LEARNING MODULE

in
PRACTICAL RESEARCH
2
MONTH of AUGUST

PREPARED BY:

GEMMA C. DELOS SANTOS

Subject Teacher

CHECKED BY:

JOE ANN V. DADUYA

SHS Coordinator

NOTED BY:

KIM ABIGAIL S. CAMACHO

SHS Principal
 ARCHDIOCESE OF LINGAYEN-DAGUPAN CATHOLIC SCHOOLS
URBIZTONDO CATHOLIC SCHOOL,INC.
URBIZTONDO,PANGASINAN
S.Y. 2021-2022

VISION STATEMENT

In communio, the ALDCS – Urbiztondo Catholic School, Inc. form Christian

steward through holistic Catholic Education and formation.

MISSION STATEMENT

To achieve the vision, ALDCS – Urbiztondo Catholic School, Inc. is committed to

the following mission:

Authenticity
To establish among member schools a Catholic identity rooted in Gospel values,
centered on the Eucharist and committed to faith formation, academic excellence
and service.

Leadership
To ensure an efficient operation of the schools through effective governance which
provides direction, authority and leadership.

Dynamism
To provide a clearly articulated rigorous curriculum aligned with relevant
standards, 21st century skills, Gospel values implemented through effective
instructions.

Community
To establish networking and linkages through communion with other schools, the
church and other social institutions.

System
To enact comprehensive organizational plans based on compelling mission for
Institutional advancement through academic instruction, promotion, enrolment
management, technology development and innovative stewardship.

CORE VALUES

Authentic Witnessing
Governance and Leadership
Excellence and Relevance
Responsible Stewardship
Communion / Community

Learning Module in Practical Research 2

Subject Teacher: Gemma C. delos Santos
Contact Number: 0995-749-6196
Facebook Account: Gemma C. delos Santos

2|P age
 ARCHDIOCESE OF LINGAYEN-DAGUPAN CATHOLIC SCHOOLS
URBIZTONDO CATHOLIC SCHOOL,INC.
URBIZTONDO,PANGASINAN
S.Y. 2021-2022

UNIT 1: THE NATURE OF INQUIRY AND RESEARCH

CONTENT STANDARD:
The learners will be able to understand the concepts and nature of inquiry
and research.
PERFORMANCE STANDARD:
The learners will be able to demonstrate their understanding regarding
the nature of inquiry and research by evaluating the student’s
comprehension through exchanging of ideas.
TRANSFER GOAL:
The learners will be able to appraise the value of concepts learned about
inquiry and research on their daily life.
INTRODUCTION
There are many things you want to know in this world. People,
things, places, events- their characteristics or qualities make you wonder
continuously, frequently or intermittently. Marveling at them, you tend to
immerse yourself in a situation where you seem to be grappling with a
problem or a puzzle. Questions after questions on the many aspects of the
object of your curiosity prod you to move, act or do something to find
answers to your questions or to discover truths about your inferences or
speculations on such object. Behaving like an investigator, asking and
seeking answers to some questions about the things you find puzzling
indicates the true nature of inquiry or research.
But why do we need inquiry or research? It is confusing to live in a
world full of questions and inquiries. The purpose of research and inquiry
takes place the moment we gain consciousness about the things we are
curious about. As an individual with a high intellect, we ought to answer
every query and never left questions unanswered.

Learning Module in Practical Research 2

Subject Teacher: Gemma C. delos Santos
Contact Number: 0995-749-6196
Facebook Account: Gemma C. delos Santos

3|P age
 ARCHDIOCESE OF LINGAYEN-DAGUPAN CATHOLIC SCHOOLS
URBIZTONDO CATHOLIC SCHOOL,INC.
URBIZTONDO,PANGASINAN
S.Y. 2021-2022

LEARNING COMPTENCIES:
In order to answer on your own, the said essential question, you need
to take the following lessons:
• Discuss the difference between Inquiry and Research.
• Identify the different methods used in Research.
• Differentiate quantitative and qualitative research.
• Define experimental and non-experimental research
• Distinguish the independent and dependent variables.

