plating of longitudinally framed hopper sloping plate and inner hull is to be not less than the
value obtained, in mm, from the following formula:

t = K1
[g cos(θ 1 − θ 2 ) + aY sin θ 1 ]F ′
λ P RY
where:
K1 : Coefficient defined in 2.7.2
θ 1 : Angle, in deg, between inner bottom plate and hopper sloping plate or inner hull plating
θ 2 : Single roll amplitude, in deg, defined in Ch 4, Sec 2, 2.1
aY : Transverse acceleration, in m/s2, defined in Ch 4, Sec2, 3.2
F ′ : Force, in kg, taken equal to:
Wn 2 C k
F′ =
n3
λ P : Coefficient defined in Table 6
W, n2, n3 : As defined in 2.7.2
C k : Coefficient taken equal to:
Ck = 4.0 when steel coils are lined up two or more tier, or when steel coils are lined up one tier and
key coil is located second from hopper sloping plate or inner hull plate
Ck = 2.5 for other cases

170
Fig. 2 Inner bottom loaded by steel coils

Fig. 3 Loading condition of steel coils

Fig. 4 Loading condition of steel coils

171
 Table 3 Number n2 of load points per elementary plate panel
n2 n3 = 2 n3 = 3 n3 = 4 n3 = 5
l l l l
1 0< ≤ 0.5 0< ≤ 0.33 0< ≤ 0.25 0< ≤ 0.2
lS lS lS lS

l l l l
2 0.5 < ≤ 1.2 0.33 < ≤ 0.67 0.25 < ≤ 0.5 0.2 < ≤ 0.4
lS lS lS lS

l l l l
3 1.2 < ≤ 1.7 0.67 < ≤ 1.2 0.5 < ≤ 0.75 0.4 < ≤ 0.6
lS lS lS lS

l l l l
4 1.7 < ≤ 2.4 1.2 < ≤ 1.53 0.75 < ≤ 1.2 0.6 < ≤ 0.8
lS lS lS lS

l l l l
5 2.4 < ≤ 2.9 1.53 < ≤ 1.87 1.2 < ≤ 1.45 0.8 < ≤ 1.2
lS lS lS lS

l l l l
6 2.9 < ≤ 3.6 1.87 < ≤ 2.4 1.45 < ≤ 1.7 1.2 < ≤ 1.4
lS lS lS lS

l l l l
7 3.6 < ≤ 4.1 2.4 < ≤ 2.73 1.7 < ≤ 1.95 1.4 < ≤ 1.6
lS lS lS lS

l l l l
8 4.1 < ≤ 4.8 2.73 < ≤ 3.07 1.95 < ≤ 2.4 1.6 < ≤ 1.8
lS lS lS lS

l l l l
9 4.8 < ≤ 5.3 3.07 < ≤ 3.6 2.4 < ≤ 2.65 1.8 < ≤ 2.0
lS lS lS lS

l l l l
10 5.3 < ≤ 6.0 3.6 < ≤ 3.93 2.65 < ≤ 2.9 2.0 < ≤ 2.4
lS lS lS lS

Table 4 Distance between load points in ship length direction

per elementary plate panel of inner bottom
n3
n2
2 3 4 5
1 Actual breadth of dunnage
2 0.5lS 0.33lS 0.25lS 0.2lS
3 1.2lS 0.67lS 0.50lS 0.4lS
4 1.7lS 1.20lS 0.75lS 0.6lS
5 2.4lS 1.53lS 1.20lS 0.8lS
6 2.9lS 1.87lS 1.45lS 1.2lS
7 3.6lS 2.40lS 1.70lS 1.4lS
8 4.1lS 2.73lS 1.95lS 1.6lS
9 4.8lS 3.07lS 2.40lS 1.8lS
10 5.3lS 3.60lS 2.65lS 2.0lS

2.7.4
Where the number of load points per elementary plate panel n2 is greater than 10 and/or the number of dunnages n3
is greater than 5, the inner bottom may be considered as loaded by a uniform distributed load. In such a case, the
thickness of the inner bottom plating is to be obtained according to 3.2.1.

172
3. Strength check of plating subjected to lateral pressure

3.1 Load model

3.1.1 General
The static and dynamic lateral pressures induced by the sea and the various types of cargoes and ballast in intact
conditions are to be considered, depending on the location of the plating under consideration and the type of the
compartments adjacent to it.
The plating which constitutes the boundary of compartments not intended to carry liquid (excluding bottom and
side shell plating) is to be subjected to lateral pressure in flooded conditions.
The wave lateral pressures and hull girder loads are to be calculated, for the probability level of 10-8, in the
mutually exclusive load cases H1, H2, F1, F2, R1, R2, P1 and P2, as defined in Ch 4, Sec 4.
3.1.2 Lateral pressure in intact conditions
The lateral pressure in intact conditions is constituted by still water pressure and wave pressure.
Still water pressure pS includes:
・ the hydrostatic pressure, defined in Ch 4, Sec 5, 1
・ the still water internal pressure, defined in Ch 4, Sec 6 for the various types of cargoes and for ballast.
Wave pressure pW includes for each load case H1, H2, F1, F2, R1, R2, P1 and P2:
・ the hydrodynamic pressure, defined in Ch 4, Sec 5, 1
・ the inertial pressure, defined in Ch 4, Sec 6 for the various types of cargoes and for ballast.
3.1.3 Lateral pressure in flooded conditions
The lateral pressure in flooded conditions pF is defined in Ch 4, Sec 6, 3.
3.1.4 Lateral pressure in testing conditions
The lateral pressure pT in testing conditions is taken equal to:
・ pT = pST − pS for bottom shell plating and side shell plating
・ pT = pST otherwise,
where:
pST : Testing pressure defined in Ch 4, Sec 6, 4
pS : Pressure taken equal to:
・ if the testing is carried out afloat: hydrostatic pressure defined in Ch 4, Sec 5, 1 for the draught T1,
defined by the Designer, at which the testing is carried out. If T1 is not defined, the testing is
considered as being not carried out afloat
・ if the testing is not carried out afloat: pS = 0
3.1.5 Normal stresses
The normal stress to be considered for the strength check of plating contributing to the hull girder longitudinal
strength is the maximum value of σX between sagging and hogging conditions, when applicable, obtained, in N/mm2,
from the following formula:
⎡ M M M ⎤
σ X = ⎢C SW SW ( z − N ) + CWV WV ( z − N ) − CWH WH y ⎥10 −3
⎣⎢ IY IY IZ ⎦⎥
where:
MSW : Permissible still water bending moments, in kN-m, in hogging or sagging as the case may be
MWV : Vertical wave bending moment, in kN-m, in hogging or sagging as the case may be, as defined
in Ch 4, Sec 3
MWH : Horizontal wave bending moment, in kN-m, as defined in Ch 4, Sec 3
CSW : Combination factor for each load case H1, H2, F1, F2, R1, R2, P1 and P2 and defined in Table
5
CWV, CWH : Combination factors defined in Ch 4, Sec 4, 2.2 for each load case H1, H2, F1, F2, R1, R2, P1
and P2 and given in Table 5.

173
 Table 5 Combination factors CSW, CWV and CWH
LC Hogging Sagging
CSW CWV CWH CSW CWV CWH
H1 Not Applicable -1 -1 0
H2 1 1 0 Not Applicable
F1 Not Applicable -1 -1 0
F2 1 1 0 Not Applicable
TLC TLC
R1 1 0 1.2 − -1 0 1.2 −
TS TS
TLC TLC
R2 1 0 − 1.2 -1 0 − 1.2
TS TS
TLC TLC
P1 1 0.4 − 0 -1 0.4 − 0
TS TS
TLC TLC
P2 1 − 0.4 0 -1 − 0.4 0
TS TS

3.2 Plating thickness

3.2.1 Intact conditions
The net thickness of laterally loaded plate panels is to be not less than the value obtained, in mm, from the
following formula:
p S + pW
t = 15.8c a c r s
λ P RY
where:
λP : Coefficient defined in Table 6

Table 6 Coefficient λP
Plating Coefficient λP
σX
Longitudinally framed plating 0.95 − 0.45 , without being taken greater than 0.9
RY
Contributing to the hull
girder longitudinal strength σX
Transversely framed plating 0.95 − 0.90 , without being taken greater than 0.9
RY

Not contributing to the hull girder longitudinal strength 0.9

3.2.2 Net thickness under flooded conditions excluding corrugations of transverse vertically corrugated bulkhead
separating cargo holds
The plating which constitutes the boundary of compartments not intended to carry liquids (excluding bottom
plating and side shell plating), and excluding corrugations of transverse vertically corrugated bulkhead separating
cargo holds is to be checked in flooded conditions. To this end, its net thickness is to be not less than the value
obtained, in mm, from the following formula:
pF
t = 15.8c a c r s
αλ P RY
where:
λP : Coefficient defined in Table 6, determined by considering σX in flooded condition
α : Coefficient taken equal to:
α = 0.95 for the plating of collision bulkhead
α = 1.15 for the plating of other watertight boundaries of compartments.

174
3.2.3 Net thickness of the corrugations of transverse vertically corrugated watertight bulkheads separating cargo
holds for flooded conditions
The net plate thickness t, in mm, of transverse vertically corrugated watertight bulkheads separating cargo holds is
to be not less than that obtained from the following formula:
1.05 p
t = 14.9s
R eH
p : Resultant pressure, in kN/m2, as defined in Ch 4, Sec 6, 3.3.7
For built-up corrugation bulkheads, when the thicknesses of the flange and web are different:
・ the net thickness of the narrower plating is to be not less than that obtained, in mm, from the following formula:
1.05 p
t N = 14.9 s
R eH
・ the net thickness of the wider plating is not to be less than the greater of those obtained, in mm, from the
following formulae:
1.05 p
tW = 14.9s
R eH

462s 2 p 2
tW = − t NP
R eH
where:
tNP : Actual net thickness of the narrower plating, in mm, to be not taken greater than:
1.05 p
t NP = 14.9s
R eH
3.2.4 Testing conditions
The plating of compartments or structures as defined in Ch 4, Sec 6, 4 is to be checked in testing conditions. To
this end, its net thickness is to be not less than the value obtained, in mm, from the following formula:
pT
t = 15.8c a c r s
1.05 RY

175
 Section 2 ORDINARY STIFFENERS

Symbols

For symbols not defined in this Section, refer to Ch 1, Sec 4.

L2 : Rule length L, but to be taken not greater than 300 m
IY : Net moment of inertia, in m4, of the hull transverse section about its horizontal neutral axis, to be calculated
according to Ch 5, Sec 1, 1.5, on gross offered thickness reduced by 0.5tC for all structural members
IZ : Net moment of inertia, in m4, of the hull transverse section about its vertical neutral axis, to be calculated
according to Ch 5, Sec 1, 1.5, on gross offered thickness reduced by 0.5tC for all structural members
N : Z co-ordinate with respect to the reference co-ordinate system defined in Ch 1, Sec 4, 4, in m, of the centre
of gravity of the hull net transverse section defined in Ch 5, Sec 1, 1.2, considering gross offered thickness
reduced by 0.5tC for all structural members
pS, pW : Still water and wave pressure, in kN/m2, in intact conditions, defined in 3.1.2
pF : Pressure, in kN/m2, in flooded conditions, defined in 3.1.3
pT : Pressure, in kN/m2, in testing conditions, defined in 3.1.4
σX : Normal stress, in N/mm2, defined in 3.1.5
s : Spacing, in m, of ordinary stiffeners, measured at mid-span along the chord
l : Span, in m, of ordinary stiffeners, measured along the chord between the supporting members, see Ch 3,
Sec 6, 4.2
hw : Web height, in mm
tw : Net web thickness, in mm
bf : Face plate width, in mm
tf : Net face plate thickness, in mm
bp : Width, in m, of the plating attached to the stiffener, for the yielding check, defined in Ch 3, Sec 6, 4.3
w : Net section modulus, in cm3, of the stiffener, with an attached plating of width bp, to be calculated as
specified in Ch 3, Sec 6, 4.4
Ash : Net shear sectional area, in cm2, of the stiffener, to be calculated as specified in Ch 3, Sec 6, 4.4
m : Coefficient taken equal to:
m = 10 for vertical stiffeners
m = 12 for other stiffeners
τα : Allowable shear stress, in N/mm2, taken equal to:
R
τa = Y
3

1. General

1.1 Application
1.1.1
The requirements of this Section apply for the yielding check of ordinary stiffeners subjected to lateral pressure
and, for ordinary stiffeners contributing to the hull girder longitudinal strength, to hull girder normal stresses.
The yielding check is also to be carried out for ordinary stiffeners subjected to specific loads, such as concentrated
loads.
In addition, the buckling check of ordinary stiffeners is to be carried out according to Ch 6, Sec 3.

1.2 Net scantlings

1.2.1
As specified in Ch 3, Sec 2, all scantlings referred to in this Section are net, i.e. they do not include any corrosion
addition.

176
 The gross scantlings are obtained as specified in Ch 3, Sec 2, 3.

1.3 Pressure combination

1.3.1 Elements of the outer shell
The still water and wave lateral pressures are to be calculated considering independently the following cases:
・ the still water and wave external sea pressures
・ the still water and wave internal pressure considering the compartment adjacent to the outer shell as being
loaded. If the compartment adjacent to the outer shell is intended to carry liquids, this still water and wave
internal pressures are to be reduced from the corresponding still water and wave external sea pressures.
1.3.2 Elements other than those of the outer shell
The still water and wave lateral pressures to be considered as acting on an element which separates two adjacent
compartments are those obtained considering the two compartments individually loaded.

1.4 Load calculation point

1.4.1 Horizontal stiffeners
Unless otherwise specified, lateral pressure and hull girder stress, if any, are to be calculated at mid-span of the
ordinary stiffener considered.
1.4.2 Vertical stiffeners
The lateral pressure p is to be calculated as the maximum between the value obtained at mid-span and the value
obtained from the following formula:
p + pL
・ p= U , when the upper end of the vertical stiffener is below the lowest zero pressure level
2
l p
・ p = 1 L , when the upper end of the vertical stiffener is at or above the lowest zero pressure level (see Fig. 1)
l 2
where:
l1 : Distance, in m, between the lower end of vertical stiffener and the lowest zero pressure level
pU, pL : Lateral pressures at the upper and lower end of the vertical stiffener span l, respectively.

