B.M.

S COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,
BENGALURU-560 019
(Autonomous Institute under VTU)
22ME1ESCED/22ME2ECED
COMPUTER-AIDED ENGINEERING DRAWING
 Orthographic Projection
Projection
• Projection is a process of causing an image by rays of light taken from an object to a picture plane.
• Common method of representing three-dimensional objects
• Three-dimensional drawings can be used to show the overall concept and design, but they are
often not able to explain actual shape, size and other details of object which are required for the
purpose of manufacturing .
• Orthographic drawings can help to overcome those challenges.
Orthographic Projection
• In orthographic projection, the projectors are parallel and perpendicular to the plane of projection.
• Orthographic projections on mutually perpendicular projection planes will fully describe the object
in its shape and size.
• Hence, all design and manufacturing drawings are made with orthographic projections.
• An orthographic drawing represents a three-dimensional object using several two-dimensional
views of the object.
• In orthographic projection, object is viewed along parallel lines that are perpendicular to the plane
of the drawing.
• In engineering drawing following four methods of projection are commonly
used.
• They are:
• (1) Orthographic projection (3) Oblique projection
• (2) Isometric /Axonometric projection (4) Perspective projection.
• In the above methods (2), (3) and (4) represent the object by a pictorial
view as eyes see it. In these methods of projection a three dimensional
object is represented on a projection plane by one view only.
• While in the orthographic projection an object is represented by two or
three views on the mutual perpendicular projection planes. Each
projection view represents two dimensions of an object. For the complete
description of the three dimensional object at least two or three views are
required
Parallel Projection/Orthographic
Projection
Parallel projection is obtained by assuming
the observer at infinite distance from the
object. Hence, the visual rays are
considered as parallel to one another.
These rays or lines of sight are used to
project the object on a standard plane.
The object is projected to a plane by
drawing straight lines from each and every
point on the object. These lines used for
projecting the object are ‘projectors’. The
plane to which the object is projected is
the ‘plane of projection’. All projectors are In orthographic projection, an object is
parallel to one another and perpendicular represented by projecting its views on imaginary
to the plane of projection. The image or orthogonal planes. Any object, irrespective to
view obtained on the plane is the the dimensions, (1D, 2D or 3D objects) is
‘projection’. converted to 2D drawings or projections.
 Types of objects
Dimensionless 1D 2D 3D

Ex- intersection of lines, a Hair, Very thin All zero thickness planes Three dimensional
dot, CG of a plane, corner of wire like triangular lamina, objects like cylinder,
a 3D object, a dust particle square lamina etc cone, prism etc
 The planes are assumed to be transparent. The projections are obtained by drawing
Reference planes perpendiculars from the object to the planes, i.e. by looking from the front and from
above.

Principal Planes
1. Vertical Plane (VP)
A view looking from the front is called front view or front elevation and shows the width and height dimensions. It is
projected onto the vertical plane.

2. Horizontal Plane (HP)

A view looking from the top is called top view or plan. It is projected onto the horizontal plane placed below the object.
Top view shows the width and depth dimensions of an object

3. Profile planes (PP)/Side planes

Planes perpendicular to both horizontal and vertical planes are profile planes. A view looking from the side of an object
is projected onto the profile plane. The viewing can be from the right or the left side of the object. The view drawn
looking the object from the right is called right side view or right end elevation. The view looking the object from the left
is called left side view or left end elevation. Side view of an object shows the depth and height dimensions

Main Reference Line, x-y and x1-y1

The line of intersection of Horizontal plane (HP) and Vertical plane (VP) is the main reference line, x-y. Intersection
of side plane with HP and VP & PP is x1-y1
Four Quadrants and systems of projection

When the planes of projection

are extended beyond the line of
intersection, they form four
quadrants.

The object may be situated in

any one of the quadrants, its
position relative to the planes
being described as "above or
below the H.P." and "in front of
or behind the V.P."
Quadrants
Above HP
Above HP In front of VP
Behind VP

Direction of
viewing

Below HP Below HP
Behind VP In front of VP

IQ II Q III Q IV Q
QUADRANT

QUADRANT FV VP FV TV
VP HP TV HP
HP VP HP FV
QUADRANT FV
TV VP TV
Direction of
QUADRANT viewing
ABOVE HP ABOVE HP BELOW HP BELOW HP
IN FRONT OF VP BEHIND VP BEHIND VP IN FRONT OF VP
I angle projection
1. The object is kept in the first quadrant.

2. The object lies between the observer and the plane of projection.
3. In this method, when the views are drawn in their relative positions,·
the Plan(Top View) comes below the Elevation(Front view), the left-
side view is drawn on the right profile plane and right view on left profile
plane.
4. This method of projection is now recommended by the "Bureau of Indian
Standards‘ from 1991
 I angle projection X1 X1
Direction of viewing to get LPP VP RPP
top view

Left
Right Front
view
Direction of viewing view view
to get right view
X Y
Top
view
QUADRANT
Object
QUADRANT HP
y1 y1
QUADRANT
PLANE OBJECT OBSERVER
(IMAGE)
Direction of
viewing to get
left view Direction of
QUADRANT Viewing to get
front view

FV LV
III angle projection
• The object is assumed to be kept in the third quadrant.