LESSON 1:

INQUIRY VS. RESEARCH: A REVIEW

One goal of education is knowledge acquisition. However,
Education is not just stocking your brain with knowledge, but it also
encourages you to use acquired knowledge for a deeper understanding of
the world- an understanding that inspires you to create, construct or
produce things for the betterment of not only your own life, but of the
whole world as wee. How is this possible?
INQUIRY vs. RESEARCH
Other scholarly activity that greatly involves inquiry is research.
Both inquiry and research encourage you to formulate questions to direct
you to the exact information you want to discover about the object of your
curiosity. Although the core word for both inquiry and research is
investigation or questioning, they are not exactly the same in all aspects.

Learning Module in Practical Research 2

Subject Teacher: Gemma C. delos Santos
Contact Number: 0995-749-6196
Facebook Account: Gemma C. delos Santos

4|P age
 ARCHDIOCESE OF LINGAYEN-DAGUPAN CATHOLIC SCHOOLS
URBIZTONDO CATHOLIC SCHOOL,INC.
URBIZTONDO,PANGASINAN
S.Y. 2021-2022

Inquiry Vs. Research

Inquiry Research
• It is a term synonymous to • It is a scientific, experimental, or
the word investigation inductive manner of thinking.
• It tends to ask questions to • It is the process of solving
probe or examine something. problems and finding facts in an
• Inquiry requires higher-order organized way.
thinking strategies of • Starting from particular to more
inferential, analytical, complex ideas, you execute
critical, creative and varied thinking acts that range
appreciative thinking to from lower –order to higher-
discover more order thinking strategies.
understandable or • It involves activities such as;
meaningful things beyond identifying the problem,
object of your inquiry. gathering data, making theories,
• Thinking in this manner formulating hypotheses,
makes you ask open-ended analyzing data and drawing
questions to elicit views, conclusions.
opinions and beliefs of others • It is empirical, logical, cyclical,
in relation to your research. analytical, critical, methodical
and replicable.
METHODS OF RESEARCH
➢ Logical and Systematic thinking
➢ Inductive thinking
➢ Deductive thinking
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
➢ EMPIRICAL
➢ LOGICAL
➢ CYCLICAL
➢ ANALYTICAL
➢ CRITICAL
➢ METHODICAL

Learning Module in Practical Research 2

Subject Teacher: Gemma C. delos Santos
Contact Number: 0995-749-6196
Facebook Account: Gemma C. delos Santos

5|P age
 ARCHDIOCESE OF LINGAYEN-DAGUPAN CATHOLIC SCHOOLS
URBIZTONDO CATHOLIC SCHOOL,INC.
URBIZTONDO,PANGASINAN
S.Y. 2021-2022

ACTIVITY #1

Compare and Contrast INQUIRY and RESEARCH by using the Venn

diagram below. (Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.)

INQUIRY RESEARCH

Learning Module in Practical Research 2

Subject Teacher: Gemma C. delos Santos
Contact Number: 0995-749-6196
Facebook Account: Gemma C. delos Santos

6|P age
 ARCHDIOCESE OF LINGAYEN-DAGUPAN CATHOLIC SCHOOLS
URBIZTONDO CATHOLIC SCHOOL,INC.
URBIZTONDO,PANGASINAN
S.Y. 2021-2022

LESSON 2:

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Quantitative Research makes you focus your mind on specific things
by means of statistics that involve collection and study of numerical data.
It also defines as follows;
• It is a way of making any phenomenon or any sensory experience
clearer or more meaningful by gathering and examining facts and
information about such person, thing, place or event appealing to
your senses.
• You use mathematical operations of Addition, Subtraction,
Multiplication and Division to study and express relationships
between quantities or magnitudes shown by numbers or symbols.
• It seeks to find answers to question starting with how many, how
much, how long, to what extend and the like.
Characteristics of Quantitative Research
Since quantitative research uses numbers and figures to denote a
particular thing, this kind of research requires you to focus your full
attention on the object of your study. It is described as objective research,
because only real or factual, not the emotional or cognitive existence of
the object matters greatly. Quantitative research usually happens in hard
sciences like Physics, Chemistry, Biology and medicine.
Classification of Quantitative Research
a. Experimental Research
b. Non-experimental Research
Importance of Quantitative Research
The importance of quantitative research lies greatly in the production
of results that should reflect precise measurement and an in-depth analysis
of data. It is also useful in obtaining an objective understanding of people,
things, places, and events in this world; meaning, attaching accurate or
exact meanings to objects or subjects, rather than inflated meanings
resulting from the researcher's bias or personal attachment to things
related to the research, Requiring the use of reliable measurement
instruments or statistical methods, a quantitative study enables people to
study their surroundings as objective as they can. This kind of research is
Learning Module in Practical Research 2
Subject Teacher: Gemma C. delos Santos
Contact Number: 0995-749-6196
Facebook Account: Gemma C. delos Santos

7|P age
 ARCHDIOCESE OF LINGAYEN-DAGUPAN CATHOLIC SCHOOLS
URBIZTONDO CATHOLIC SCHOOL,INC.
URBIZTONDO,PANGASINAN
S.Y. 2021-2022

likewise an effective method to obtain information about specified

personality traits of a group member or of the group as a whole as regards
the extent of the relationship of their characteristics and the reason behind
the instability of some people's characteristics. (Muijs 2011; Cray 2012)
Quantitative Research vs. Qualitative Research
Standards Qualitative Quantitative
Mental survey of Results from social Exists in the physical
reality interaction world
Cause-effect Explained by people’s Revealed by automatic
relationship objective design descriptions of
circumstances or
conditions.
Researchers’ Subjective; sometimes Objective; least
involvement with personally engaged. involvement by the
the object or researcher
subject of the
study
Expression of Verbal language (words, Numerical, statistics
data, data analysis visuals, objects)
and findings
Research plan Takes place as the research Plans all research
proceeds gradually aspects before
collecting data
Behavior toward desires to preserve the Control or
research natural setting of research manipulations of
aspects/conditions features. research conditions by
the researcher

Obtaining Multiple methods Scientific method

knowledge
Purpose Makes socialintentions Evaluates objective
understandable sound examines cause
and effect relationship
Data analysis Thematic codal ways, Mathematically based
technique competence based methods

Learning Module in Practical Research 2

Subject Teacher: Gemma C. delos Santos
Contact Number: 0995-749-6196
Facebook Account: Gemma C. delos Santos

8|P age
 ARCHDIOCESE OF LINGAYEN-DAGUPAN CATHOLIC SCHOOLS
URBIZTONDO CATHOLIC SCHOOL,INC.
URBIZTONDO,PANGASINAN
S.Y. 2021-2022

Style of Personal, lacks formality Impersonal, scientific

expression or systematic
Sampling More inclined to purposive Random sampling as
technique sampling or use of chosen the most preferred
samples based on some
criteria

ACTIVITY #2
Write a short essay about the importance of Quantitative Research.
Your short essay must have at least 60 words. (Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.)
ACTIVITY #3
Choose the letter of the best answer to complete the sentence. (Write
your answer on a separate sheet of paper.)
1. You tend to inflate something in a qualitative research because of
your_______________.
a. Objective views c. personal traits
b. Teacher’s influence d. mathematical skills
2. This line, “the truth is out there” is true for________________.
a. Qualitative research c. all research designs
b. Quantitative research d. any research type
3. People inclined to doing a quantitative research wants to discover
truths in ___________.
a. An exact manner c. an indirect way
b. A careful way d. a personal way
4. Some think of quantitative research as complex because of its use
of________________.
a. Hypotheses c. factual data
b. Numerical data d. theories
5. A quantitative research presents research findings in this manner.
a. Many prefer to study with textbooks
b. Students finds textbooks indispensable or necessary
c. Perhaps, 30% consider textbooks unnecessary in their studies
d. Out of 100 college students, 90 find books beneficial to their
studies.
Learning Module in Practical Research 2
Subject Teacher: Gemma C. delos Santos
Contact Number: 0995-749-6196
Facebook Account: Gemma C. delos Santos