Fig. 1 Definition of pressure for vertical stiffeners

2. General requirements

2.1 Corrugated bulkhead

2.1.1
Unless otherwise specified, the net section modulus and the net shear sectional area of a corrugation are to be not
less than those obtained for an ordinary stiffener with s equal sC, as defined in Fig. 2.

177
 Fig. 2 Corrugated bulkhead

a
c
tf tw
R d
ϕ ≥ 55 o

sC

2.2 Minimum net thicknesses of webs of ordinary stiffeners

2.2.1 Ordinary stiffeners other than side frames of single side bulk carriers
The net thickness of the web of ordinary stiffeners, in mm, is to be not less than the greater of:
・ t = 3.0 + 0.015L2
・ 40% of the net offered thickness of the attached plating
and is to be less than 2 times the net offered thickness of the attached plating
2.2.2 Side frames of single side bulk carriers
The net thickness of side frame webs within the cargo area, in mm, is to be not less than the value obtained from
the following formula:
tMIN = 0.75α (7 + 0.03L)
where:
α : Coefficient taken equal to:
α = 1.15 for the frame webs in way of the foremost hold
α = 1.00 for the frame webs in way of other holds.

2.3 Net dimensions of ordinary stiffeners

2.3.1 Flat bar
The net dimensions of a flat bar ordinary stiffener (see Fig. 3) are to comply with the following requirement:
hw
≤ 20 k
tw

Fig. 3 Net dimensions of a flat bar

tw
hw

2.3.2 T-section
The net dimensions of a T-section ordinary stiffener (see Fig. 4) are to comply with the following requirements:
hw
≤ 65 k
tw
bf
≤ 33 k
tf
hwt w
bf t f ≥
6

178
 Fig. 4 Net dimensions of a T-section

tw

hw
tf

bf

2.3.3 Angle
The net dimensions of an angle ordinary stiffener (see Fig. 5) are to comply with the following requirements:
hw
≤ 55 k
tw
bf
≤ 16.5 k
tf
hwt w
bf t f ≥
6

Fig. 5 Net dimensions of an angle

hw

tw
tf

bf

2.4 Struts connecting ordinary stiffeners

2.4.1
The net sectional area ASR, in cm2, and the minimum net moment of inertia ISR about the axes perpendicular to the
strut, in cm4, of struts connecting ordinary stiffeners are to be not less than the values obtained from the following
formulae:
p sl
ASR = SR
20
0.75sl( pSR1 + pSR 2 )AASR l 2SR
Ι SR =
47.2 AASR − sl( pSR1 + pSR 2 )
where:
pSR : Pressure to be taken equal to the greater of the values obtained, in kN/m2, from the following formulae:
pSR = 0.5( pSR1 + pSR 2 )
pSR = pSR 3
pSR1 : External pressure in way of the strut, in kN/m2, acting on one side, outside the compartment in which
the strut is located
pSR2 : External pressure in way of the strut, in kN/m2, acting on the opposite side, outside the compartment
in which the strut is located

179
 pSR3 : Internal pressure at mid-span of the strut, in kN/m2, in the compartment in which the strut is located
l : Span, in m, of ordinary stiffeners connected by the strut (see Ch 3, Sec 6, 4.2.3)
lSR : Length, in m, of the strut
AASR : Actual net sectional area, in cm2, of the strut.

2.5 Ordinary stiffeners of inner bottom loaded by steel coils on a wooden support
2.5.1 General
The requirements of this sub-article apply to the ordinary stiffeners located on inner bottom, hopper sloping plate
and inner hull when loaded by steel coils on a wooden support (dunnage), as indicated in Fig 2 of Ch 6, Sec 1.
In case where steel coils are lined up two or more tier, formulae in 2.5.2 and 2.5.3 can be applied to the case that
only lowest tier of steel coils is in contact with hopper sloping plate or inner hull plate. In other cases, scantlings of
net section modulus and net shear section area are calculated by direct strength analysis or other procedures.
2.5.2 Ordinary stiffeners located on inner bottom plating
The net section modulus w , in cm3, and the net shear sectional area Ash , in cm2, of single span ordinary stiffeners
located on inner bottom plating are to be not less than the values obtained from the following formulae:
(g + a Z )F
w = K3
8λ S RY
5(g + a Z )F −3
Ash = 10
τ a sin φ
where:
K3 : Coefficient defined in Table 1
a Z : Vertical acceleration, in m/s2, defined in Ch 4, Sec2, 3.2
F : Force, in kg, defined in Ch 6, Sec 1, 2.7.2
λ S : Coefficient defined in Table 3
φ : Angle, in deg, defined in 3.2.3.
2.5.3 Ordinary stiffeners located on hopper sloping plate or inner hull plating
The net section modulus w , in cm3, and the net shear sectional area Ash , in cm2, of single span ordinary stiffeners
located on hopper sloping plate and inner hull plate are to be not less than the values obtained from the following
formulae:
w = K3
[g cos(θ 1 − θ 2 ) + aY sin θ 1 ]F '
8λ S RY
5a Y F '
Ash = 10 − 3
τ a sin ϕ sin φ
where:
K3 : Coefficient defined in Table 1
θ 1 , θ 2 : Angles, in deg, defined in Ch 6, Sec 1, 2.7.3
aY : Transverse acceleration, in m/s2, defined in Ch 4, Sec 2, 3.2
F' : Force, in kg, defined in Ch 6, Sec 1, 2.7.3
λS : Coefficient defined in Table 3
φ : Angle, in deg, defined in 3.2.3
ϕ : Angle, in deg, between inner bottom plating and hopper sloping plate or inner hull plating.
l’ : Distance, in m, between load points per elementary plate panel of inner bottom plate in ship length,
sloping plate or inner hull plating, as defined in Ch 6, Sec 1, 2.7.2.

Table 1 Coefficient K3
n2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
'2 '2 '2 '2 '2 '2 '2
l '2
2l 5l l 7l 4l 3l 5l 11l ' 2
K3 l l− l− l− l− l− l− l− l− l−
l 3l 9l 2l 15l 9l 7l 12l 27l

180
2.5.4
Where the number of load points per elementary plate panel n2 is greater than 10 and/or the number of dunnages n3
is greater than 5, the inner bottom may be considered as loaded by a uniform distributed load. In such a case, the
scantling of the inner bottom ordinary stiffeners is to be obtained according to 3.2.3.

2.6 Deck ordinary stiffeners in way of launching appliances used for survival craft or rescue boat
2.6.1
The scantlings of deck ordinary stiffeners are to be determined by direct calculations.
2.6.2
The loads exerted by launching appliance are to correspond to the Safe Working Load of the launching appliance.
2.6.3
The combined stress, in N/mm2, is not to exceed the smaller of:
100 54
R eH and Rm
235 235
where Rm is the ultimate tensile strength of the stiffener material, in N/mm2.

3. Yielding check

3.1 Load model

3.1.1 General
The still water and wave lateral loads induced by the sea and the various types of cargoes and ballast in intact
conditions are to be considered, depending on the location of the ordinary stiffener under consideration and the type
of the compartments adjacent to it.
Ordinary stiffeners located on plating which constitutes the boundary of compartments not intended to carry
liquids (excluding those on bottom and side shell plating) are to be subjected to the lateral pressure in flooded
conditions.
The wave lateral loads and hull girder loads are to be calculated, for the probability level of 10-8, in the mutually
exclusive load cases H1, H2, F1, F2, R1, R2, P1 and P2, as defined in Ch 4, Sec 4.
3.1.2 Lateral pressure in intact conditions
The lateral pressure in intact conditions is constituted by still water pressure and wave pressure.
Still water pressure pS includes:
・ the hydrostatic pressure, defined in Ch 4, Sec 5, 1
・ the still water internal pressure, defined in Ch 4, Sec 6 for the various types of cargoes and for ballast.
Wave pressure pW includes for each load case H1, H2, F1, F2, R1, R2, P1 and P2:
・ the hydrodynamic pressure, defined in Ch 4, Sec 5, 1
・ the inertial pressure, defined in Ch 4, Sec 6 for the various types of cargoes and for ballast.
3.1.3 Lateral pressure in flooded conditions
The lateral pressure in flooded conditions pF is defined in Ch 4, Sec 6, 3.
3.1.4 Lateral pressure in testing conditions
The lateral pressure pT in testing conditions is taken equal to:
・ pT = pST − pS for bottom shell plating and side shell plating
・ pT = pST otherwise,
where:
pST : Testing pressure defined in Ch 4, Sec 6, 4
pS : Pressure taken equal to:
・ if the testing is carried out afloat: hydrostatic pressure defined in Ch 4, Sec 5, 1 for the draught T1,
defined by the Designer, at which the testing is carried out. If T1 is not defined, the testing is
considered as being not carried out afloat
・ if the testing is not carried out afloat: pS = 0
3.1.5 Normal stresses
The normal stress to be considered for the strength check of ordinary stiffeners contributing to the hull girder
longitudinal strength is the maximum value of σX between sagging and hogging conditions, when applicable,
obtained , in N/mm2, from the following formula:

181
 ⎡ M SW M WV M ⎤
σ X = ⎢C SW ( z − N ) + CWV ( z − N ) − CWH WH y ⎥ 10 − 3
⎢⎣ IY IY IZ ⎥⎦
where:
MSW : Permissible still water bending moments, in kN-m, in hogging or sagging as the case may be
MWV : Vertical wave bending moment, in kN-m, in hogging or sagging as the case may be, as defined
in Ch 4, Sec 3
MWH : Horizontal wave bending moment, in kN-m, as defined in Ch 4, Sec 3
CSW : Combination factor for each load case H1, H2, F1, F2, R1, R2, P1 and P2 and defined in Table
2
CWV, CWH : Combination factors defined in Ch 4, Sec 4, 2.2 for each load case H1, H2, F1, F2, R1, R2, P1
and P2 and given in Table 2.

Table 2 Combination factors CSW, CWV and CWH

LC Hogging Sagging
CSW CWV CWH CSW CWV CWH

H1 Not Applicable -1 -1 0
H2 1 1 0 Not Applicable
F1 Not Applicable -1 -1 0
F2 1 1 0 Not Applicable
TLC TLC
R1 1 0 1.2 − -1 0 1.2 −
TS TS
TLC TLC
R2 1 0 − 1.2 -1 0 − 1.2
TS TS
TLC TLC
P1 1 0.4 − 0 -1 0.4 − 0
TS TS
TLC TLC
P2 1 − 0.4 0 -1 − 0.4 0
TS TS

3.2 Strength criteria for single span ordinary stiffeners other than side frames of single side bulk
carriers
3.2.1 Boundary conditions
The requirements of this sub-article apply to ordinary stiffeners considered as clamped at both ends.
For other boundary conditions, the yielding check is to be considered on a case by case basis.
3.2.2 Groups of equal ordinary stiffeners
Where a group of equal ordinary stiffeners is fitted, it is acceptable that the minimum net section modulus in 3.2.3
to 3.2.7 is calculated as the average of the values required for all the stiffeners of the same group, but this average is
to be taken not less than 90% of the maximum required value.
The same applies for the minimum net shear sectional area.
3.2.3 Net section modulus and net shear sectional area of single span ordinary stiffeners under intact conditions
The net section modulus w, in cm3, and the net shear sectional area Ash, in cm2, of single span ordinary stiffeners
subjected to lateral pressure are to be not less than the values obtained from the following formulae:
( p + pW )sl 2 3
w= S 10
mλ S RY
5( p S + pW )sl
Ash =
τ a sin φ
where:
λS : Coefficient defined in Table 3.

182
 φ : Angle, in deg, between the stiffener web and the shell plate, measured at the middle of the stiffener
span; the correction is to be applied when φ is less than 75 deg.

Table 3 Coefficient λS
Ordinary stiffener Coefficient λS

Longitudinal stiffener ccontributing to the hull girder ⎛ σ ⎞

1.2⎜1.0 − 0.85 X ⎟ , without being taken greater than 0.9
⎜ RY ⎟
longitudinal strength ⎝ ⎠

Other stiffeners 0.9

3.2.4 Net section modulus of corrugated bulkhead of ballast hold for ships having a length (L) less than 150m
The net section modulus w, in cm3, of corrugated bulkhead of ballast hold for ships having a length (L) less than
150m subjected to lateral pressure are to be not less than the values obtained from the following formula:
( p + pW )s C l 2 3
w=K S 10
mλ S RY
where:
K : Coefficient given in Table 4 and 5, according to the type of end connection. When d H < 2.5d 0 , both
section modulus per half pitch of corrugated bulkhead and section modulus of lower stool at inner
bottom are to be calculated.
sC : Half pitch length, in m, of the corrugation, defined in 2.1.1
l : Length, in m, between the supports, as indicated in Fig. 6
λS : Coefficient defined in Table 3.

