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PPT_ DNA Structure and Replication.pptx (1)

The document provides an overview of nucleic acids, specifically DNA and RNA, detailing their structures, components, and functions in genetics. It explains DNA replication, including the roles of various enzymes and the semi-conservative nature of the process. Additionally, it covers the basic principles of heredity, including chromosomes and genes.

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20 views

PPT_ DNA Structure and Replication.pptx (1)

The document provides an overview of nucleic acids, specifically DNA and RNA, detailing their structures, components, and functions in genetics. It explains DNA replication, including the roles of various enzymes and the semi-conservative nature of the process. Additionally, it covers the basic principles of heredity, including chromosomes and genes.

Uploaded by

d4rkune
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Nucleic Acid

• Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)-A macromolecule


that carries our genetic material.
• Contain genes—the blueprint/instructions for
making proteins, located at certain points in a
chromosome
• Proteins carry out all cellular activity

• Two types:
– DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid
– RNA: ribonucleic acid
Nucleotides
• Make up nucleic acids (the monomer)
• Have three parts:
– Sugar
• Deoxyribose (DNA)
• Ribose (RNA)
– Phosphate
– Nitrogen base:
• Adenine
• Guanine
• Cytosine
• Thymine (DNA only)
• Uracil (RNA only)
DNA Structure
discovered by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953

• Double helix: like a


twisted ladder
– Sugar and phosphate form
the “sugar-phosphate
backbone”
– Nitrogen bases bond in the
middle with weak
hydrogen bonds
– All other bonds are strong
covalent bonds
DNA Structure
• Nitrogen bases bond only
to their complementary
base pair with hydrogen
bonds
– A’s bond with T’s

– C’s bond with G’s

We call these the “complementary


base pairing rules”
Nitrogen Bases (2 types)
• Purines (small word, big base)
– Adenine
– Guanine
• Pyrimidines (big word, small base)
– Cytosine
– Thymine
• Chargaff’s rules
– A=T and C=G
• Weak hydrogen bonds hold the pairs together
– A double bonds to T; C triple bonds to G
DNA is antiparallel
• Antiparallel: The strands run
in opposite or antiparallel
directions.
– 1st strand runs in a 5’ to 3’
direction and the 2nd 3’to 5’
direction
• Phosphate end is always
the 5’ end
– (think: “fa” sound)
• Deoxyribose sugar is
always the 3’ end
Location of DNA

• Nucleus – Most DNAs are found.

• Mitochondrion

• Chloroplast – for plants


Practice: Label the DNA. nucleotide
Weak
Pyrimidines hydrogen
(C or T) bond
3 5
’ ’

Purines
(A or G)

5 3
’ Strong ’
Deoxyribose covalent
phosphate sugar bond
RNA Structure
• Single strand of
nucleotides with
exposed bases
• RNA bases bind
with DNA bases
– A’s bind with U’s

– C’s bind with G’s


Try this!
DNA RNA
Types of
nitrogen bases A, T, C, G A, U, C, G

Type of sugar
used deoxyribose ribose

Shape
double helix single strand
Basics of Heredity
• Chromosomes = tightly coiled strands of DNA
– Different organisms have different numbers of
chromosomes
• Ex. Humans have 23 pairs (46 total – 23 from mom and 23 from
dad)
• Ex. Dogs have 37 pairs (74 total – 37 from mom and 37 from
dad)
• Genes = a piece of DNA that has instructions to
code for one protein
– One chromosome can contain thousands of genes linked
together!
So, genes are pieces/sections of DNA.
Chromosomes are long strands of DNA all
bunched up.
DNA REPLICATION
Background
• When a cell is ready to divide, it must first copy its
DNA. The process of making an identical copy of
DNA is called DNA Replication.
• DNA 🡪 DNA
– Parent DNA makes 2 exact copies of DNA
– Occurs in nucleus
– Why??
• Occurs in Cell Cycle before PMAT so each new cell can have its own
FULL copy of DNA
• during the S Phase (Synthesis) of the Cell Cycle.

• DNA Replication ensures that each new cell will


have exactly the same DNA as the original cell.
Test your understanding
DNA REPLICATION
1. Enzyme Helicase unzips the DNA into two strands.
– Openings are called “origins of replication”
– Several places along the DNA will be unzipped at once
DNA REPLICATION
2. Enzyme DNA Polymerase adds complementary
nucleotides to the template strands.
– A’s bond to T’s and C’s bond to G’s
– DNA Polymerase only adds nucleotides to the free 3’ end of
the template strand. This forms new DNA strands in the 5’
to 3’ direction ONLY.
5’ 3’

3’ 5’
DNA REPLICATION
Step 2 only works with the help of enzymes
• Primase
– Required for DNA synthesis
– Like a “key” for a car ignition
– Makes short RNA primers
• Short pieces of RNA to help get the DNA polymerase started

• DNA polymerase
– adds nucleotides to RNA primer (1st function)
– After all nucleotides are added to complement strand RNA
primer is removed and replaced with DNA by DNA polymerase
(2nd function)
– Proofreads the strand before the backbone is finished (3rd
function)
• DNA ligase
– “seals” the gaps in DNA
– Connects DNA pieces by making phosphodiester bonds
DNA REPLICATION
2 new strands are being created at the same time.

• Leading strand
– NEW strand made toward the replication fork (only in 5’
🡪 3’ direction from the 3’ 🡪 5’ template strand)
– Needs ONE RNA primer made by Primase
– This new leading strand is made continuously
DNA REPLICATION
• Lagging strand
– NEW strand synthesis away from replication fork
– Replicates discontinuously
• Creates Okazaki fragments
– Short pieces of DNA
• Okazaki fragments joined by DNA ligase
– “Stitches” fragments together
• Needs MANY RNA primers made by Primase
DNA REPLICATION
3. Two identical DNA molecules are formed, each with an “old”
strand and a “new” strand. We call this Semi-Conservative
Replication.
Semi-Conservative
Replication
• Each parent strand is now a
template (pattern) that
determines the order of the
new bases
• Forms a “complementary”
strand to original strand
• The newly synthesized
double helix is a
combination of one “old”
(or original) and one “new”
DNA strand
DNA REPLICATION
SUMMARY
1. Unzip the DNA.
2. Enzymes help find complementary bases and bind them
according to base-pairing rules. (A-T and C-G)
3. Two identical DNA molecules are formed, each with an “old”
strand and a “new” strand. We call this Semi-Conservative
Replication (because part of the molecule is
conserved/saved.)

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