9|P age
 ARCHDIOCESE OF LINGAYEN-DAGUPAN CATHOLIC SCHOOLS
URBIZTONDO CATHOLIC SCHOOL,INC.
URBIZTONDO,PANGASINAN
S.Y. 2021-2022

LESSON 3:

EXPERIMENTAL AND NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
Experimental Research is a quantitative research that treats or deals
with the object or subject of the research in a definite or exact manner and
determines the exact effect or influence of the treatment on the object/
subject, then discovers the causes of such effects.
Two groups involve in any experimental research:
• Experimental Group- the one on which the treatment or influence is
applied.
• Control Group- it does not receive any treatment.
Classification of Experimental Research
Experimental research is categorized into two: true experimental
research and quasi-experimental research. Based on where the
experimental research is done, it is either laboratory research or field
research. Your manner of selecting the participants indicates whether it is
true experimental or quasi-experimental. The true experimental research
absolutely uses random selection in determining who among the
participants should compose the experimental group or the control group.
The quasi-experimental research adopts a comparative technique in
choosing the subjects.
RESEARCH DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
Any plan you have about a non-experimental research must have the
following aspects that takes place in a sequential manner;
1. Specify the problem or topic of your research
2. Formulate the research problem or hypothesis
3. Determine the dependent and independent variables
4. Select the participants or subject.
5. Decide on the specific type of experimental research
6. Conduct the experiment.
7. Collect, analyze and interpret the results.

Learning Module in Practical Research 2

Subject Teacher: Gemma C. delos Santos
Contact Number: 0995-749-6196
Facebook Account: Gemma C. delos Santos

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 ARCHDIOCESE OF LINGAYEN-DAGUPAN CATHOLIC SCHOOLS
URBIZTONDO CATHOLIC SCHOOL,INC.
URBIZTONDO,PANGASINAN
S.Y. 2021-2022

NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
Non- Experimental research is a way of finding out truths about a
subject by describing the collected data about such subject and
determining their relationships and connections with one another. Any
treatment or condition is not involved in this type of research. Once you
do a non-experimental research you deal with both quantitative and
qualitative data. Your desire to discover people’s thoughts, views,
feelings and attitudes about a certain societal issue, object, place or event
causes you to use non-experimental research.
Characteristics of Non- Experimental Research
1. It is capable of establishing cause-effect relationship, by itself, it
is able, if it takes place in conjunction with other experimental
and quasi- experimental research methods.
2. It involves various ways of data analysis:
➢ Primary- analysis of data collected by the researcher
himself.
➢ Secondary- examination of data collected by other people.
➢ Meta-analysis- analysis of data expressed numerically.
3. It uses research method that applicable to both quantitative and
qualitative data.
SURVEY RESEARCH
Survey Research is a method of research that aims at knowing what
a big number of people think and feel about some sociological issues. The
data it collects from these people serving as “representatives or
informants” explain or describe the society’s thoughts, attitudes and
feelings towards environmental issues.
Purposes of Survey Research
1. To obtain information about people’s opinion and feelings about an
issue.
2. To identify present condition, needs or problems of people in a short
span of time.
3. To seek answers to social problems.
4. To give school officials pointers on curricular offerings, guidance
and counselling services, teacher evaluation and so on.
Learning Module in Practical Research 2
Subject Teacher: Gemma C. delos Santos
Contact Number: 0995-749-6196
Facebook Account: Gemma C. delos Santos