Table 4 Values of K, in case d H ≥ 2.5d 0

Upper end
Lower end Supported by Welded directly to Welded to stool efficiently supported
girders deck by ship structure

Supported by girders or welded directly

0.83 1.25 1.25
to decks or inner bottoms
Welded to stool efficiently supported
1.25 1.00 0.83
by ship structure

Table 5 Values of K, in case d H < 2.5d 0

Upper end support Supported by girders Connected to deck Connected to stool
Section modulus of corrugated
0.83 0.71 0.65
bulkhead
Section modulus of stool at bottom 0.83 1.25 1.13

183
 Fig. 6 Measurement of l

d H ≥ 2.5d 0 d H < 2. 5d 0

B B
e e
A A

d0 l d0
l

dH dH

e = A(1 − d 0 / 2 B )

3.2.5 Net section modulus and net shear sectional area of single span ordinary stiffeners under flooded conditions
excluding corrugations of transverse vertically corrugated bulkhead separating cargo holds
The net section modulus w, in cm3, and the net shear sectional area Ash, in cm2, of single span ordinary stiffeners
excluding corrugations of transverse vertically corrugated bulkhead separating cargo holds subjected to flooding are
to be not less than the values obtained from the following formulae:
p F sl 2
w= 10 3
16αλ S RY
5 p F sl
Ash =
ατ a sin φ
where:
λS, φ : Coefficient and angle defined in 3.2.3, λS being determined by considering σX in flooded condition.
α : Coefficient taken equal to:
α = 0.95 for the ordinary stiffeners of collision bulkhead,
α = 1.15 for the ordinary stiffeners of other watertight boundaries of compartments.
without taken αλS greater than 1.0
3.2.6 Bending capacity and shear capacity of the corrugations of transverse vertically corrugated watertight
bulkheads separating cargo holds for flooded conditions
The bending capacity and the shear capacity of the corrugations of watertight bulkheads between separating cargo
holds are to comply with the following formulae:
M
0.5W LE + W M ≥ 10 3
0.95 R eH
R eH
τ≤
2
where:
M : Bending moment in a corrugation, to be obtained, in kN-m, from the following formula:
M = FlC / 8
F : Resultant force, in kN, to be calculated according to Ch 4, Sec 6, 3.3.7
lC : Span of the corrugations, in m, to be obtained according to Ch 3, Sec 6, 10.4.4
WLE : Net section modulus, in cm3, of one half pitch corrugation, to be calculated at the lower end of the
corrugations according to Ch 3, Sec 6, 10.4.13, without being taken greater than the value obtained
from the following formula:

184
 ⎛ Q hG − 0.5hG2 s C p G ⎞ 3
W LE , M = WG + ⎜⎜ ⎟ 10
⎟
⎝ R eH ⎠
WG : Net section modulus, in cm3, of one half pitch corrugation, to be calculated in way of the upper end of
shedder or gusset plates, as applicable, according to Ch 3, Sec 6, 10.4.14
Q : Shear force in a corrugation, to be obtained, in kN, from the following formula:
Q = 0.8 F
hG : Height, in m, of shedders or gusset plates, as applicable (see Ch 3, Sec 6, Fig 31 to Fig 35)
pG : Resultant pressure, in kN/m2, to be calculated in way of the middle of the shedders or gusset plates, as
applicable, according to Ch 4, Sec 6, 3.3.7
sC : Spacing of the corrugations, in m, to be taken according to Fig. 2
WM : Net section modulus, in cm3, of one half pitch corrugation, to be calculated at the mid-span of
corrugations according to Ch 3, Sec 6, 10.4.14, without being taken greater than 1.15WLE
τ : Shear stress in the corrugation, in N/mm2, to be obtained from the following formula:
Q
τ = 10
Ash
Ash : Shear area, in cm2, calculated according to Ch 3, Sec 6, 10.4.15.
3.2.7 Net section modulus and net shear sectional area of single span ordinary stiffeners under testing conditions
The net section modulus w, in cm3, and the net shear sectional area Ash, in cm2, of single span ordinary stiffeners
subjected to testing are to be not less than the values obtained from the following formulae:
p sl 2
w= T 10 3
1.05mRY
5 p T sl
Ash =
1.05τ a sin φ
where:
φ : Angle, in deg, defined in 3.2.3.

3.3 Strength criteria for side frames of single side bulk carriers
3.3.1 Net section modulus and net shear sectional area of side frames
The net section modulus w, in cm3, and the net shear sectional area Ash, in cm2, of side frames subjected to lateral
pressure are to be not less, in the mid-span area, than the values obtained from the following formulae:
( p + pW )sl 2 3
w = 1.125α m S 10
mλ S RY
5( p S + pW )sl ⎛ l − 2l B ⎞
Ash = 1.1α S ⎜ ⎟⎟
τ a sin φ ⎜⎝ l ⎠
where:
αm : Coefficient taken equal to:
αm = 0.42 for BC-A ships
αm = 0.36 for other ships
λS : Coefficient taken equal to 0.9
l : Side frame span, in m, defined in Ch 3, Sec 6, Fig. 19, to be taken not less than 0.25D
αS : Coefficient taken equal to:
αS = 1.1 for side frames of holds specified to be empty in BC-A ships
αS = 1.0 for other side frames
lB : Lower bracket length, in m, defined in Fig 7

185
 Fig. 7 Side frame lower bracket length

l l

In addition to the above provision, the net section modulus w, in cm3, and the net shear sectional area Ash, in cm2, of
side frames subjected to lateral pressure in holds intended to carry ballast water are to be in accordance with 3.2.3.
3.3.2 Supplementary strength requirements
In addition to 3.3.1, the net moment of inertia, in cm4, of the 3 side frames located immediately abaft the collision
bulkhead is to be not less than the value obtained from the following formula:
( p + pW )l 4
Ι = 0.18 S
n
where:
l : Side frame span, in m
n : Number of frames from the bulkhead to the frame in question, taken equal to 1, 2 or 3
s : Frame spacing, in m.
As an alternative, supporting structures, such as horizontal stringers, are to be fitted between the collision bulkhead
and a side frame which is in line with transverse webs fitted in both the topside tank and hopper tank, maintaining the
continuity of forepeak stringers within the foremost hold.
3.3.3 Lower bracket of side frame
In addition, at the level of lower bracket as shown in Ch 3, Sec 6, Fig. 19, the net section modulus of the frame and
bracket, or integral bracket, with associated shell plating, is to be not less than twice the net section modulus w
required for the frame mid-span area obtained from 3.3.1.
The net thickness tLB of the frame lower bracket, in mm, is to be not less than the net thickness of the side frame
web plus 1.5 mm.
Moreover, the net thickness tLB of the frame lower bracket is to comply with the following formula:
h LB
・ for symmetrically flanged frames: ≤ 87 k
t LB
h LB
・ for asymmetrically flanged frames : ≤ 73 k
t LB
The web depth hLB of lower bracket may be measured from the intersection between the sloped bulkhead of the
hopper tank and the side shell plate, perpendicularly to the face plate of the lower bracket (see Ch 3, Sec 6, Fig. 22).
For the 3 side frames located immediately abaft the collision bulkhead, whose scantlings are increased according to
3.3.2, when tLB is greater than 1.73tw, the thickness tLB may be taken as the value t’LB obtained from the following
formula:
'
t LB (
= t LB
2
⋅tw ) 1
3

where tw is the net thickness of the side frame web, in mm, corresponding to Ash determined in accordance to
3.3.1.
The flange outstand is not to exceed 12k0.5 times the net flange thickness.

186
3.3.4 Upper bracket of side frame
In addition, at the level of upper bracket as shown in Ch 3, Sec 6, Fig 19, the net section modulus of the frame and
bracket, or integral bracket, with associated shell plating, is to be not less than twice the net section modulus w
required for the frame mid-span area obtained from 3.3.1.
The net thickness tUB of the frame upper bracket, in mm, is to be not less than the net thickness of the side frame
web.

3.4 Upper and lower connections of side frames of single side bulk carriers
3.4.1
The section moduli of the:
・ side shell and hopper tank longitudinals that support the lower connecting brackets,
・ side shell and topside tank longitudinals that support the upper connecting brackets
are to be such that the following relationship is separately satisfied for each lower and upper connecting bracket
(see also Ch 3, Sec 6, Fig 22):
( p + p )l 2 l 2
∑n wi d i ≥ α T S 16RW 1
Y

where:
n : Number of the longitudinal stiffeners of side shell and hopper / topside tank that support the lower /
upper end connecting bracket of the side frame, as applicable
wi : Net section modulus, in cm3, of the i-th longitudinal stiffener of the side shell or hopper / topside tank
that support the lower / upper end connecting bracket of the side frame, as applicable
di : Distance, in m, of the above i-th longitudinal stiffener from the intersection point of the side shell and
hopper /topside tank
l1 : Spacing, in m, of transverse supporting webs in hopper / topside tank, as applicable
Ry : Lowest value of equivalent yield stress, in N/mm2, among the materials of the longitudinal stiffeners of
side shell and hopper / topside tanks that support the lower / upper end connecting bracket of the side
frame
αT : Coefficient taken equal to:
αT = 150 for the longitudinal stiffeners supporting the lower connecting brackets
αT = 75 for the longitudinal stiffeners supporting the upper connecting brackets
l : Side frame span, in m, as defined in 3.3.1.
3.4.2
The net connection area, Ai, in cm2, of the bracket to the i-th longitudinal stiffener supporting the bracket is to be
obtained from the following formula:
ws k
Ai = 0.4 i2 bkt
l 1 k lg ,i
where:
wi : Net section modulus, in cm3, of the i-th longitudinal stiffener of the side or sloped bulkheads that
support the lower or the upper end connecting bracket of the side frame, as applicable
l1 : As defined in 3.4.1
kbkt : Material factor for the bracket
klg,i : Material factor for the i-th longitudinal stiffener.

3.5 Strength criteria for multi-span ordinary stiffeners

3.5.1 Checking criteria
The maximum normal stress σ and shear stress τ in a multi-span ordinary stiffener, calculated according to 3.5.2,
are to comply with the formulae in Table 6.

187
 Table 6 Checking criteria for multi-span ordinary stiffeners
Condition Intact Flooded Testing
Normal stress σ ≤ λS RY σ ≤ αλS RY σ ≤ 1.05 RY
Shear stress τ ≤τa τ ≤ ατ a τ ≤ 1.05τ a
where:
λS : Coefficient defined in 3.2.3
α : Coefficient defined in 3.2.5

3.5.2 Multi-span ordinary stiffeners

The maximum normal stress σ and shear stress τ in a multi-span ordinary stiffener are to be determined by a direct
calculation taking into account:
・ the distribution of still water and wave pressure and forces, if any
・ the number and position of intermediate supports (decks, girders, etc.)
・ the condition of fixity at the ends of the stiffener and at intermediate supports
・ the geometrical characteristics of the stiffener on the intermediate spans.

4. Web stiffeners of primary supporting members

4.1 Net scantlings

4.1.1
Where primary supporting member web stiffeners are welded to ordinary stiffener face plates, their net sectional
area at the web stiffener mid-height is to be not less than the value obtained, in cm2, from the following formula:
A = 0.1k1 psl
where:
k1 : Coefficient depending on the web connection with the ordinary stiffener, to be taken as:
k1 = 0.30 for connections without collar plate (see Ch 3, Sec 6, Fig 8)
k1 = 0.225 for connections with a collar plate (see Ch 3, Sec 6, Fig 9)
k1 = 0.20 for connections with one or two large collar plates (see Ch 3, Sec 6, Fig 10 and 11)
p : Pressure, in kN/m2, acting on the ordinary stiffener.
4.1.2
The net section modulus of web stiffeners of non-watertight primary supporting members is to be not less than the
value obtained, in cm3, from the following formula:
w = 2.5s 2 t S S2
where:
s : Length, in m, of web stiffeners
t : Web net thickness, in mm, of the primary supporting member
SS : Spacing, in m, of web stiffeners.
4.1.3 Connection ends of web stiffeners
The stress at ends of web stiffeners of primary supporting members in water ballast tanks, in N/mm2, is to comply
with the following formula when no bracket is fitted:
σ ≤ 175
where:
Δσ
σ = 1.1K con K longi K stiff
cos θ
K con : Coefficient considering stress concentration, taken equal to:
K con = 3.5 for stiffeners in the double bottom or double side space (see Fig. 8)
K con = 4.0 for other cases (e.g. hopper tank, top side tank, etc.) (see Fig. 8)
K longi : Coefficient considering shape of cross section of the longitudinal, taken equal to:
K longi = 1.0 for symmetrical profile of stiffener (e.g. T-section, flat bar)
K longi = 1.3 for asymmetrical profile of stiffener (e.g. angle section, bulb profile)
K stiff : Coefficient considering the shape of the end of the stiffener, taken equal to:

188
 K stiff = 1.0 for standard shape of the end of the stiffener (see Fig. 9)
K stiff = 0.8 for the improved shape of the end of the stiffener (see Fig. 9)
θ : As given in Fig. 10
Δσ : Stress range, in N/mm2, transferred from longitudinals into the end of web stiffener, as obtained
from the following formula:
2W
Δσ =
0.322h' [( Aw1 l 1 ) + ( Aw 2 l 2 )] + As 0
W : Dynamic load, in N, as obtained from the following formula:
W = 1000(l − 0.5s )sp
p : Maximum inertial pressure due to liquid according to Ch 4, Sec 6, 2, in kN/m2, of the probability
level of 10-4
l : Span of the longitudinal, in m
s : Spacing of the longitudinal, in m
As 0 , Aw1 , Aw2 : Geometric parameters as given in Fig. 10, in mm2
l1 , l 2 : Geometric parameters as given in Fig. 10, in mm
h' : As obtained from following formula, in mm:
h ' = h s + h0 '
hs : As given in Fig. 10, in mm
h0 ' : As obtained from the following formula, in mm
h0 ' = 0.636b' for b' ≤ 150
h0 ' = 0.216b'+63 for 150 < b'
b' : Smallest breadth at the end of the web stiffener, in mm, as shown in Fig. 10

Fig.8 Web stiffeners fitted on primary supporting members

Stiffener Stiffener

X-X Y-Y

189
 Fig. 9 Shape of the end of the web stiffener

bs bs bs

b'

b'
b'

Shape of the end of the

Standard shapes of the end of
stiffener considering fatigue
the stiffener
strength in comparison with
the standard shape

Fig. 10 Definitions of geometric parameters

190
 Section 3 BUCKLING & ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF ORDINARY
STIFFENERS AND STIFFENED PANELS

Symbols

For symbols not defined in this Section, refer to Ch 1, Sec 4.

