fact and theory
fact and theory
I. Introduction
Public administration, as a field of study and practice, relies heavily on both empirical evidence
(facts) and conceptual frameworks (theories). Understanding the relationship between facts
and theories is crucial for effective governance, policymaking, and administrative decision-
making.
Thus, facts and theories are not separate entities but rather interdependent components that help
improve our understanding and management of public affairs.
The number of pending cases in the Office of the Ombudsman (e.g., as of 2023, there
were over 8,000 backlog cases).
The budget allocation for health services in a given fiscal year.
A survey result showing that 80% of citizens are dissatisfied with a government
service.
These facts provide raw data, but they do not explain why something happens or predict future
trends. This is where theories come into play.
III. What is a Theory?
Definition and Characteristics
A theory is a set of interrelated concepts and propositions that explain how and why
a phenomenon occurs.
Theories provide systematic frameworks for understanding governance, policy
implementation, and bureaucratic behavior.
They allow public administrators and policymakers to analyze complex problems,
predict outcomes, and develop solutions.
Fact: Studies show that LGUs with weak oversight have higher cases of corruption.
Theory: Principal-Agent Theory explains that when government officials (agents) lack
accountability mechanisms, they may act in self-interest instead of serving the
public (principal).
Impact on Public Administration: Strengthened anti-corruption laws, auditing
mechanisms, and citizen oversight programs.
Fact: LGUs with high levels of citizen engagement report better governance outcomes.
Theory: Participatory Governance Theory states that public involvement enhances
accountability and policy effectiveness.
Impact on Public Administration: Expansion of barangay assemblies and
participatory budgeting programs.
VII. Conclusion
Facts and theories are interdependent—facts help build and refine theories, while
theories organize and interpret facts.
The dynamic relationship between fact-finding and theory-building is essential for
improving governance, policymaking, and service delivery.
Understanding how theories evolve through facts ensures that public administration
remains adaptive, effective, and responsive.