11 | P a g e
 ARCHDIOCESE OF LINGAYEN-DAGUPAN CATHOLIC SCHOOLS
URBIZTONDO CATHOLIC SCHOOL,INC.
URBIZTONDO,PANGASINAN
S.Y. 2021-2022

Strengths of Survey Research

Stressing the effectiveness and usefulness of survey research, gives
the following pluses of survey research:
1. Versatility- it can tackle any issue affecting the society.
2. Efficiency- it is not costly in terms of money and time, assuming
there is excellent communication or postal system.
3. Generality- it can get a good representation or sample of large group
of people.
4. Confidentiality- it is capable of safeguarding the privacy or
anonymity of the respondents.
Weaknesses of Survey Research
1. It cannot provide sufficient evidence about the relationship of
variables.
2. It cannot examine the significance of some issues affecting people’s
social life.
3. It cannot get data reflecting the effects of the interconnectedness of
environmental features on the research study.
4. It cannot consider man’s naturalistic tendencies as the basis of
human behavior.
5. It cannot promote interpretive and creative thinking.
6. It cannot have an effective application to all topics for research.
7. It cannot use a questioning or coding method that can accurately
register differences among the participant’s responses.
8. It cannot diffuse the researcher’s abilities to control and manipulate
some factors affecting the study.
9. It cannot account for real or actual happenings.

Learning Module in Practical Research 2

Subject Teacher: Gemma C. delos Santos
Contact Number: 0995-749-6196
Facebook Account: Gemma C. delos Santos

12 | P a g e
 ARCHDIOCESE OF LINGAYEN-DAGUPAN CATHOLIC SCHOOLS
URBIZTONDO CATHOLIC SCHOOL,INC.
URBIZTONDO,PANGASINAN
S.Y. 2021-2022

EXERCISE:
Write the letter of the expression in B that matches the one in A. (Write
your answer on a separate sheet of paper.)
A B
1. Involves treatment a. Data-gathering
2. Statistical studies instrument
b. Confidentiality
3. Stress on one’s views c. Where most survey
4. Phone, email, questionnaire research happen
5. Variable predictors d. Point to exact data
e. Meta-analysis
6. Data types and analysis
f. Generality
7. Secret identity of the subject g. Makes survey
8. Social sciences different from others
h. Experimental
9. Research questions
research
10. Stands for lots of people i. Hypotheses
j. Survey research
ACTIVITY #4

Fill in the blank with the correct answer. Choose your answer from
the box below. (Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.)
differ selection where quasi- experimental
quasi- experimental anywhere classifying
laboratory random question true-experimental
True experimental and _____________ are the two types of
experimental research. ____________ selection of subjects happens in
true experimental research; purposive selection occurs in a
____________. Another basis of _______________ experimental
research is ______________ the experimental research is done. If the
study happens in a place surrounded by walls, it is a __________ but if it
is a _____________ it is a field research _______ from each other is the
method of _____________ the subjects. If the selection is randomized, it
is definitely a ___________.
Learning Module in Practical Research 2
Subject Teacher: Gemma C. delos Santos
Contact Number: 0995-749-6196
Facebook Account: Gemma C. delos Santos

13 | P a g e
 ARCHDIOCESE OF LINGAYEN-DAGUPAN CATHOLIC SCHOOLS
URBIZTONDO CATHOLIC SCHOOL,INC.
URBIZTONDO,PANGASINAN
S.Y. 2021-2022

LESSON 4:
VARIABLES
Variables are the “changing qualities or characteristics” of persons
or things like age, gender, intelligence, ideas, achievements, confidence
that are involve in your research study.
Basically, there are two types of variables: independent and dependent
variables.
Independent Variables
➢ are the variables that causes effect in the subject.
Dependent Variables
➢ are the variables that bear or manifest the effects caused by the
independent variables.
Examples:
1. How stress affects mental state of human being?
IV- Stress
DV- mental state of human being
2. Promotion affects employee’s motivation
IV- Promotion
DV- Employees motivation
EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES
- Are undesirable variables that influence the relationship
between the variables an experimenter is experimenting.
CONFOUNDING VARIABLES
-these are the extraneous variables that researchers failed to
control, that might affect the result of the research study.