In this section, compressive and shear stresses are to be taken positive, tension stresses are to be taken negative.
a : Length of single or partial plate panel, in mm
b : Breadth of elementary plate panel, in mm
α : Aspect ratio of elementary plate panel, taken equal to:
a
α=
b
n : Number of elementary plate panel breadths within the partial or total plate panel

Fig. 1 General arrangement of panel

Single field Partial field

am n·b
b

a
bm

y Transverse stiffener
Long. stiffener
x
Longitudinal ：stiffener in the direction of the length a
Transverse ：stiffener in the direction of the breath b

t : Net plate thickness, in mm

σn : Normal stress resulting from hull girder bending, in N/mm2
τSF : Shear stress induced by the shear forces as defined in 2.1.3, in N/mm2
σx : Membrane stress in x-direction, in N/mm2
σy : Membrane stress in y-direction, in N/mm2
τ : Shear stress in the x-y plane, in N/mm2
λ : Reference degree of slenderness, taken equal to:
ReH
λ=
Kσ e
K : Buckling factor according to Table 2 and Table 3
σ e : Reference stress, taken equal to:
2
⎛ t ⎞
σ e = 0.9 E ⎜ ⎟
⎝ b′ ⎠
b′ : Shorter side of elementary plate oanel
ψ : Edge stress ratio taken equal to:
ψ = σ 2 /σ1
where:
σ1 : maximum compressive stress
σ2 : minimum compressive stress or tensile stress

191
S : Safety factor, taken equal to:
S = 1.0 except for the case mentioned below
S = 1.1 for structures which are exclusively exposed to local loads (e.g. hatch covers, foundations)
S = 1.15 for the ultimate strength in lateral buckling mode of longitudinal and transverse ordinary stiffeners
of the hatchway coamings, sloping plating of the topside tanks and hopper tanks, inner bottom,
inner side if any, side shell of single side skin construction and top and bottom stools of transverse
bulkheads, assessed according to 4.2.
For constructions of aluminium alloys the safety factors are to be increased in each case by 0.1
F1 : Correction factor for boundary condition of stiffeners on the longer side of elementary plate panels according
to Table 1. If the clamping is unequal on the longitudinal sides of the panel, the minimum value of the
appropriate F1-parameter has to be used.

Table 1 Correction factor F1

F1(2) Edge stiffener
Stiffeners sniped at both ends 1.00
1.05 Flat bar
Guidance values where both ends 1.10 Bulb section
are effectively connected to 1.20 Angle and tee-sections
adjacent structures(1)
Girders of high rigidity
1.30
(e.g. bottom transverses)
(1) Exact values may be determined by direct calculations.
(2) An average value of F1 is to be used for plate panels having different edge
stiffeners.

1. General

1.1
1.1.1
The requirements of this Section apply for the buckling check of structural members subjected to compressive
stresses, shear stresses and lateral pressure.
1.1.2
The buckling checks have to be performed for the following elements:
(a) according to requirements of 2, 3 and 4 and for all load cases as defined in Ch 4, Sec 4 in intact condition:
・ elementary plate panels and ordinary stiffeners in a hull transverse section analysis,
・ elementary plate panels modeled in FEM as requested in Ch 7.
(b) according to requirements of 6 and only in flooded condition:
・ transverse vertically corrugated watertight bulkheads for BC-A and BC-B ships.
1.1.3
The boundary condition for elementary plate panels are to be considered as simply supported. If the boundary
condition differs significantly from simple support, more appropriate boundary condition can be applied according to
cases 3, 4 and 7 to 10 of Table 2.

2. Application

2.1 Load model for hull transverse section analysis

2.1.1 General
The structural members at a considered hull transverse section are to be checked for buckling criteria under the
combination of:
・ the normal stress σn resulting from hull girder bending, as defined in 2.1.2
・ the shear stress τSF as defined in 2.1.3

192
・ the lateral pressure in intact condition applied on the members as the case may be.
The lateral pressures and hull girder loads are to be calculated, for the probability level of 10-8, in the mutually
exclusive load cases H1, H2, F1, F2, R1, R2, P1 and P2, as defined in Ch 4, Sec 4.
2.1.2 Normal stress σn
The normal stress σn to be considered for each of the mutually exclusive load cases as referred in 2.1.1 is the
maximum compressive stress on the considered structural member according to the formulas given in Ch 6, Sec 1,
3.1.5 and Ch 6, Sec 2, 3.1.5, respectively for elementary plate panels and ordinary stiffeners.
For transverse ordinary stiffeners, the normal stress σn for each of the mutually exclusive load cases is the
maximum compressive stress calculated at each end.
2.1.3 Shear stress
The shear stress τSF to be considered for each of the mutually exclusive load cases as referred in 2.1.1 is the shear
stress induced by the shear forces, in kN, equal to:
Q = Q SW + C QW QWV
where:
QSW : Design still water shear force in intact condition, in kN, at the hull transverse section considered,
defined in Ch 4, Sec 3, 2.3
QWV : Vertical wave shear force in intact condition, in kN, at the hull transverse section considered, defined
in Ch 4, Sec 3, 3.2
CQW : Load combination factor as defined in Ch 4, Sec 4, Table 3
If the design still water shear force is not available at preliminary design stage, the following default value, in kN,
may be used:
Q SW 0 = 30 CLB (C B + 0.7 )10 −2
2.1.4 Lateral pressure
The lateral pressure to be considered for the buckling check is defined in Ch 6, Sec 1, 3.1 for curved plate panel
and in Ch 6, Sec 2, 3.1 for ordinary stiffeners.
The load calculation point for the curved plate panel is located at mid distance of the curved plate panel extremities
along the curve.
The load calculation point of ordinary stiffeners is defined in Ch 6, Sec 2, 1.4

2.2 Application
2.2.1
Application of the buckling and ultimate strength criterion is described in App 1.

193
 Table 2 Buckling and reduction factors for plane elementary plate panels
Buckling- Edge stress Asp. ratio
Buckling factor K Reduction factor κ
Load Case ratio ψ α = ab

1
8.4
1 ≥ψ ≥ 0 K=
sx sx ψ + 1.1 κx =1 for λ ≤ λ c
t ⎛1 0.22 ⎞
κ x = c⎜ − for λ > λ c
b

⎟
y·sx
a·b y·sx ⎝λ λ2 ⎠
α ≥1 c = (1.25 − 0.12ψ ) ≤ 1.25
0 > ψ > −1 K = 7.63 −ψ (6.26 − 10ψ )
c ⎛⎜ 0.88 ⎞⎟
λc = 1+ 1−
2 ⎜⎝ c ⎟⎠
ψ ≤ −1 K = (1 −ψ ) ⋅ 5.975
2

2
2
⎛ 1 ⎞ 2.1
1 ≥ψ ≥ 0 α ≥1 K = F1 ⎜1 + 2 ⎟
sy y·sy ⎝ α ⎠ (ψ + 1.1)
t ⎛1 R + F 2 (H − R ) ⎞
κ y = c⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟
b

sy y·sy ⎝λ λ2 ⎠
⎡⎛ 1 ⎞ 2.1(1 + ψ )
2
a·b K = F1 ⎢⎜1 + 2 ⎟ c = (1.25 − 0.12ψ ) ≤ 1.25
⎢⎣⎝ α ⎠ 1.1
1 ≤ α ≤ 1.5 ⎛ λ⎞
ψ R = λ ⎜1 − ⎟ for λ < λ c
⎤
− 2 (13.9 − 10ψ )⎥ ⎝ c⎠
α ⎦ R = 0.22 for λ ≥ λ c

c ⎛⎜ 0.88 ⎞⎟
λc = 1+ 1−
2 ⎜⎝ c ⎟⎠
0 > ψ > −1 ⎡⎛ 1 ⎞ 2.1(1 + ψ )
2

K = F1 ⎢⎜1 + 2 ⎟ ⎛ K ⎞
⎜ −1 ⎟
⎣⎢⎝ α ⎠ 1.1
F = ⎜1 − 0.912 ⎟ ⋅ c1 ≥ 0
α > 1.5 ψ ⎜ λp ⎟
− (5.87 + 1.87α 2 ⎜ ⎟
α2 ⎝ ⎠
8.6 ⎤ λ p = λ 2 − 0.5
2
for 1 ≤ λ p ≤ 3
2
+ − 10ψ )⎥
α 2
⎦ c1 = 1 , for σ y due to direct loads
⎛ F ⎞
c1 = ⎜⎜1 − 1 ⎟⎟ ≥ 0 , for σ y due to
⎝ α ⎠
1≤α ≤ 2 bending (in general)
⎛ 1 −ψ ⎞
3(1 − ψ ) K = F1 ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ 5.975 c1 = 0 , for σ y due to bending in
4 ⎝ α ⎠
extreme load cases (e.g. wt.
bulkheads)
2λ
ψ ≤ −1 H =λ− ≥R
⎡⎛ 1 −ψ ⎞ 2 c⎛⎜ T + T 2 − 4 ⎟⎞
K = F1 ⎢⎜ ⎟ ⋅ 3.9675 ⎝ ⎠
α>
3(1 − ψ ) ⎣⎢⎝ α ⎠ T =λ+
14 1
+
4 15λ 3
⎛ 1 −ψ ⎞
⎟ +1.87]
4 + 0.5375 ⎜
⎝ α ⎠

Explanations for boundary conditions ----- plate edge free

──── plate edge simply supported
▬▬▬ plate edge clamped
Note: The load cases as listed in Table 2 are general cases. Each stress component (σx, σy) is to be understood in a local
coordinates.

194
3 ⎛ 1 ⎞
4⎜ 0.425 + 2 ⎟
sx sx 1 ≥ψ ≥ 0 ⎝ α ⎠
K=
t 3ψ + 1

b
y·sx
α >0
a·b y·sx
⎛ 1 ⎞ κx =1 for λ ≤ 0.7
0 > ψ ≥ −1 K = 4⎜ 0.425 + 2 ⎟(1 + ψ ) − 5ψ (1 − 3.42ψ )
⎝ α ⎠ 1
κx = 2
λ + 0,51
4 for λ > 0.7
y·sx y·sx
⎛ 1 ⎞ 3 −ψ
1 ≥ ψ ≥ −1 α >0 K = ⎜ 0.425 + 2 ⎟
t ⎝ α ⎠ 2
b

sx sx
a·b

5 K = Kτ 3
t
⎡ 4 ⎤
t t t α ≥1 K τ = ⎢5.34 + 2 ⎥
=== α ⎦
b

⎣
t ⎡ 5.34 ⎤
a·b 0 <α <1 K τ = ⎢4 + 2 ⎥
⎣ α ⎦
κτ = 1 for λ ≤ 0.84
6 K = K′r 0.84
da κτ = for λ > 0.84
t K′ = K according to load case 5 λ
r = Reductions factor
db

t
b

t t === ⎞⎛ d b ⎞
⎛ da
t r = ⎟⎟⎜⎜1 −
⎜⎜1 − ⎟
a·b ⎝ ⎠⎝a b ⎟⎠
d d
with a ≤ 0.7 and b ≤ 0.7
a b

7 α ≥ 1.64 K = 1.28 κx =1 for λ ≤ 0.7

sx sx
1
=== 1 κx =
t α < 1.64 K= + 0.56 + 0.13α 2 λ 2 + 0.51
b

α2
a·b
for λ > 0.7

8 2
α≥ K = 6.97
sx sx 3

t
===
2 1
b

α< K= + 2.5 + 5α 2
3 α2
a·b

9 α ≥4 K =4
κx =1 for λ ≤ 0.83
sx sx ⎡ 4 −α ⎤
4

4 >α >1 K = 4+⎢ ⎥ ⋅ 2.74 ⎡1 0.22 ⎤

=== ⎣ 3 ⎦ κ x = 1.13⎢ − 2 ⎥
t ⎣λ λ ⎦
b

4
a·b α ≤1 K= + 2.07 + 0.67α 2 for λ > 0.83
α2
10 α ≥4 K = 6.97
sx sx ⎡ 4 −α ⎤
4

4 >α >1 K = 6.97 + ⎢ ⎥ ⋅ 3.1

t === ⎣ 3 ⎦
b

4
a·b α ≤1 K= + 2.07 + 4α 2
α2
Explanations for boundary conditions ----- plate edge free
──── plate edge simply supported
▬▬▬ plate edge clamped
Note: The load cases as listed in Table 2 are general cases. Each stress component (σx, σy) is to be understood in a local
coordinates.

195
 Table 3 Buckling and reduction factor for curved plate panel with R/t ≤ 25001
Buckling- Aspect ratio
b Buckling factor K Reduction factor κ
Load Case R
1a
b
sx
b R K=
b
+3
(R t )0.175
≤ 1.63
R t Rt b 0.35
R
t κx =1 for λ ≤ 0.4 2
sx
κ x = 1.274 − 0.686 ⋅ λ for 0.4 < λ ≤ 1.2
1b 0.65
b with κx = for λ > 1.2
λ2
p ·R
sx = e 2
t b2 ⎛ R2 ⎞
b R ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
R > 1.63 K = 0. 3 + 2 . 25
R t R2 ⎝ bt ⎠
t
pe

pe = external pressure in
[N/mm2]

2 b R 2 b2
b ≤ 0.5 K = 1+
R t 3 Rt κ y =1 for λ ≤ 0.25 2
sy
κ y = 1.233 − 0.933 ⋅ λ for 0.25 < λ ≤ 1
R b2 ⎡ b t ⎤
K = 0.267 ⎢3 − ⎥ κ y = 0.3 / λ 3
for 1 < λ ≤ 1.5
t Rt R R ⎦⎥
⎣⎢
sy b R κ y = 0.2 / λ 2
for λ > 1.5
> 0.5 b2
R t ≥ 0.4
Rt

3 b R 0.6 ⋅ b Rt Rt
b ≤ K= + − 0.3 2
R t Rt b b
sx
as in load case 1a
2
b R b2 ⎛ R2 ⎞
R > K = 0.3 2 + 0.291⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
t R t R ⎝ bt ⎠
sx

4
b K = Kτ 3
b R 0 .5 κτ = 1 for λ ≤ 0.4
≤ 8.7 ⎡ 0.67 b 3 ⎤
R t K τ = ⎢ 28.3 + 1.5 1.5 ⎥ κ τ = 1.274 − 0.686 ⋅ λ for 0.4 < λ ≤ 1.2
t R t ⎦
R ⎣
0.65
t κτ = for λ > 1.2
b 2 λ2
b R K τ = 0.28
> 8. 7
R t R Rt

Explanations for boundary conditions ----- plate edge free

──── plate edge simply supported
▬▬▬ plate edge clamped

1
For curved plate fields with a very large radius the κ-value need not to be taken less than for the expanded plane field

2
For curved single fields, e.g. bilge strake, which are located within plane partial or total fields, the reduction factor κ
may taken as follow:
0.8 0.65
Load case 1b: κ x = ≤ 1. 0 Load case 2: κ y = ≤ 1. 0
λ2
λ2

196
3. Buckling criteria of elementary plate panels

3.1 Plates
3.1.1 General
The net thickness of the elementary plate panel is to comply with the following:
t ≥ b / 100
The verification of an elementary plate panel in a transverse section analysis is to be carried out according to 3.1.2.
It is to be performed for the two different following combinations of stresses:
・ stress combination 1: 100% of the normal stress as defined in 2.1.2 and 70% of the shear stress as defined in
2.1.3
・ stress combination 2: 70% of the normal stress as defined in 2.1.2 and 100% of the shear stress as defined in
2.1.3.
The verification of elementary plate panel in a FEM analysis is to be carried out according to 3.2.
3.1.2 Verification of elementary plate panel in a transverse section analysis
Each elementary plate panel is to comply with the following criteria, taking into account the loads defined in 2.1:
・ longitudinally framed plating
e1 e3
⎛ σx S ⎞ ⎛τ S 3⎞
⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ ≤ 1.0 for stress combination 1 with σx = σn and τ = 0.7τSF
⎜κ R ⎟ ⎜ κ R ⎟
⎝ x eH ⎠ ⎝ τ eH ⎠
e1 e3
⎛ σx S ⎞ ⎛τ S 3⎞
⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ ≤ 1.0 for stress combination 2 with σx = 0.7σn and τ = τSF
⎜κ R ⎟ ⎜ κτ ReH ⎟
⎝ x eH ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
・ transversely framed plating
e2 e3
⎛ σy S ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ τ S 3 ⎟ ≤ 1.0 for stress combination 1 with σx = σn and τ = 0.7τSF
⎜ κ y ReH ⎟ ⎜ κτ ReH ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
e2 e3
⎛ σy S ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ τ S 3 ⎟ ≤ 1.0 for stress combination 2 with σx = 0.7σn and τ = τSF
⎜ κ y ReH ⎟ ⎜ κτ ReH ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
Each term of the above conditions must be less than 1.0.
The reduction factors κx and κy are given in Table 2 and/or Table 3.
The coefficients e1, e2 and e3 are defined in Table 4. For the determination of e3, κy is to be taken equal to 1 in
case of longitudinally framed plating and κx is to be taken equal to 1 in case of transversely framed plating.

