Core Experiment-1

29
dagram by T.S. of the ovary. The
oract is shown outside nectary glands are shown by dots in respectiveposition. The
the sepals usually their
opposite to the mother axis.

Fig. 1.9. Floral

diagrams. A. Petunia alba; B. BrassicaB
Floral
acomplete formula and floral diagram of a flower help us in
campestris.
necessary.
description and correct identification of flower, bothidentification of aflower. Therefore, for
floral formula and floral
diagram are

EXPERIMENT 1
Object. study and
To
and display of whorls describe the given flowering plant (1.
www
and anther and ovary Petunia, 2. Lathyrus, 3.
to show number of
chambers. Asparagus/Al ium)
REQUIREMENTS
Flower, forceps, razor or blade, slides,
needles-2, coverslip, microscope, white paper.
PROCEDURE
Take one suggested fowering plants and make the
Note down the type of root (tap or
following observations.
adventitious), stem,
(arrangement, shape, variation, simple or compound) of the herbaceous
plant. or woody) and leaf
Note down, whether its flower has a pedicel, bracts,
epicalyx or not.
Observe the presence of different whorls of floral leaves (i.e., calyx, corolla,
gynoecium) and insertion of floral leaves. androecium and
Carefully take out Aoral leaves of each whorl and place them whorl wise on a white
paper i.e.,
epicalyx (if present),sepals, petals, stamens and carpels.
Count the number of floral leaves of each whorl and note down their cohesion
(union among
the members of the same whorl) or adhesion (union with the floral leaves of other whorl).
With the help of a blade or razer, cut thin sections of anther and ovary. Mount the section on
a slide in a drop of water and examine under the dissecting microscope. Count the number of
chambers in anther and ovary and number of ovules in each chamber locule.
8 Find out the natureof ovary, style,stigma and placentation.
9 Observe the loral characters. Try to write floral formula and draw the floral diagram of the flower.
 Camprekensce Laboratory
30
Manual in
TYPE 1. PETUNIA ALBA-PETUN0A
Classification
Biog
Angiospermae
Divisio - Dicotyledonae
Class
- Solanaceae
Fanily
- Petunia
Géaus
alba
Species
Root - Tap root, branched
Stem Herbaceous, erect, hairy
Leaf Alternate, opposite inthe floral
ovate, hairy. region, petiolate, s
Infiorescence - Solitary, axillary.
Flower - Ebracteate, pedicellate,, complete,
pentamerous,hypogynous. bisexual,
Calyx -Sepals 5, gamosepalous, valvate: ,actinomor
Corolla
inferior, green, hairy.
Petals 5,
aestivation,
persis
gamopetalous, infundibuliform.
aestivation,white or purplish in colour.
Androecium - Stamens 5,
alternipetalous,
bithecous, basifixed. epipetalous, a
Gynoecium
Bicarpellary,
bilocular withsyncarpous, ovary superior, obliquelyp.
axile placentation, swollen
long, stigma bifid. placenta,
Floral Formula
Reasons for Identification
1. Persistent sepals.
2. Infundibuliform corolla.
3. Stamen epipetalous.
4. Ovary obliquely placed,
SoL ore placerntation axile
similar Howers are Solanumwith swollen placenta.
tuberosum (potato), Solanum nigrum(Mako:
 32
Camprekensdue Laboratory Manualin
TYPE 2. LATHYRUS ODORATUS-SWEET PEA(MATAR) Biology
Classiñcation
Diviion -Angiospermae
Class
Dicotyledonae
Family - Fabaceae
Genus
Species - Lathyrus
Root -odoratus
-Tap root, branched with root noduless
Stem fixing bacteria. containingnitrog
Leaf - Herbaceous,weak, hollow climbing.
- Alternate, petiolate, stipulate, stipules
Flower the upper leaflets modified into tendrils.leafy. Compoun
Bracteate (bract caducous), pedicellate, complete, bisexu:
zygomorphic slightly perigynous, perntamerou
Calyx variously coloured.
Sepals 5, gamosepalous, valvate, odd
Corolla persistent, inferior,green. sepal anterio
Petals 5, polypetalous, corolla
Androecium aestivation, variously coloured,papillionaceous,
inferior. vexillar
Stamens 10, diadelphous 1 +(9), 9
Gynoecium form a tube, tenth stamens united t
stamen is free, basifixed
Floral Formula Monocarpellary, ovary superior,
placentation, style curved and hairy,uniloclar,
inferior.
margin
Brt Ks, C9 Ae9 G, style flattened.
Reasons for Identification
1. Flower zygomorphic with
2. Odd sepal
anterio.
papilionaceous corolla.
3. Stamnens diadelphous.
4.
Monocarpellary gynoecium, ovary unilocular with marginal placentatix
Sonie more similar flowers
bean). are--Pisum sativum (pea), Dolichoss
lablab (sem), Vicia feba (broad
34
Comprekensiue Laboratory Manual in
TYPE 3. ASPARAGUS
OFFICINALIS-SATAVARI Biology Core Experiment
Classification
Division
Class -Angiospermae
Family -Monocotyledonae
Liliaceae
Genas
- Asparagus
Species
Root -offcinalis
Adventitious, tuberous to store food.
Stem
- Erect, aerial, woody.
Leaf
- Scaly or modifhed intospines bearing axillary clado
Inflorescence - Racemose.
Flower
- Bracteate, pedicellate, incomplete,
Perianth actinomorphic, hypogynous, trimerous. bisen
Tepals 6, arranged in two whorls of 3 each, sligh
gamophyllous at the base, petaloid, white, each tepa
marked with a brown midrib.
Androecium
Stamens 6, polyandrous, arranged in two whorls of3 ea
Gynoecium antiphylous, epiphyllous, anther bithecous, basifue
Tricarpellary, syncarpous, ovary superior, trilocular, ex
locule with two ovule, axile
stigma trilobed. placentation, style sho
Floral Formula
Br P33 Ag.3 Go)
Reasons for ldentification
1. Flower trimerous.
2. Petaloid perianth in two whorls of 3each.
3. Stamens 6 in two whorls of 3 each,
epiphyllous.
4. Ovary tricarpellary, trilocular with axile
placentation
Soanes n RoerS-Asphodelus tenuifolius (Piazi)
 Camprchensiue Laboratory Manual in Biology
CoreExper
36