Learning Module in Practical Research 2

Subject Teacher: Gemma C. delos Santos
Contact Number: 0995-749-6196
Facebook Account: Gemma C. delos Santos

14 | P a g e
 ARCHDIOCESE OF LINGAYEN-DAGUPAN CATHOLIC SCHOOLS
URBIZTONDO CATHOLIC SCHOOL,INC.
URBIZTONDO,PANGASINAN
S.Y. 2021-2022

There are other types of variables which are as follows (Russell 2013;
Babbie 2013):
1. Constant- do not undergo any changes during an experiment
2. Attribute - characteristics of people: intelligence, creativity, anxiety,
learning styles, etc.
3. Covariate- included in the research study to create interactions with the
independent and dependent variables
4. Continuous- quantitative in nature and is used in interval or ratio scale
of measurement
5. Dichotomous - has only two possible results: one or zero
6. Latent- cannot be directly observed like personality traits
7. Manifest- can be directly observed to give proofs to latent variables
8. Exogenous - found outside an identified model
9. Endogenous - found inside; as a part of identified model
ACTIVITY #5

Write C if the sentence is correct, W, if not. (Write your answer on a

separate sheet of paper).
1. The experimenter relates himself/herself with the dependent
variable.
2. Extraneous variables are nuisance variables.
3. Extraneous variables are as significant as independent variables.
4. All variables are prone to changes or variations.
5. All variables are controllable.
6. The effects of something on dependent variables are measurable.
7. Only words can express the effects of variables on dependent
variables.
8. The effects of something can be shown through fractions and
percentages.
9. It is wrong to expose the variables to changeable factors.
10. Attribute variables have the same meaning as participant’s
variables.

Learning Module in Practical Research 2

Subject Teacher: Gemma C. delos Santos
Contact Number: 0995-749-6196
Facebook Account: Gemma C. delos Santos

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 ARCHDIOCESE OF LINGAYEN-DAGUPAN CATHOLIC SCHOOLS
URBIZTONDO CATHOLIC SCHOOL,INC.
URBIZTONDO,PANGASINAN
S.Y. 2021-2022

UNIT 2: IDENTIFYING THE INQUIRY AND STATING THE

PROBLEM
CONTENT STANDARD
The learner will be able to explain the concepts of a good and researchable
research problem and research questions.
PERFORMANCE STANDARD
The learners will be able to evaluate the quality of qualitative research
problem and research questions.
TRANSFER GOAL
The learners will be able to acknowledge the importance of developing
an effective research problem in pursuing research.
INTRODUCTION
In research, you are prone to thinking in various levels that range
from the simplest to the most complex modes or patterns of thinking. Your
initial thinking acts here pertain to what you want to research on or what
you intend to subject more to higher levels of thinking as you go through
the several stages of research. The kind or quality of thinking and attention
you give to your acts of choosing your research topic and of specifying
questions you want your research study to find answers to strongly
determine the success of your research work.
The existence of research was brought by the existence of problems.
We can’t definitely live in a world full of adversities and dilemmas, so in
order for us to survive we aim at knowing the solution to these problems
through a research study.
LEARNING COMPETENCIES:
In order to answer on your own, the said essential question, you need
to take the following lessons:
• Define Quantitative research problem.
• Distinguish a researchable from a non-researchable problem.
• Illustrate the nature of relationship, course of relationship categories
of hypotheses, and source of hypotheses.