3.2 Verification of elementary plate panel within FEM analysis

3.2.1 General
The buckling check of the elementary plate panel is to be performed under the loads defined in 3.2.2, according to
the requirements of 3.
The determination of the buckling and reduction factors is made for each relevant case of Table 2 according to the
stresses calculated in 3.2.2 loading the considered elementary plate panel.
3.2.2 Stresses
For the buckling check, the buckling stresses are to be determined according to Table 2 and Table 3 including
their stress ratio Ψ for the loading conditions required in Ch 4, Sec 7 and according to the requirements of Ch 7.
3.2.3 Poisson effect
Stresses derived with superimposed or direct method have to be reduced for buckling assessment because of the
Poisson effect, which is taken into consideration in both analysis methods. The correction has to be carried out after
summation of stresses due to local and global loads.
Both stresses σ x* and σ *y are to be compressive stresses, in order to apply the stress reduction according to the
following formulae:
σ x = (σ x* − 0.3σ *y ) / 0.91
σ y = (σ *y − 0.3σ x* ) / 0.91
where:

197
 σ x* , σ *y : Stresses containing the Poisson effect
Where compressive stress fulfils the condition σ ∗y < 0.3σ x∗ , then σ y = 0 and σ x = σ x*
Where compressive stress fulfils the condition σ x∗ < 0.3σ ∗y , then σ x = 0 and σ y = σ *y
3.2.4 Checking Criteria
Each elementary plate panel is to comply with the following criteria, taking into account the loads defined in 2.1:
e2 e3
⎛ σx S ⎞
e1
⎛ σ S ⎞ ⎛σ σ S 2 ⎞ ⎛ τ S 3 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ y ⎟ − B⎜ x y ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ ≤ 1.0
⎜ κ x R eH⎟ ⎜κ R ⎟ ⎜ R eH2 ⎟ ⎜ κ τ R eH ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ y eH
⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
In addition, each compressive stress σx and σy, and the shear stress τ are to comply with the following formulae:
e1
⎛ σx S ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ≤ 1.0
⎜ κ x R eH ⎟
⎝ ⎠
e2
⎛ σy S ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ≤ 1.0
⎜κ R ⎟
⎝ y eH ⎠
e3
⎛τ S 3⎞
⎜ ⎟ ≤ 1,0
⎜ κ τ R eH ⎟
⎝ ⎠
The reduction factors κ x , κ y and κ τ are given in Table 2 and/or Table 3.
・ where σ x ≤ 0 (tensile stress), κ x = 1.0.
・ where σ y ≤ 0 (tensile stress), κ y = 1.0.
The coefficients e1, e2 and e3 as well as the factor B are defined in Table 4.

Table 4 Coefficients e1, e2, e3 and factor B

Exponents e1 – e3 Plate panel
and factor B plane curved
e1 1+ κ 4
x 1.25
e2 1+ κ 4
y 1.25
e3 1 + κ xκ yκτ 2
2.0
B
σx and σy positive (κ κ )
x y
5
0
(compressive stress)
B
σx or σy negative 1 -
(tensile stress)

3.3 Webs and flanges

3.3.1
For non-stiffened webs and flanges of sections and girders proof of sufficient buckling strength as for elementary
plate panels is to be provided according to 3.1.

4. Buckling criteria of partial and total panels

4.1 Longitudinal and transverse stiffeners

4.1.1
In a hull transverse section analysis, the longitudinal and transverse ordinary stiffeners of partial and total plate
panels are to comply with the requirements of 4.2 and 4.3.

198
4.2 Ultimate strength in lateral buckling mode
4.2.1 Checking criteria
The longitudinal and transverse ordinary stiffeners are to comply with the following criteria:
σ a +σ b
S ≤1
ReH
σ a : Uniformly distributed compressive stress, in N/mm2 in the direction of the stiffener axis.
σ a = σn for longitudinal stiffeners
σa = 0 for transverse stiffeners
σ b : Bending stress, in N/mm2, in the stiffener.
σ b calculated as in 4.2.2 with σx = σn and τ = τSF
4.2.2 Evaluation of the bending stress σb
The bending stress σ b , in N/mm2, in the stiffeners is equal to:
M + M1
σb = 0
W st 10 3
with:
M0 : Bending moment, in N-mm, due to the deformation w of stiffener, taken equal to:
pz w
M 0 = FKi
c f − pz
( )
with c f − p z > 0
M1 : Bending moment, in N-mm, due to the lateral load p, taken equal to:
pba 2
M1 = for longitudinal stiffeners
24 ⋅10 3
pa (n ⋅ b )
2
M1 = 3
for transverse stiffeners, with n equal to 1 for ordinary transverse stiffeners.
8c S 10
W st : Net section modulus of stiffener (longitudinal or transverse), in cm3, including effective width of
plating according to 5, taken equal to:
・ if a lateral pressure is applied on the stiffener:
Wst is the net section modulus calculated at flange if the lateral pressure is applied on the same side
as the stiffener.
Wst is the net section modulus calculated at attached plate if the lateral pressure is applied on the
side opposite to the stiffener.
・ if no lateral pressure is applied on the stiffener:
Wst is the minimum net section modulus among those calculated at flange and attached plate
cS : Factor accounting for the boundary conditions of the transverse stiffener
cS = 1.0 for simply supported stiffeners
cS = 2.0 for partially constraint stiffeners
p : Lateral load in kN/m2 , as defined in Ch 4, Sec5 and Ch 4, Sec 6 calculated at the load point as defined
in Ch 6, Sec 2, 1.4.2
FKi : Ideal buckling force, in N, of the stiffener, taken equal to:
π2
FKix = 2
EI x 10 4 for longitudinal stiffeners
a
π2
FKiy = EI y 10 4 for transverse stiffeners
(nb )2
I x , I y : Net moments of inertia, in cm4, of the longitudinal or transverse stiffener including effective width
of attached plating according to 5. Ix and Iy are to comply with the following criteria:
bt 3
Ix ≥
12 ⋅10 4
at 3
Iy ≥
12 ⋅10 4

199
pz : Nominal lateral load, in N/mm2, of the stiffener due to σ x , σ y and τ
ta ⎛ ⎛ π b ⎞2 ⎞
p zx = ⎜σ ⎜ ⎟ + 2c y σ y + τ 1 2 ⎟ for longitudinal stiffeners
b ⎜ ⎝ a ⎠
xl
⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 2
⎞
⎜ 2c σ + σ ⎛⎜ π a ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜1 + y ⎞
ta A
p zy = ⎟ +τ1 2 ⎟ for transverse stiffeners
a ⎜ x xl y ⎜
⎝ nb ⎠ ⎝ at a ⎟ ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎠
⎛ Ax ⎞
σ xl = σ x ⎜⎜1 + ⎟
⎟
⎝ b ⋅ta ⎠
ta : Net thickness offered of attached plate, in mm
c x , c y : Factor taking into account the stresses vertical to the stiffener's axis and distributed variable along
the stiffener's length taken equal to:
0.5 (1 + ψ ) for 0 ≤ ψ ≤ 1
0.5
for ψ < 0
1 −ψ
Ax , Ay : Net sectional area, in mm2, of the longitudinal or transverse stiffener respectively without attached
plating
⎡ ⎛ m1 m2 ⎞ ⎤
τ 1 = ⎢τ − t ReH E ⎜ 2
+ 2 ⎟⎥ ≥ 0
⎢⎣ ⎝a b ⎠ ⎥⎦
m1, m2 : Coefficients taken equal to:
a
≥ 2.0 : m1 = 1.47 m2 = 0.49
b
for longitudinal stiffeners:
a
< 2.0 : m1 = 1.96 m2 = 0.37
b
a 1.96
≥ 0.5 : m1 = 0.37 m2 = 2
b n
for transverse stiffeners:
a 1.47
< 0.5 : m1 = 0.49 m2 = 2
b n
w = w0 + w1
w0 : Assumed imperfection, in mm, taken equal to:
a b
w0 = min( , ,10) for longitudinal stiffeners
250 250
a n⋅b
w0 = min( , ,10) for transverse stiffeners
250 250
For stiffeners sniped at both ends w0 must not be taken less than the distance from the midpoint of
attached plating to the neutral axis of the stiffener calculated with the effective width of its attached
plating.
w1 : Deformation of stiffener, in mm, at midpoint of stiffener span due to lateral load p. In case of
uniformly distributed load the following values for w1 may be used:
pba 4
w1 = for longitudinal stiffeners
384 ⋅10 7 EI x
5ap (nb) 4
w1 = for transverse stiffeners
384 ⋅10 7 EI y c S2
c f : Elastic support provided by the stiffener, in N/mm2, taken equal to:
・ for longitudinal stiffeners
π2
c f = FKix (1 + c px )
a2

200
 1
c px =
⎛ 12 ⋅10 4 I x ⎞
0.91⎜⎜ 3
− 1⎟⎟
⎝ t b ⎠
1+
c xa
c xa : Coefficient taken equal to :
2
⎡ a 2b ⎤
c xa = ⎢ + ⎥ for a ≥ 2b
⎣ 2b a ⎦
2
⎡ ⎛ a ⎞2 ⎤
c xa = ⎢1 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ for a < 2b
⎣⎢ ⎝ 2b ⎠ ⎦⎥
・ for transverse. stiffeners :
π2
c f = c S FKiy (1 + c )
(n ⋅ b )2 py

1
c py =
⎛ 12 ⋅10 4 I y ⎞
0.91⎜ − 1⎟
⎜ t a 3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
1+
c ya
c ya : Coefficient taken equal to :
2
⎡ nb 2a ⎤
c ya = ⎢ + ⎥ for nb ≥ 2a
⎣ 2a nb ⎦
2
⎡ ⎛ nb ⎞ 2 ⎤
c ya = ⎢1 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ for nb < 2 a
⎣⎢ ⎝ 2a ⎠ ⎦⎥
4.2.3 Equivalent criteria for longitudinal and transverse ordinary stiffeners not subjected to lateral pressure
Longitudinal and transverse ordinary stiffeners not subjected to lateral pressure are considered as complying with
the requirement of 4.2.1 if their net moments of inertia Ix and Iy, in cm4, are not less than the value obtained by the
following formula:
⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟
p zx a 2 ⎜ w0 x hw a2 ⎟
・ For longitudinal stiffener : Ix = 2 4 + 2
π 10 ⎜ ReH π E⎟
⎜ −σ x ⎟
⎝ S ⎠
⎛ ⎞
p zy (nb) 2 ⎜ w0 y h w (nb) 2
⎟
・ For transverse stiffener : Iy = ⎜ + ⎟
π 2 10 4 ⎜ ReH π 2E ⎟
⎜ −σ y ⎟
⎝ S ⎠

4.3 Torsional buckling

4.3.1 Longitudinal stiffeners
The longitudinal ordinary stiffeners are to comply with the following criteria:
σ xS
≤ 1.0
κ T ReH
κ T : Coefficient taken equal to:
κ T = 1.0 for λT ≤ 0.2
1
κT = for λT > 0.2
Φ + Φ 2 − λT2
(
Φ = 0.5 1 + 0.21(λT − 0.2) + λT2 )
λT : Reference degree of slenderness taken equal to:
ReH
λT =
σ KiT

201
 ⎛ π 2 I ω 10 2
E ⎞
σ KiT = ⎜ ε + 0.385I T ⎟⎟ , in N/mm2
⎜IP a 2
⎝ ⎠
IP : Net polar moment of inertia of the stiffener, in cm4, defined in Table 5, and related to the point C as
shown in Fig. 2
I T : Net St. Venant's moment of inertia of the stiffener, in cm4, defined in Table 5,
I ω : Net sectorial moment of inertia of the stiffener, in cm6, defined in Table 5, related to the point C as
shown in Fig. 2
ε : Degree of fixation taken equal to:
a4
ε = 1 + 10 −3
3 4 ⎛b ⎞
π I w ⎜⎜ 3 + 4h w 3 ⎟⎟
4 ⎝ t 3t w ⎠
Aw : Net web area equal to: Aw = h w t w
A f : Net flange area equal to: A f = b f t f
tf
e f = hw + , in mm
2

Fig. 2 Dimensions of stiffeners

bf bf bf

tw tw tw tw
b1 b2 tf
hw

b1
ef

C C C C
ta

ef = hw + tf / 2

Table 4 Moments of inertia

Profile IP IT Iw
3
ht hwt w3 ⎛ t ⎞ hw3 t w3
Flat bar
w w ⎜1 − 0.63 w ⎟
3 ⋅ 104 3 ⋅ 10 4 ⎜ hw ⎟ 36 ⋅ 10 6
⎝ ⎠

⎛ ⎞ for bulb and angle sections:

hwt w3 t
⎜1 − 0.63 w ⎟
3 ⋅ 10 4 ⎜ hw ⎟ A f e 2f b 2f ⎛ A f + 2.6 Aw ⎞
⎝ ⎠ ⎜ ⎟
Sections with bulb ⎛ Aw hw2 ⎞ 12 ⋅ 10 6 ⎜⎝ A f + Aw ⎟⎠
⎜⎜ + A f e 2f ⎟⎟10 − 4 +
or flange ⎝ 3 ⎠ for tee-sections
bt 3
⎛ t ⎞
f f
⎜1 − 0.63 f ⎟
3 ⋅ 10 ⎜⎝4
bf ⎟ b 3f t f e 2f
⎠
12 ⋅106

4.3.2 Transverse stiffeners

Transverse stiffeners loaded by axial compressive stresses and which are not supported by longitudinal stiffeners
are to comply with the requirements of 4.3.1 analogously.