• The plane of projection lies between the observer and the object.

• The plane of projection is assumed to be transparent.

• In this method, when the views are drawn in their relative positions, the
Plan(Top View) , comes above the elevation(Front view), the left side view
is drawn on the left profile plane and right view on right profile plane.

• This method of projection is used in U.S.A. and also in other countries;

 Direction of III angle projection X1 X1
viewing to get HP
Direction of
top view X1 viewing to get
right view
RPP Top
X1 view
Y X Y
LPP HP RPP
Left
VP view
X Front Right
view view
LPP
Object VP
Y1 Y1 y1
Direction of viewing
to get left view Direction of
Viewing to get Object Plane OBSERVER
front view (Image)
Y1

LV FV
 Difference between I and III angle projection

FV LV FV
LV

I angle projection III angle projection

1. Object is Above HP, Infront of VP 1. Object is Below HP, Behind VP and
and Infront of LPP.RPP behind LPP.RPP
2. VP above x-y line (HP,VP 2. VP below x-y line (HP,VP intersection
intersection line) and FV on VP, HP line) and FV on VP, HP above x-y line
below x-y line and TV on HP. and TV on HP.
3. Left view is on RPP,Right view is on 3. Left view is on LPP, Right view is on
LPP RPP
1. A point ‘A’ is 25 mm in front of VP, 30 Projection of point in I quadrant X1
mm above HP and 20 mm in front of right PP.
Draw the three principal views of the point.
PLANE OBJECT OBSERVER X1
IMAGE RPP
VP Y
x1 HP
a’ a’’ RPP X LPP A
p p X1
20 Y1
VP y a’
x HP n a’’ Y1
a n
30

30
y1
VP RPP
X Y
n HP 20
25

25 a
Y1

Assignment 1: A point ‘A’ is 25 mm in front of VP, 30 mm above HP and

20 mm in front of left PP. Draw the three principal views of the point.
Projection of point in III quadrant X1
Top
X1

view
2. A point ‘A’ is 20 mm behind VP, 40 mm
below HP and 20 mm behind right PP. Draw X HP Y
VP RPP
the three principal views of the point. LPP
Left Front Right
view view view
X1 y1
X1
Object Plane OBSERVER
Image
X1
20
a
Assignment 2:
R 40 20 A point ‘A’ is 20 mm
HP RPP behind VP, 40 mm
X VP Y
20 below HP and 20 mm
Y1
behind left PP. Draw
40

the three principal

views of the point.
a’’
a’ Y1
3. A point is touching both HP and VP. Obtain the projections

Solution:
Point can be in any quadrant

VP P’
X Y IQ
HP p

HP p
III Q X Y
VP p’

ASSIGNMENT 3:
A point is touches all the three
Principal plans. Obtain the
projections
4. A point Q, is 15mm above HP and in VP and 20 mm from RPP. Draw its Projections

Solution: Point can be in I or II quadrant

X1
q’
q’’
20

15
VP Y
X
HP q
Y1

ASSIGNMENT 4:
A point Q, is 15mm above HP and in
VP and 20 mm from LPP. Draw its
Projections
5. A point Q is 35mm below HP, in VP and 20mm from RPP. Draw the projections and
state the quadrant in which the point is situated

Point can be in III or IV quadrant X1

HP q
X VP Y
20

35
q’’
q’
Y1

Assignment 5. A point Q is 35mm below

HP, in VP and 20mm from LPP. Draw the
projections and state the quadrant in
which the point is situated
6. A point Q is 30mm in front of VP, 20mm from LPP and in HP. Draw the projections
and state the quadrant in which the point is situated

Point can be in I or IV quadrant

Assignment 6. A point Q is 30mm in front

of VP, 20mm from RPP and in HP. Draw
the projections and state the quadrant in
which the point is situated
7. A point Q, is 40mm behind VP and in HP and 20 mm from LPP. Draw its Projections

Solution: Point can be in II or III quadrant

q’’
Assignment 7:
A point Q, is 40mm behind VP
and in the HP and 20 mm from
RPP. Draw its Projections
8. A point ‘A’ is 20mm above HP and in the first quadrant. Its shortest distance from the
reference line XY is 40mm. Draw the projections of the point and determine its distance from
VP. LPP is at a distance of 20mm from the point

20
9. A point ‘A’ is 25 mm below HP and is in III quadrant. Its shortest distance from the
line of intersection of HP and VP is 45 mm. Draw the projections of the point and
determine its distance from VP.

RPP at any arbitrary distance

10. The orthographic projections of certain points are shown in the following Fig.
Determine their positions with respect to the planes of projection and state in which
quadrants the points are situated.

x y