TYPE 4. ALLIUM CEPA--ONION

Classification
Division -Angiospermae
Class - Monocotyledonae
- Liliaceae
Eamily
Genus Allium

Species - cepa
Root -Adventitious,fibrous
fleshy outer d
Stem -Underground, bulb, inner scales
membranous and brown.

Leaf - Radical, cylindrical, sheathing.

Inflorescence - Umbellate cyme.
Flower -Bracteate, pedicillate, incomplete, bisexu
actinomorphic, hypogynous, trimerous.
of 3 each, sligh
Perianth Tepals 6, arranged in two whorls ead
colour,
gamophyllous at the base, petaloid, white in
midrib.
tepal is marked witha brown
of 3ead
Stamens 6, polyandrous, arranged in two whorlsbasifxed
Androecium
antiphyllous,epiphyllous, anther bithecous,
Gynoecium - Tricarpellary, syncarpous, ovary superior, trilocular ead
locule with two ovule, axile placentation, style shon
stigma trilobed.

Floral Formula Br P.3, A3.3 Gg)

Reasons for Identification
1. Flower trimerous.
3 each.
2. Petaloid perianth in two whorls of
3. Stamens six in two whorls of 3 each, epiphylous.
4. Ovary tricarpellary, trilocular withaxile placentation.
Some atniar fRowers- Asparagus officinalis (Satavari), Asphodelus tenuifolius (Piazi).
38 Comnprehenslue Laboratory Manual in Biology Core

TYPE 5. BRASSICA CAMPESTRIS--MUSTARD

Classification
Division -Angiospermae
Class Dicotyledonae
Eaaily Bassicaceae (Cruciferae)
Genus Brassica
Species campestris
Root -Tap root branched.
Stem - Erect, cylindrical, herbaceous.
Leaf Alternate, sessile, simple, exstipulate.
infloresence).
Inflorescence -Raceme (a type of racemosee
Flower -Pedicellate, bisexual,actinomorphic, hypogynous.
two whorls of2ead
Calyx Sepals 4, polysepalous,arranged in
slightly petaloid.
cruciform, yellow.
Corolla Petals 4, polypetalous, valvate,
arranged
Androecium - Stamens 6, polyandrous,tetradynamous, inner who
and
two whorls (outer of 2 short stamens
of 4 stamens) four dot like nectaries present at the bas:
of stamens.

Gynoecium Bicarpellary, syncarpous, ovary superior, bilocular du

to the presence of false septum or replum, placentation
parietal.
Floral Formula @K,.C,.Ga
Reasons for Identifhcation
of two each.
1. Calyx arranged in two whorls
2. Corolla 4, polypetalous cruciform
3. Androecium 6, tetradynamous.
4. Gynoecium bicarpellary,
syncarpous, superior.
placentation nsves-1
5. Ovary bilocular due to the presence of talse septum/replum,
40 Comprekensue Laboratory Manualin
TYPE &. MELANTHUS ANNUUS-SUNFLoWER
Biology
Classification
Division
-Angiospermae
Class
- Dicotyledonae
Fanily - Asteraceae (Compositae)
Genus -Helianthus
Species -annuus
Root
Tap root
Stem
Erect, herbaceous, hairy
Leaf Alternate, simple. hairy, reticulate venation
Inâorescence Racemose head or capitulum. It consists of central tubulard
florets and the peripheral ligulate ray tlorets. Ihe capitul
is usually surrounded by whorls of bracts collectively cal
involucre.
Ray Rlorets Rlower Bracteate, sessile, incomplete, either pistillate or neute
zygomorphic, epigynous.
Calyx - Represented by 2-3 small free white scales.
Corola - Sepals 3-5, gamopetalous, ligulate (formed of a small bas
hairy tube and alarge strap shaped limb)
Androecium -Absent