5. Effective width of attached plating

5.1 Ordinary stiffeners

5.1.1
The effective width of attached plating of ordinary stiffeners is determined by the following formulae (see also Fig.
1):
・ for longitudinal stiffeners: bm = min(κ x b, κ s s )

202
・ for transverse stiffeners: a m = min(κ y a, κ s s )
where:
3 2
⎛ l eff ⎞ ⎛l ⎞ ⎛l ⎞
κ s = 0.0035 ⎜⎜ ⎟ − 0.0673 ⎜ eff ⎟ + 0.4422 ⎜ eff ⎟ − 0.0056 , to be taken not greater than 1.0
⎟ ⎜ s ⎟ ⎜ s ⎟
⎝ s ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
s : Spacing of the stiffener, in mm
leff : Value taken as follows:
・ for longitudinal stiffeners:
leff = a if simply supported at both ends
leff = 0.6a if fixed at both ends
・ for transverse stiffeners:
leff = b if simply supported at both ends
leff = 0.6b if fixed at both ends

5.2 Primary supporting members

The effective width e m' of stiffened flange plates of primary supporting members may be determined as described
in (a) and (b), with the notations:
e : Width of plating supported, in mm, measured from centre to centre of the adjacent unsupported fields
em : Effective width, in mm, of attached plating of primary supporting member according to Table 6 considering the
type of loading (special calculations may be required for determining the effective width of one-sided or
non-symmetrical flanges).
em1 is to be applied where primary supporting members are loaded by uniformly distributed loads or else by not
less than 6 equally spaced single loads.
em2 is to be applied where primary supporting members are loaded by 3 or less single loads.

a) Stiffening parallel to web of the primary supporting member (see Fig. 3)

Fig. 3 Stiffening parallel to web

e
em
em'
sx,em'(y)

sx,em(y)

bm bm

b b b b

b < em
e m' = n ⋅ bm
n : Integral number of the stiffener spacing b inside the effective width em, taken equal to:
⎛e ⎞
n = int ⎜⎜ m ⎟⎟
⎝ b ⎠

203
b) Stiffening perpendicular to web of the primary supporting member (see Fig. 4)

Fig. 4 Stiffening perpendicular to web

e e
em
em '

sx1

sx(y)

sx2
am

a ≥ em
e m' = na m < e m
em
n = 2.7 , to be taken not greater than 1.0
a
For b ≥ e m or a < e m respectively, b and a must be exchanged.

Table 5 Effective Width of attached plating

l/ e 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ≥8
em1 /e 0 0.36 0.64 0.82 0.91 0.96 0.98 1.00 1.00
em2 /e 0 0.20 0.37 0.52 0.65 0.75 0.84 0.89 0.90
Intermediate values may be obtained by direct interpolation.
l : Length between zero-points of bending moment curve, i.e. unsupported span in case of simply supported girders
and 0.6 times the unsupported span in case of constraint of both ends of girder

6. Transverse vertically corrugated watertight bulkhead in flooded conditions for BC-A and BC-B ships

6.1 General
6.1.1 Shear buckling check of the bulkhead corrugation webs
The shear stress τ, calculated according to Ch 6, Sec 2, 3.2.6, is to comply with the following formula:
τ ≤τC
where:
τC : Critical shear buckling stress to be obtained, in N/mm2, from the following formulae:
R
τc =τE for τ E ≤ eH
2 3
ReH ⎛⎜ ReH ⎞⎟ R
τc = 1− for τ E > eH
3 ⎜⎝ 4 3τ E ⎟⎠ 2 3

τE : Euler shear buckling stress to be obtained, in N/mm2, from the following formula:
2
⎛ tw ⎞
τ E = 0.9k t E ⎜⎜ 3 ⎟
⎟
⎝ 10 c ⎠
kt : Coefficient, to be taken equal to 6.34

204
tW : Net thickness, in mm, of the corrugation webs
c : Width, in m of the corrugation webs (see Ch 6, Sec 2, Fig 2).

205
 Section 4 PRIMARY SUPPORTING MEMBERS

Symbols

For symbols not defined in this Section, refer to Ch 1, Sec 4.

L2 : Rule length L, but to be taken not greater than 300 m
IY : Net moment of inertia, in m4, of the hull transverse section about its horizontal neutral axis, to be calculated
according to Ch 5, Sec 1, 1.5, on gross offered thickness reduced by 0.5tC for all structural members
IZ : Net moment of inertia, in m4, of the hull transverse section about its vertical neutral axis, to be calculated
according to Ch 5, Sec 1, 1.5, on gross offered thickness reduced by 0.5tC for all structural members
N : Z co-ordinate with respect to the reference co-ordinate system defined in Ch 1, Sec 4, 4, in m, of the centre
of gravity of the hull net transverse section defined in Ch 5, Sec 1, 1.2, considering gross offered thickness
reduced by 0.5tC for all structural members
pS, pW : Still water and wave pressure, in kN/m2, in intact conditions, defined in 2.1.2
σX : Normal stress, in N/mm2, defined in 2.1.5
s : Spacing, in m, of primary supporting members
l : Span, in m, of primary supporting members, measured between the supporting members, see Ch 3, Sec 6,
5.3
hw : Web height, in mm
tw : Net web thickness, in mm
bf : Face plate width, in mm
tf : Net face plate thickness, in mm
bp : Width, in m, of the plating attached to the member, for the yielding check, defined in Ch 3, Sec 6, 4.3
w : Net section modulus, in cm3, of the member, with an attached plating of width bp, to be calculated as
specified in Ch 3, Sec 6, 4.4
Ash : Net shear sectional area, in cm2, of the member, to be calculated as specified in Ch 3, Sec 6, 5.5
m : Coefficient taken equal to 10
τα : Allowable shear stress, in N/mm2, taken equal to:
τα = 0.4 RY
k : Material factor, as defined in Ch 1, Sec 4, 2.2.1
x, y, z : X, Y and Z co-ordinates, in m, of the evaluation point with respect to the reference co-ordinate system
defined in Ch 1, Sec 4

1. General

1.1 Application

1.1.1
The requirements of this Section apply to the strength check of pillars and primary supporting members, subjected
to lateral pressure and hull girder normal stresses for such members contributing to the hull girder longitudinal
strength.
The yielding check is also to be carried out for such members subjected to specific loads, such as concentrated
loads.

1.2 Primary supporting members for ships less than 150 m in length (L)
1.2.1
For primary supporting members for ships having a length (L) less than 150 m, the strength check of such members
is to be carried out according to the provisions specified in 2 and 4.

206
1.2.2
Notwithstanding the above, the strength check of such members may be carried out by a direct strength assessment
deemed as appropriate by the Society.

1.3 Primary supporting members for ships of 150 m or more in length (L)
1.3.1
For primary supporting members for ships having a length (L) of 150 m or more, the direct strength analysis is to
be carried out according to the provisions specified in Ch 7. In addition, the primary supporting members for BC-A
and BC-B ships are to comply with the requirements in 3 and 4.

1.4 Net scantlings

1.4.1
As specified in Ch 3, Sec 2, all scantlings referred to in this Section are net, i.e. they do not include any corrosion
addition.
The gross scantlings are obtained as specified in Ch 3, Sec 2, 3.

1.5 Minimum net thicknesses of webs of primary supporting members

1.5.1
The net thickness of the web of primary supporting members, in mm, is to be not less than 0.6 L 2 .

2. Scantling of primary supporting members for ships of less than 150 m in length (L)

2.1 Load model

2.1.1 General
The still water and wave lateral loads induced by the sea and the various types of cargoes and ballast in intact
conditions are to be considered, depending on the location of the primary supporting members under consideration
and the type of the compartments adjacent to it.
The wave lateral loads and hull girder loads are to be calculated, for the probability level of 10-8, in the mutually
exclusive load cases H1, H2, F1, F2, R1, R2, P1 and P2, as defined in Ch 4, Sec 4.
2.1.2 Lateral pressure in intact conditions
The lateral pressure in intact conditions is constituted by still water pressure and wave pressure.
Still water pressure (pS) includes:
・ the hydrostatic pressure, defined in Ch 4, Sec 5, 1
・ the still water internal pressure, defined in Ch 4, Sec 6 for the various types of cargoes and for ballast.
Wave pressure (pW) includes for each load case H1, H2, F1, F2, R1, R2, P1 and P2:
・ the hydrodynamic pressure, defined in Ch 4, Sec 5, 1
・ the inertial pressure, defined in Ch 4, Sec 6 for the various types of cargoes and for ballast.
2.1.3 Elements of the outer shell
The still water and wave lateral pressures are to be calculated considering separately:
・ the still water and wave external sea pressures
・ the still water and wave internal pressure, considering the compartment adjacent to the outer shell as being
loaded
If the compartment adjacent to the outer shell is not intended to carry liquids, only the external sea pressures are to
be considered.
2.1.4 Elements other than those of the outer shell
The still water and wave lateral pressures to be considered as acting on an element which separates two adjacent
compartments are those obtained considering the two compartments individually loaded.
2.1.5 Normal stresses
The normal stress to be considered for the strength check of primary supporting members contributing to the hull
girder longitudinal strength is the maximum value of σX between sagging and hogging conditions, when applicable,
obtained, in N/mm2, from the following formula:
⎡ M M M ⎤
σ X = ⎢C SW SW ( z − N ) + CWV WV ( z − N ) − CWH WH y ⎥ 10 − 3
⎣⎢ IY IY IZ ⎦⎥

207
 where:
MSW : Permissible still water bending moments, in kN-m, in hogging or sagging as the case may be
MWV : Vertical wave bending moment, in kN-m, in hogging or sagging as the case may be, as defined in Ch
4, Sec 3
MWH : Horizontal wave bending moment, in kN-m, as defined in Ch 4, Sec 3
CSW : Combination factor for each load case H1, H2, F1, F2, R1, R2, P1 and P2 and defined in the Table 1
CWV, CWH : Combination factors defined in Ch 4, Sec 4, 2.2 for each load case H1, H2, F1, F2, R1, R2, P1
and P2 and given in the Table 1

Table 1 Combination factors CSW, CWV and CWH

LC Hogging Sagging
CSW CWV CWH CSW CWV CWH

H1 Not Applicable -1 -1 0
H2 1 1 0 Not Applicable
F1 Not Applicable -1 -1 0
F2 1 1 0 Not Applicable
T TLC
R1 1 0 1.2 − LC -1 0 1.2 −
TS TS
TLC TLC
R2 1 0 − 1.2 -1 0 − 1.2
TS TS
TLC TLC
P1 1 0.4 − 0 -1 0.4 − 0
TS TS
TLC TLC
P2 1 − 0.4 0 -1 − 0.4 0
TS TS

2.2 Center Girders and Side Girders

2.2.1 Net web thickness
The net thickness of girders in double bottom structure, in mm, is not to be less than the greatest of either of the
value t1 to t3 specified in the followings according to each location:
pS x − x c ⎧⎪ ⎛ y ⎞ ⎫⎪
2

t 1 = C1 1− 4⎜ ⎟ where x − x c is less than 0.25l DB , x − x c is to be taken as

(d 0 − d 1 )τ a ⎨⎪⎩ ⎜⎝ B DB ⎟⎠ ⎬⎪⎭
0.25l DB
H 2 a 2τ a
t 2 = 1.75 t1
3
′
C1
C1′′a
t3 =
k
where:
p : Differential pressure given by the following formula in kN/m2:
p = ( p S , IB + pW , IB ) − ( p S ,BM + pW ,BM )
p S , IB : Cargo or ballast pressure of inner bottom plating in still water, in kN/m2, as calculated at the centre
of the double bottom structure under consideration, according to Ch 4, Sec 6
pW , IB : Cargo or ballast pressure of inner bottom plating due to inertia, in kN/m2, as calculated at the centre
of the double bottom structure under consideration, according to Ch 4, Sec 6
p S , BM : External sea and ballast pressure of bottom plating in still water, in kN/m2, as calculated at the centre
of the double bottom structure under consideration, according to Ch 4, Sec 5 and Ch 4, Sec 6
pW , BM : External sea and ballast pressure of bottom plating due to inertia, in kN/m2, as calculated at the
centre of the double bottom structure under consideration, according to Ch 4, Sec 5 and Ch 4, Sec 6

208
 S : Distance between the centre of the two spaces adjacent to the centre or side girder under
consideration, in m
d0 : Depth of the centre or side girder under consideration, in m
d1 : Depth of the opening, if any, at the point under consideration, in m
l DB : Length of the double bottom, in m. Where stools are provided at transverse bulkheads, l DB may be
taken as the distance between the toes.
xc : X co-ordinate, in m, of the centre of double bottom structure under consideration with respect to the
reference co-ordinate system defined in Ch 1, Sec 4
BDB : Distance between the toes of hopper tanks at the midship part, in m, see Fig 3
C1 : Coefficient obtained from Table 2 depending on B DB / l DB . For intermediate values of B DB / l DB ,
C 1 is to be obtained by linear interpolation
a : Depth of girders at the point under consideration, in m. However, where horizontal stiffeners are
fitted on the girder, a is the distance from the horizontal stiffener under consideration to the bottom
shell plating or inner bottom plating, or the distance between the horizontal stiffeners under
consideration
S1 : Spacing, in m, of vertical ordinary stiffeners or floors
C1′ : Coefficient obtained from Table 3 depending on S1 / a . For intermediate values of S1 / a , C1′ is
to be determined by linear interpolation
H : Value obtained from the following formulae:
φ
・ where the girder is provided with an unreinforced opening : H = 1+ 0.5
α
・ In other cases: H = 1.0
φ : Major diameter of the openings, in m
α : The greater of a or S1 , in m.
C1′′ : Coefficient obtained from Table 4 depending on S1 / a . For intermediate values of S1 / a , C1′′ is
to be obtained by linear interpolation.