Learning Module in Practical Research 2

Subject Teacher: Gemma C. delos Santos
Contact Number: 0995-749-6196
Facebook Account: Gemma C. delos Santos

16 | P a g e
 ARCHDIOCESE OF LINGAYEN-DAGUPAN CATHOLIC SCHOOLS
URBIZTONDO CATHOLIC SCHOOL,INC.
URBIZTONDO,PANGASINAN
S.Y. 2021-2022

LESSON 5
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH PROBLEM
A RESEARCH PROBLEM is something that nurtures in your mind,
a difficulty or uncertainty, enough to push you to do an empirical
investigation whereby you search for answers to a problem by collecting
and analyzing data or information through which you can find the right
answer or solution.
Examples:
Interrogative statement: What percentage of Manila private
universities consider se of grammar textbooks as the most effective way
to help college students attain Communicative competence?
Declarative statement: The main objective of this study is to find
out the percentage of Manila private universities considering the use of
grammar text books as the most effective way to help college students
attain communicative competence.
Sources of Quantitative Research Problem
1. Agencies of the government, or any non- government institutions.
2. Your own experience or genuine interest in something.
3. Previous research findings which you want to validate or consider as
studies suffering from some inconsistency or discrepancies.
4. Present political, social or economic issues in society.
5. Review of related literature.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Examples:
Interrogative Statements
• What is an English grammar textbook?
• What is communicative competence?
• What components of the grammar textbook work for communicative-
competence development?
• How many Manila private universities require the use of grammar
textbooks?
• How many Manila private universities use grammar textbooks as
references only?
• To what extent do Manila private universities find grammar textbooks
effective in helping college students attain communicative
competence?
Learning Module in Practical Research 2
Subject Teacher: Gemma C. delos Santos
Contact Number: 0995-749-6196
Facebook Account: Gemma C. delos Santos

17 | P a g e
 ARCHDIOCESE OF LINGAYEN-DAGUPAN CATHOLIC SCHOOLS
URBIZTONDO CATHOLIC SCHOOL,INC.
URBIZTONDO,PANGASINAN
S.Y. 2021-2022

Declarative Statements:
Likewise, this study aims at finding answers to the following specific
objectives:
• To define a grammar textbook
• To explain the meaning of communicative competence
• To identify the components of the grammar book that work for
communicative-competence development
• To determine the number of Manila private universities requiring the
use of grammar textbooks
• To determine the number of Manila private universities using
grammar textbooks as references only
• To determine the extent of Manila private universities considering
grammar textbooks as the means by which they can help the college
students attain communicative competence.

ACTIVITY #1

Check the column that speaks of the quality of the given quantitative
research problem. (Write your answer on the separate sheet of paper.)

Non-
Quantitative Research Problem Researchable
researchable
1. What are the viewers thoughts and feelings about
the ending of the movie?
2. What percentage of the movie viewers find the
ending tragic?
3. How many find the movie unrealistic?
4. Does the movie reflect Filipino culture?
5. What fractional number represent the extent of
the movie’s projection of Filipino culture?
6. In the director’s attempt to explain the cultural
impact of the movie, what reasons did he give?
7. What kind of reasons or causes did he give to
clarify the viewers’ questions on Philippine
culture in relation to the movie?
8. In terms of frequency of different causes given
by director, in what rank order is the reason on
lack of intercultural competence/
Learning Module in Practical Research 2
Subject Teacher: Gemma C. delos Santos
Contact Number: 0995-749-6196
Facebook Account: Gemma C. delos Santos

18 | P a g e
 ARCHDIOCESE OF LINGAYEN-DAGUPAN CATHOLIC SCHOOLS
URBIZTONDO CATHOLIC SCHOOL,INC.
URBIZTONDO,PANGASINAN
S.Y. 2021-2022

9. How many causes are attributed to globalization?

What value system of the director did the movie
reflect?