Gynoecium Ifpresent, bicarpellary, syncarpous, ovary inferior, unilocula

basal placentation.
Disc Florets Flower Bracteate, sessile, actinomorphic, complete, tubular, epigynou
Calyx - Represented by 2-3 white scales.
Corolla - Sepals 5, gamosepalous, tubular
Androecium -Stamens 5,syngenesious or synanthrous (filament free anthen
are fused),epipetalous
Gynoecium - Bicarpellary syncarpous, ovary inferior unilocular, bas
placentation.
Ploral Forumula Rey Elorets: Br %Q or Neuter K,_
scales C-5A, G(2) or V
Disc Elerets Bro)K, scales C(5)
A(5) G(2)
Reasons for ldentification
1. Infiorescence capitulum
Z. Flowers are small called ,which are ligulate or tubular,
florets,

3. Calyx reduced and represented by

scales. epigynous.
4. Androecium 5, syngenesious andepipetalous
5 Gynoecium bicarpellary, syncarpous,, ovary inferior, unilocular with basal
placentation.
42
Comprehensiue Laboratory Manual in Biology
TYPE 7. TRITICUM
AESTIVUM--WHEAT
Classification
Division
Angiospermae
Class
Monocotyledonae
Family Poaceae (Graminae)
Genus -Triticum
Species - aestivum
Root
-Fibrous roots
Stem
Leaf
-Erect,cylindrical, jointed (culm) with hollow internodes
-Alternate, sessile, leaf base sheathing, lamina long and nartoy
parallel venation, ligulate (presence of hairy ligule at th
junction of lamina and leaf sheath.
Inflorescence Spike of spikelet. The spikelets are borne in two rows on
zigzag rachis. Aspikelet bears 4-6 flowers on ashort axis calle
rachilla. Allthe flowers in aspikelet covered by two scales called
glumes.
Flower
Bracteate, (represented by an awned scales called lemma
bracteolate (represented by a marginally folded papery scale
called pale), sessile, incomplete, zygomorphic,
Perianth hypogynous
-Represented by two small whitish free scales called lodicules.
Androecium -Stamens 3polyandrous
Gynoecium - Monocarpellary, ovary superior unilocular, uniovuled, basal
placentation, stigma 2, feathery and arise directly from the
top of ovary.
Floral Formula Br Brl %) P, lodicules A, G,
Reasons for ldentification
1. InfAorescence spike of spikelets.
2. Each spike is surrounded by two scales called glumes.
3. Each fAlower is covered over by two scales, lemma and pale.
4. Flower is incomplete and zygomorphic.
5. Perianth represented by two lodicules.
6. Ovary monocapellary with unilocular, uniovuledlovary, having basal
placentation.
 Cragrckonse Laboratory Manual in Biology

VIVA VOCE
Q 1 Wast is zfreer ?Why is it iportant for aplant ?
Ans. Flower 1s a modiñed shoot meant foI reproduction. As it brings about reproduction, it he
nthe perpetuation of a speies.
Q2 N2 the essential znd o-essential whorls of afiower.
Ans. Anàroecium and gynoecium are the essential whorls and calyx and corolla are nonessent
whorls of a iower.
Q3. Waat is a superior ovary ?
Ans. The ovary is said to be superior, when other three whorls of the fioral leaves arise from
base of ovars.
Q4. How does a polysepalous fiower differ fromagamosepalous fower ?
Ans. ina polysepalousfower the sepals are free from each other whereas in agamosepalous tiowe
they remain fused at the base.
Q5. What are monoadalphous and diadaiphous stamens?
Ans. in moncadalphous stamens, all the stamens are grouped in single group. In diadalphou
stamens the stamen are grouped in two groups.
Q6. Gie the botarnical names of the following flowers (a) Petunia (b) sweet-pea (c) onion.
Ans. (a) Peturia alba (b) Lathyrus odoratus () Allium cepa.
Q7. How will yourecognise whether agiven flower belongs to a dicot plant or monocot plant?
Ans. Afower of dicot plant is either bior pentamerous, while aflower of monocot plant is trimerous
Q 8. Nane some fruits which have persistent calyx.
Ans. Brinjal, tomato and sweet pea have persistent calyx. These are the green structure at the top
of the fruits.

Q9. How a staminate fower differs from apistillate flower ?

Ans. Astaminate flower has only the male reproductive structures in it and the pistillate flowers
bas only the pistil or the female reproductive structures in it. Such ffowers are called unisexual
fowers.
Q 10. What is aestivation ?
Ans. The arrangement of different floral leaves ot a whorl n relation to each other in a Aoewor is
called aestivation.
Q 11. What is floral formula ?
Ans. It is a synbolic representation of fforal characters of a flower.
Q 12. What is a foral diagram ?
Ans. It is a diagrammatic representation of theoretical transverse section and
foral bud in relation to mother axis. ground plan of a