Table 2 Coefficient C1

BDB / l DB 0.4 and 1.6 and

0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
under over
C1 0.5 0.71 0.83 0.88 0.95 0.98 1.00

Table 3 Coefficient C1′

S1 0.3 and
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 and over
a under
C1′ 64 38 25 19 15 12 10 9 8 7

Table 4 Coefficient C1′′

S1 0.3 and 1.6 and
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4
a under over

C1′′ Centre girder 4.4 5.4 6.3 7.1 7.7 8.2 8.6 8.9 9.3 9.6 9.7
Side girder 3.6 4.4 5.1 5.8 6.3 6.7 7.0 7.3 7.6 7.9 8.0

209
2.3 Floors
2.3.1 Net web thickness
The net thickness of floors in double bottom structure, in mm, is not to be less than the greatest of either of the
value t1 to t3 specified in the followings according to each location:
pSB DB ⎛⎜ 2 y ⎞⎟⎧⎪ ⎛ x − x c ⎞ ⎫⎪
2

t1 = C 2 1 − 2⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎬
(d 0 − d 1 )τ a ⎜⎝ B DB
' ⎟⎨
⎠⎪⎩ ⎝ l DB ⎠ ⎪⎭
where x − x c is less than 0.25l DB , x − x c is to be taken as 0.25l DB , and where y is less than
'
B DB / 4 , y is to be taken as b ′ / 4

H 2 a 2τ a
t 2 = 1.75 3 t1
C 2′
8.5S 2
t3 =
k
where:
S : Spacing of solid floors, in m
d 0 : Depth of the solid floor at the point under consideration in m
d 1 : Depth of the opening, if any, at the point under consideration in m
'
B DB : Distance between toes of hopper tanks at the position of the solid floor under consideration, in m
C2 : Coefficient obtained from Table 5 depending on B DB / l DB . For intermediate values of B DB / l DB ,
C 2 is to be obtained by linear interpolation
p , BDB , x c , l DB : As defined in 2.2.1
a : Depth of the solid floor at the point under consideration, in m. However, where horizontal stiffeners
are fitted on the floor, a is the distance from the horizontal stiffener under consideration to the bottom
shell plating or the inner bottom plating or the distance between the horizontal stiffeners under
consideration
S1 : Spacing, in m, of vertical ordinary stiffeners or girders
C 2′ : Coefficient given in Table 6 depending on S1 / d 0 . For intermediate values of S1 / d 0 , C 2′ is to be
determined by linear interpolation.
H : Value obtained from the following formulae:
(a) where openings with reinforcement or no opening are provided on solid floors:
i) where slots without reinforcement are provided:
d2
H = 4.0 − 1.0 , without being taken less than 1.0
S1
ii) where slots with reinforcement are provided: H = 1.0
(b) where openings without reinforcement are provided on solid floors:
i) where slots without reinforcement are provided:
⎛ φ ⎞ d φ
H = ⎜⎜1 + 0.5 ⎟ 4.0 2 − 1.0 , without being taken less than 1 + 0.5
⎟
⎝ d0 ⎠ S1 d0
ii) where slots with reinforcement are provided:
φ
H = 1 + 0.5
d0
d2 : Depth of slots without reinforcement provided at the upper and lower parts of solid floors, in m,
whichever is greater
φ : Major diameter of the openings, in m
S2 : The smaller of S1 or a , in m.

210
 Table 5 Coefficient C 2
BDB 0.4 and 1.6 and
l DB 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
under over
C2 0.48 0.47 0.45 0.43 0.40 0.37 0.34

Table 6 Coefficient C 2′

S1 / d 0 0.3 and 1.4 and

0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2
under over
C 2′ 64 38 25 19 15 12 10 9 8 7

2.4 Stringer of double side structure

2.4.1 Net web thickness
The net thickness of stringers in double side structure, in mm, is not to be less than the greatest of either of the
value t1 to t3 specified in the followings according to each location:
pS x − x c
t1 = C 3 , where x − x c is under 0.25l DS , x − x c is to be taken as 0.25l DS
(d 0 − d 1 )τ a
H 2 a 2τ a
t 2 = 1.75 3 t1
C 3′
8.5S 2
t3 =
k
where :
p : Differential pressure given by the following formula in kN/m2:
p= (p S , SS + pW , SS ) − ( p S , LB + pW , LB )
p S , SS : External sea and ballast pressure of side shell plating in still water, in kN/m2, as measured vertically
at the upper end of hopper tank, longitudinally at the centre of l DS , according to Ch 4, Sec 5 and
Ch 4, Sec 6
pW , SS : External sea and ballast pressure of side shell plating due to inertia, in kN/m2, as measured vertically
at the upper end of hopper tank, longitudinally at the centre of l DS , according to Ch 4, Sec 5 and
Ch 4, Sec 6
p S , LB : Ballast pressure of longitudinal bulkhead in still water, in kN/m2, as measured vertically at the upper
end of hopper tank, longitudinally at the centre of l DS , according to Ch 4, Sec 6
pW , LB : Ballast pressure of longitudinal bulkhead due to inertia, in kN/m2, as measured vertically at the
upper end of hopper tank, longitudinally at the centre of l DS , according to Ch 4, Sec 6
S : Breadth of part supported by stringer, in m
d0 : Depth of stringers, in m
d1 : Depth of opening, if any, at the point under consideration, in m.
xc : X co-ordinate, in m, of the center of double side structure under consideration with respect to the
reference co-ordinate system defined in Ch 1, Sec 4
l DS : Length of the double side structure between the transverse bulkheads under consideration, in m
h DS : Height of the double side structure between the upper end of hopper tank and the lower end of
topside tank, in m
C3 : Coefficient obtained from Table 7 depending on h DS / l DS . For intermediate values of h DS / l DS ,
C 3 is to be obtained by linear interpolation.
a : Depth of stringers at the point under consideration, in m. However, where horizontal stiffeners are
fitted on the stringer, a is the distance from the horizontal stiffener under consideration to the side
shell plating or the longitudinal bulkhead of double side structure or the distance between the
horizontal stiffeners under consideration
S1 : Spacing, in m, of transverse ordinary stiffeners or web frames

211
 C 3′ : Coefficient obtained from Table 8 depending on S1 / a . For intermediate values of S1 / a , C 3′ is
to be obtained by linear interpolation.
H : Value obtained from the following formulae:
φ
・ where the stringer is provided with an unreinforced opening: H = 1+ 0.5
α
・ in other cases: H = 1.0
φ : Major diameter of the openings, in m
α : The greater of a or S1 , in m
S2 : The smaller of a or S1 , in m

Table 7 Coefficient C3
hDS 0.5 and 1.3 and
l DS 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2
under over
C3 0.16 0.23 0.30 0.36 0.41 0.44 0.47 0.50 0.54

Table 8 Coefficient C 3′
S1 0.3 and 1.4 and
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2
a under over
'
C 3 64 38 25 19 15 12 10 9 8 7

2.5 Transverse web in double side structure

2.5.1 Net web thickness
The net thickness of transverse webs in double side structure, in mm, is not to be less than the greatest of either of
the value t1 to t3 specified in the followings according to each location:
pSh DS ⎛ z − z BH ⎞
t1 = C 4 ⎜1 − 1.75 ⎟
(d 0 − d 1 )τ a ⎝
⎜ h DS ⎟⎠
where z − z BH is greater than 0.4h DS , z − z BH is to be taken as 0.4h DS
H 2 a 2τ a
t 2 = 1.75 3 t1
C 4′
8.5S 2
t3 =
k
where :
S : Breadth of part supported by transverses, in m
d0 : Depth of transverses, in m
d1 : Depth of opening at the point under consideration, in m
C4 : Coefficient obtained from Table 9 depending on h DS / l DS . For intermediate values of h DS / l DS ,
C 4 is to be obtained by linear interpolation
z BH : Z co-ordinates, in m, of the upper end of hopper tank with respect to the reference co-ordinate system
defined in Ch 1, Sec 4
p , hDS and l DS : as defined in the requirements of 2.4.1
a : Depth of transverses at the point under consideration, in m. However, where vertical stiffeners are
fitted on the transverse, a is the distance from the vertical stiffener under consideration to the side
shell or the longitudinal bulkhead of double side hull or the distance between the vertical stiffeners
under consideration.
S1 : Spacing, in m, of horizontal ordinary stiffeners or stringers
C 4′ : Coefficient obtained from Table 10 depending on S1 / a . For intermediate values of S1 / a , C 4′ is
to be obtained by linear interpolation.
H : Value obtained from the following formulae :

212
 φ
・ where the transverse is provided with an unreinforced opening: H = 1 + 0.5
α
・ in other cases: H = 1.0
φ : Major diameter of the openings, in m
α : The greater of a or S1 , in m
S2 : The smaller of a or S1 , in m

Table 9 Coefficient C 4
hDS 0.5 and 1.3 and
l DS 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2
under over
C4 0.62 0.61 0.59 0.55 0.52 0.49 0.46 0.43 0.41

Table 10 Coefficient C 4′
S1 0.3 and 1.4 and
a 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2
under over
'
C 4 64 38 25 19 15 12 10 9 8 7

2.6 Primary supporting member in bilge hopper tanks and topside tanks and other structures
2.6.1 Load calculation point
For horizontal members, the lateral pressure and hull girder stress, if any, are to be calculated at mid-span of the
primary supporting members considered, unless otherwise specified.
For vertical members, the lateral pressure p is to be calculated as the maximum between the values obtained at
mid-span and the pressure obtained from the following formula:
p + pL
・ p= U , when the upper end of the vertical member is below the lowest zero pressure level
2
l p
・ p = 1 L , when the upper end of the vertical member is at or above the lowest zero pressure level (see Fig. 1)
l 2
where:
l1 : Distance, in m, between the lower end of vertical member and the lowest zero pressure level
pU , p L : Lateral pressures at the upper and lower end of the vertical member span l, respectively

213
 Fig. 1 Definition of pressure for vertical members

2.6.2 Boundary conditions

The requirements of this sub-article apply to primary supporting members considered as clamped at both ends. For
boundary conditions deviated from the above, the yielding check is to be considered on a case by case basis.
2.6.3 Net section modulus, net shear sectional area and web thickness under intact conditions
The net section modulus w , in cm3, the net shear sectional area Ash , in cm2, and the net web thickness t w , in mm,
subjected to lateral pressure are to be not less than the values obtained from the following formulae:
( p + pW )sl 2 3
w= S 10
mλ S RY
5( p S + pW )sl
Ash =
τ a sin φ
h wτ a
t w = 1.75 3 Ash
10 4 C 5
where:
λ S : Coefficient defined in Table 11
φ : Angle, in deg, between the primary supporting member web and the shell plate, measured at the
middle of the member span; the correction is to be applied when φ is less than 75 deg.
C 5 : Coefficient defined in Table 12 according to s1 and d 0 . For intermediate values of s1 / d 0 ,
coefficient C 5 is to be obtained by linear interpolation.
s1 : Spacing of stiffeners or tripping brackets on web plate, in m
d0 : Spacing of stiffeners parallel to shell plate on web plate, in m

Table 11 Coefficient λS
Primary supporting members Coefficient λS
Longitudinal members contributing to the hull girder ⎛ σ ⎞
1.1⎜1.0 − 0.85 X ⎟ , without being taken greater than 0.8
⎜ RY ⎟
longitudinal strength ⎝ ⎠

Other members 0.8

Table 12 Coefficient C5
s1/d0 0.3 and less 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.5 2.0 and over
C5 60.0 40.0 26.8 20.0 16.4 14.4 13.0 12.3 11.1 10.2

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3. Additional requirements for primary supporting members of BC-A and BC-B ships

3.1 Evaluation of double bottom capacity and allowable hold loading in flooded conditions
3.1.1 Shear capacity of the double bottom
The shear capacity of the double bottom is to be calculated as the sum of the shear strength at each end of:
・ all floors adjacent to both hopper tanks, less one half of the shear strength of the two floors adjacent to each
stool, or transverse bulkhead if no stool is fitted (see Fig. 2); the floor shear strength is to be calculated
according to 3.1.2,
・ all double bottom girders adjacent to both stools, or transverse bulkheads if no stool is fitted; the girder shear
strength is to be calculated according to 3.1.3.
Where in the end holds, girders or floors run out and are not directly attached to the boundary stool or hopper tank
girder, their strength is to be evaluated for the one end only.
The floors and girders to be considered in calculating the shear capacity of the double bottom are those inside the
hold boundaries formed by the hopper tanks and stools (or transverse bulkheads if no stool is fitted). The hopper tank
side girders and the floors directly below the connection of the stools (or transverse bulkheads if no stool is fitted) to
the inner bottom may not be included.
When the geometry and/or the structural arrangement of the double bottom is/are such as to make the above
assumptions inadequate, the shear capacity of the double bottom is to be calculated by means of direct calculations to
be carried out according to the requirements specified in Ch 7, as far as applicable.
3.1.2 Floor shear strength
The floor shear strength, in kN, is to be obtained from the following formulae:
・ in way of the floor panel adjacent to the hopper tank:
τ A −3
S f1 = Af 10
η1
・ in way of the openings in the outermost bay (i.e. that bay which is closer to the hopper tank):
τ A −3
S f 2 = A f ,h 10
η2
where:
Af : Net sectional area, in mm2, of the floor panel adjacent to the hopper tank
Af,h : Net sectional area, in mm2, of the floor panels in way of the openings in the outermost bay (i.e. that bay
which is closer to the hopper tank)
τA : Allowable shear stress, in N/mm2, equal to the lesser of:
0.6
R eH R
τ A = 0.645 and τ A = eH
(s / t N ) 0.8
3
tN :Floor web net thickness, in mm
s :Spacing, in m, of stiffening members of the panel considered
η1 :Coefficient to be taken equal to 1.1
η2 :Coefficient to be taken equal to 1.2. It may be reduced to 1.1 where appropriate reinforcements are
fitted in way of the openings in the outermost bay, to be examined by the Society on a case-by-case
basis.
3.1.3 Girder shear strength
The girder shear strength, in kN, is to be obtained from the following formulae:
・ in way of the girder panel adjacent to the stool (or transverse bulkhead, if no stool is fitted):
τ A −3
S g1 = Ag 10
η1
・ in way of the largest opening in the outermost bay (i.e. that bay which is closer to the stool, or transverse
bulk-head, if no stool is fitted):
τ A −3
S g 2 = Ag , h 10
η2