LESSON 6
HYPOTHESIS
Hypothesis is a tentative explanation or an answer to a question
about variables, their relationship and other facts involved in research. A
research always ends up with a result. However, you are free to
hypothesize; meaning, to infer, propose, or guess about factual things
related to the research. It is an inferential thinking that makes you guess
something based not only on whatever experience or factual knowledge
you have about such things but also on conclusions that were logically
drawn by other research studies.
The six most common forms of hypotheses are:
• Simple Hypothesis
• Complex Hypothesis
• Empirical Hypothesis
• Null Hypothesis (Denoted by "HO")
• Alternative Hypothesis (Denoted by "H1")
• Logical Hypothesis
• Statistical Hypothesis

SIMPLE HYPOTHESES is a prediction of the relationship between two

variables: the independent variable and the dependent variable.
EXAMPLE:
Drinking sugary drinks daily leads to obesity
COMPLEX HYPOTHESES examines the relationship between two or
more independent variables and two or more dependent variables.
EXAMPLE:
Overweight adults who 1) value longevity and 2) seek happiness are
more likely than other adults to 1) lose their excess weight and 2) feel a
more regular sense of joy.

Learning Module in Practical Research 2

Subject Teacher: Gemma C. delos Santos
Contact Number: 0995-749-6196
Facebook Account: Gemma C. delos Santos

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 ARCHDIOCESE OF LINGAYEN-DAGUPAN CATHOLIC SCHOOLS
URBIZTONDO CATHOLIC SCHOOL,INC.
URBIZTONDO,PANGASINAN
S.Y. 2021-2022

NULL HYPOTHESES exists when a researcher believes there is no

relationship between the two variables, or there is a lack of information to
state a scientific hypothesis. This is something to attempt to disprove or
discredit.
EXAMPLE:
There is no significant change in my health during the times when I
drink green tea only or root beer only.
ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESES (HI)
In an attempt to disprove a null hypothesis, researchers will seek to
discover an alternative hypothesis.
EXAMPLE:
My health improves during the times when I drink green tea only,
as opposed to root beer only.
LOGICAL HYPOTHESES is a proposed explanation possessing limited
evidence. Generally, you want to turn a logical hypothesis into an
empirical hypothesis, putting your theories or postulations to the test.
EXAMPLE:
Cacti experience more successful growth rates than tulips on Mars.
EMPIRICAL HYPOTHESES, or working hypothesis, comes to life when
a theory is being put to the test, using observation and experiment. It's no
longer just an idea or notion. It's actually going through some trial and
error, and perhaps changing around those independent variables.
EXAMPLE:
Roses watered with liquid Vitamin B grow faster than roses watered
with liquid Vitamin E. (Here, trial and error is leading to a series of
findings.)
STATISTICAL HYPOTHESES is an examination of a portion of a
population.
EXAMPLE:
If you wanted to conduct a study on the life expectancy of Savannians,
you would want to examine every single resident of Savannah. This is not
practical. Therefore, you would conduct your research using a statistical
hypothesis, or a sample of the Savannian population.

Learning Module in Practical Research 2

Subject Teacher: Gemma C. delos Santos
Contact Number: 0995-749-6196
Facebook Account: Gemma C. delos Santos

20 | P a g e
 ARCHDIOCESE OF LINGAYEN-DAGUPAN CATHOLIC SCHOOLS
URBIZTONDO CATHOLIC SCHOOL,INC.
URBIZTONDO,PANGASINAN
S.Y. 2021-2022

Purposes of Hypotheses
1. They guide you on which aspect of the research to focus on.
2. They provide opportunities to prove the relationship between
variables.
3. They give the right direction of the research.
4. They outline your thoughts on your manner of summarizing the results
and of explaining the conclusions.
5. They push you to do an empirical study to prove the existence of
relationship of variables and the effects of independent variable on the
dependent variable.
ACTIVITY #2
Complete this bubble graph with the right words to indicate hypotheses
classification. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Nature of Categories of
Relationship Hypotheses

Source of
Hypotheses

VARIETIES OF
HYPOTHESES

Course of
Relationship

Reference:
Esther L. Baraceros, Ph.D. Practical Research 2. Quezon City, Philippines: Rex Printing,
Company, Inc.

Learning Module in Practical Research 2

Subject Teacher: Gemma C. delos Santos
Contact Number: 0995-749-6196
Facebook Account: Gemma C. delos Santos

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