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 Ag : Net sectional area, in mm2, of the girder panel adjacent to the stool (or transverse bulkhead, if no stool
is fitted)
Ag,h : Net sectional area, in mm2, of the girder panel in way of the largest opening in the outermost bay (i.e.
that bay which is closer to the stool, or transverse bulkhead, if no stool is fitted)
τA : Allowable shear stress, in N/mm2, defined in 3.1.2, where tN is the girder web net thickness
η1 : Coefficient to be taken equal to 1.1
η2 : Coefficient to be taken equal to 1.15. It may be reduced to 1.1 where appropriate reinforcements are
fitted in way of the largest opening in the outermost bay, to be examined by the Society on a
case-by-case basis.
3.1.4 Allowable hold loading
The allowable hold loading is to be obtained, in t, from the following formula:
1
W = ρ CV
F
where:
F : Coefficient to be taken equal to:
F = 1.1 in general
F = 1.05 for steel mill products
V : Volume, in m3, occupied by cargo at a level hB
hB : Level of cargo, in m2, to be obtained from the following formula:
X
hB =
ρC g
X : Pressure, in kN/m2, to be obtained from the following formulae:
・ for dry bulk cargoes, the lesser of:
Z + ρg (z F − 0.1D1 − hF )
X =
ρ
1+ ( perm − 1)
ρC
X = Z + ρg (z F − 0.1D1 − h F perm )
・ for steel mill products:
Z + ρg (z F − 0.1D1 − hF )
X =
ρ
1−
ρC
D1 : Distance, in m, from the base line to the freeboard deck at side amidships
hF : Inner bottom flooding head is the distance, in m, measured vertically with the ship in the upright
position, from the inner bottom to a level located at a distance zF, in m, from the baseline.
zF : Flooding level, in m, defined in Ch 4, Sec 6, 3.3.3
perm : Permeability of cargo, which need not be taken greater than 0.3
Z : Pressure, in kN/m2, to be taken as the lesser of:
CH
Z=
ADB , H
CE
Z=
ADB , E
CH : Shear capacity of the double bottom, in kN, to be calculated according to 3.1.1, considering, for each
floor, the lesser of the shear strengths Sf1 and Sf2 (see 3.1.2) and, for each girder, the lesser of the
shear strengths Sg1 and Sg2 (see 3.1.3)
CE : Shear capacity of the double bottom, in kN, to be calculated according to 3.1.1, considering, for each
floor, the shear strength Sf1 (see 3.1.2) and, for each girder, the lesser of the shear strengths Sg1 and Sg2
(see 3.1.3)
n
・ ADB , H = ∑ S i B DB ,i
i =1
n
・ ADB , E = ∑ S i (B DB − s )
i =1

216
 n : Number of floors between stools (or transverse bulkheads, if no stool is fitted)
Si : Space of i-th floor, in m
BDB,i : Length, in m, to be taken equal to :
BDB,i = BDB – s for floors for which Sf1 < Sf2 (see 3.1.2)
BDB,i = BDB,h for floors for which Sf1 ≥ Sf2 (see 3.1.2)
BDB : Breadth, in m, of double bottom between the hopper tanks (see Fig. 3)
BDB,h : Distance, in m, between the two openings considered (see Fig. 3)
s : Spacing, in m, of inner bottom longitudinal ordinary stiffeners adjacent to the hopper tanks.

Fig. 2 Double bottom structure

Fig. 3 Dimensions BDB and BDB,h

4. Pillars

4.1 Buckling of pillars subjected to compressive axial load

4.1.1 General
It is to be checked that the compressive stress of pillars does not exceed the critical column buckling stress
calculated according to 4.1.2.
4.1.2 Critical column buckling stress of pillars
The critical column buckling stress of pillars is to be obtained, in N/mm2, from the following formulae:
R
σ cB = σ E1 for σ E1 ≤ eH
2
⎛ R ⎞ R
σ cB = ReH ⎜⎜1 − eH ⎟⎟ for σ E1 > eH
⎝ 4σ E1 ⎠ 2

217
where:
σE1 : Euler column buckling stress, to be obtained, in N/mm2, from the following formula:
I
σ E1 = π 2 E 10 − 4
A( fl )
2

I : Minimum net moment of inertia, in cm4, of the pillar

A : Net cross-sectional area, in cm2, of the pillar
f : Coefficient to be obtained from Table 13.

Table 13 Coefficient f
Boundary conditions of the pillar f
Both ends fixed

0.5

One end fixed, one end pinned

2
2

Both ends pinned

1.0

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 Appendix 1 BUCKLING & ULTIMATE STRENGTH

1. Application of Ch 6, Sec 3

1.1 General application

1.1.1 Mutable shear stress
If shear stresses are not uniform on the width b of the elementary plate panel, the greater of the two following
values is to be used:
・ mean value of τ
・ 0.5τmax
1.1.2 Change of thickness within an elementary plate panel
If the plate thickness of an elementary plate panel varies over the width b, the buckling check may be performed
for an equivalent elementary plate panel a × b' having a thickness equal to the smaller plate thickness t1.
The width of this equivalent elementary plate panel is defined by the following formula:
1 .5
⎛t ⎞
b ' = b1 + b2 ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟
⎝ t2 ⎠
where:
b1 : Width of the part of the elementary plate panel with the smaller plate thickness t1
b2 : Width of the part of the elementary plate panel with the greater plate thickness t2

Fig. 1 Plate thickness change within the field breath

b1 b2

t1 t2

1.1.3 Evaluation of floors or other high girders with holes

The following procedure may be used to assess high girders with holes:
a) Divide the plate field in sub elementary plate panels according the Fig. 2
b) Assess the elementary plate panel and all sub elementary plate panels separately with the following boundary
conditions:
・ for sub panels 1 to 4: all edges are simply supported (load cases 1 and 2 in Ch 6, Sec 3, Table 2)
・ for sub panels 5 and 6: simply supported, one side free (load case 3 in Ch 6, Sec 3, Table 2).

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 Fig. 2 Elementary plate panels of high girder with hole

3 1
1

r
6 5
4 2
2
r/3

1.2 Application to hull transverse section analysis

1.2.1 Idealization of elementary plate panels
The buckling check of the elementary plate panel is to be performed under the loads defined in Ch 6, Sec 3, 2.1,
according to the requirements of Ch 6, Sec 3, 3.
The determination of the buckling and reduction factors is made according to the Ch 6, Sec 3, Table 2 for the
plane plate panel and Ch 6, Sec 3, Table 3 for the curved plate panel.
For the determination of the buckling and reduction factors in Ch 6, Sec 3, Table 2, the following cases are to be
used according to the type of stresses and framing system of the plating:
・ For the normal compressive stress:
・ Buckling load case 1 for longitudinally framed plating, the membrane stress in x-direction σ x being the normal
stress σn defined in Ch 6, Sec 3, 2.1.2
・ Buckling load case 2 for transversely framed plating, the membrane stress in y-direction σ y being the normal
stress σn defined in Ch 6, Sec3, 2.1.2, and the values a and b being exchanged to obtain α value greater than 1
as it is considered in load case 2.
・ For the shear stress: Buckling case 5, τ being the shear stress τSF defined in Ch 6, Sec 3, 2.1.3.

Fig. 3 Idealization of elementary plate panels

s1u sx global
1 Load
s1u case
s1l = y × s1u
s1l s2u
s2u

s2l Load
2 case

s2l = y × s2u sy local

sx global

1.2.2 Ordinary stiffeners

The buckling check of the longitudinal and transverse ordinary stiffeners of partial and total plate panels (see Ch 6,
Sec 3, Fig. 1) is to be performed under the loads defined in Ch 6, Sec 3, 2.1, according to Ch 6, Sec 3, 4 with:
・ σ x = normal stress σn defined in Ch 6, Sec 3, 2.1.2
・ σy =0

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 The effective width of the attached plating of the stiffeners is to be determined in accordance with Ch 6, Sec 3, 5.
A constant stress is to be assumed corresponding to the greater of the following values:
・ stress at half length of the stiffener
・ 0.5 of the maximum compressive stress of adjacent elementary plate panels
1.2.3 Primary supporting members with stiffeners in parallel
The effective width of the attached plating of the primary supporting members is to be determined in accordance
with Ch 6, Sec 3, 5.2.
In addition, when ordinary stiffeners are fitted on the attached plate and parallel to a primary supporting member,
the buckling check is to consider a moment of inertia Ix taking account the moments of inertia of the parallel ordinary
stiffeners connected to its attached plate (see Ch 6, Sec 3, Fig. 3).
1.2.4 Primary supporting members with stiffener perpendicular to girder
The effective width of the attached plating of the primary supporting members is to be determined in accordance
with Ch 6, Sec 3, 5.2.
In addition, when ordinary stiffeners are fitted on the attached plate and perpendicular to a primary supporting
member, the buckling check is to consider a moment of inertia Ix taking account the effective width according to (see
Ch 6, Sec 3, Fig. 4).

1.3 Additional application to FEM analysis

1.3.1 Non uniform compressive stresses along the length of the buckling panel
If compressive stresses are not uniform over the length of the unloaded plate edge (e.g. in case of girders subjected
to bending), the compressive stress value is to be taken at a distance of b/2 from the transverse plate edge having the
largest compressive stress (see Fig. 4). This value is not to be less than the average value of the compressive stress
along the longitudinal edge.

Fig. 4 Non uniform compressive stress along longitudinal edge a

b
sx

b/2

1.3.2 Buckling stress calculation of non rectangular elementary plate panels

a) Quadrilateral panels
According to Fig. 5, rectangles that completely surround the irregular buckling panel are searched. Among
several possibilities the rectangle with the smallest area is taken. This rectangle is shrunk to the area of the
original panel, where the aspect ratio and the centre are maintained. This leads to the final rectangular panel with
the dimensions a, b.

221
 Fig. 5 Approximation of non rectangular elementary plate panels

Original irregular panel ( )

Intermediate rectangles ( )
Rectangle with smallest area ( )
Final rectangle ( )

b) Trapezoidal elementary plate panel

A rectangle is derived with a being the mean value of the bases and b being the height of the original panel.

Fig. 6 Approximation of trapezoidal elementary plate panel

c) Right triangle
The legs of the right triangle are reduced by 0.5 to obtain a rectangle of same area and aspect ratio.

Fig. 7 Approximation of right triangle

d) General triangle
General triangle is treated according to a) above.
1.3.3 Buckling assessment of side shell plates
In order to assess the buckling criteria for vertically stiffened side shell plating, the following cases have to be
considered:
In case vertical and shear stresses are approximately constant over the height of the elementary plate panel:

222
・ Buckling load cases 1, 2 and 5, according to Ch 6, Sec 3, Table 2 are to be considered
・ ψ = f (σ , σ ) for horizontal stresses
1 2
・ ψ = 1.0 for vertical stresses
・ t = tmin (Elementary plate panel)
In case of distributed horizontal, vertical and shear stresses over the height of the elementary plate panel, the
following stress situations are to be considered separately:
a) Pure vertical stress
・ The size of buckling field to be considered is b times b ( α = 1 )
・ ψ = 1.0
・ The maximum vertical stress in the elementary plate panel is to be considered in applying the criteria
b) Shear stress associated to vertical stress
・ The size of buckling field to be considered is 2b times b ( α = 2 )
・ ψ = 1.0
・ The following two stress combinations are to be considered:
・ The maximum vertical stress in the elementary plate panel plus the shear stress and longitudinal stress
at the location where maximum vertical stress occurs
・ The maximum shear stress in the elementary plate panel plus the vertical stress and longitudinal stress
at the location where maximum shear stress occurs
・ The plate thickness t to be considered is the one at the location where the maximum vertical/shear stress
occurs

c) Distributed longitudinal stress associated with vertical and shear stress

・ The actual size of the elementary plate panel is to be used ( α = f (a, b) ).
・ The actual edge factor ψ for longitudinal stress is to be used
・ The average values for vertical stress and shear stress are to be used.
・ t = tmin (Elementary plate panel)
1.3.4 Buckling assessment of corrugated bulkheads
The transverse elementary plate panel (face plate) is to be assesed using the normal stress parallel to the
corrugation. The slanted elementary plate panel (web plate) is to be assessed using the combination of normal and
shear stresses.
The plate panel breadth b is to be measured according to Fig. 8.

Fig. 8 Measuring b of corrugated bulkheads

Face plate Web plate

a) Face plate assessment

・ F1 = 1.1 is to be used
・ The buckling load case 1, according to Ch 6, Sec 3, Table 2, is to be used
・ The size of the buckling field to be considered is b times b ( α = 1 )
・ ψ = 1.0
・ The maximum vertical stress in the elementary plate panel is to be considered in applying the criteria
・ The plate thickness t to be considered is the one at the location where the maximum vertical stress occurs
b) Web plate assessment
・ F1 = 1.1 is to be used

223
・ The buckling load cases 1 and 5, according to Ch 6, Sec 3, Table 2, are to be used.
・ The size of the buckling field to be considered is 2b times b ( α = 2 )
・ ψ = 1.0
・ The following two stress combinations are to be considered:
・ The maximum vertical stress in the elementary plate panel plus the shear stress and longitudinal stress
at the location where maximum vertical stress occurs
・ The maximum shear stress in the elementary plate panel plus the vertical stress and longitudinal stress
at the location where maximum shear stress occurs
・ The plate thickness t to be considered is the one at the location where the maximum vertical/shear stress
occurs.

224