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Module-4-intro-to-colligative-properties-for-MDL-class-Jan-21

Colligative properties are solution characteristics that depend on the number of solute particles rather than their identity, and they are useful for determining molar masses and solute behavior. Key types include vapor pressure lowering, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and osmotic pressure, each influenced by the presence of solute particles. Solutions can be classified as ideal or non-ideal based on molecular interactions, with the Van 't Hoff factor used to account for non-ideal behavior in calculations.

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7 views

Module-4-intro-to-colligative-properties-for-MDL-class-Jan-21

Colligative properties are solution characteristics that depend on the number of solute particles rather than their identity, and they are useful for determining molar masses and solute behavior. Key types include vapor pressure lowering, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and osmotic pressure, each influenced by the presence of solute particles. Solutions can be classified as ideal or non-ideal based on molecular interactions, with the Van 't Hoff factor used to account for non-ideal behavior in calculations.

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kelvinargate5
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 4

INTRODUCTION OF COLLIGATIVE
PROPERTIES
II. WHAT I NEED TO KNOW
DISCUSSION

Colligative Properties (Group 1)

Colligative properties are properties of a solution that depend


only on the number and not on the identity of the solute particles.
Colligative comes from a Latin word coligare- which means “tied
together”. Thus, these depend on the collective effect of the
concentration of solute particles present in an ideal solution.
Because of their direct relationship to the number of solute
particles, the colligative properties are very useful for characterizing
the nature of a solute after it is dissolved in a solvent and for
determining the molar masses of substances.

Types Colligative Properties.

A. Vapor Pressure Lowering (Group 2)

Vapor pressure is the pressure exerted by a vapor that is in


dynamic equilibrium with its liquid in a closed system (see Figure 1).
A solution that contains a solute that is nonvolatile (not easily
vaporized) always has a lower vapor pressure than the pure solvent.
The amount of the decrease in the vapor pressure is explained by
Raoult’s law. Francois Marie Raoult (1830-1901), a French physicist
and chemist, extensively studied the vapor pressure of solutions at
various concentrations. He found out that the lowering of vapor
pressure of a solvent is equal to the product of the mole fraction of
solute. The Raoult’s law states that the “lowering of the vapor
pressure by a non-volatile solute is directly proportional to the
concentration of the solute added, the greater is the decrease of
vapor pressure.
Figure 1. Figure 1. Higher Pressure vs Lower Vapor Pressure.

Source: https://www/stjoes.org/ourpages/auto/2013/9/9/46451732/Ch16%Lesson16_3ppt

B. Boiling Point Elevation (Group 3)

The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the


vapor presence of the liquid and its atmospheric pressure are
equal. The addition of a solute increases the boiling point of the
solution. The rise in the boiling point of liquids upon the addition of
the solute can be explained by the presence of the solute particles
which lowers the vapor pressure of the solution, while its
atmospheric pressure remains the same. It means that the addition
of solutes increases the difference of the vapor pressure and the
atmospheric pressure of the solution (see Figure 2).

Figure 2. The phase diagram of water. Line represents the phase transition of pure water and the broken line
represents the phase transition of a solution.

Source: https://nigerianscholars.com/tutorials/solutions-and-colloids/phase-diagram-for-an-aqueous-solution-
of-a-nonelectrolyte/
C. Freezing Point Depression (Group 4)

The temperature at which liquid and solid are in equilibrium is


the freezing point of the substance. At this temperature, the solid
and liquid forms of the substance have the same vapor pressure. In
our country, we are familiar as to how the ice cream vendors keep
their ice cream freezing. They add plenty of rock salt crystals to the
ice cubes that surround the mental containers of the ice cream.
The presence of the rock salts lowers the freezing point of the ice
cubes, thus, making a longer time and more heat to melt (see
Figure 2.

D. Osmotic Pressure (Group 5)

Osmosis comes from a Greek word meaning “push”, it is a


process in which the solvent moves through a semipermeable
membrane into the solution. A semipermeable membrane allows
certain types of molecules to pass through while preventing the
passage of other species in solution. A certain volume of pure water
is placed on one arm of the tube. The same volume is placed on
the other arm of the tube. If the U-tube and its contents are allowed
to stand for a few minutes, it will be noted that the level of the pure
water and the sugar solution in the U-tube will differ from each
other. The level of sugar solution is higher compared to the level of
the pure water (see Figure 3). This means that the volume of the
sugar solution has increased, while that of pure water has
decreased.

Figure 3. A diagram that shows osmosis and reverse osmosis using a U-tube apparatus.

Source: https://www.gardenseeker.co.uk/images/Osmosis.jpg
Ideal and non-ideal Solutions (Group 6)
Solution can be classified in terms of the type of solute
present. These are ideal and non-ideal solutions. An ideal solution is
a mixture in which the molecules of different species are
distinguishable, however, unlike the ideal gas, the molecules in
ideal solution exert forces on one another. When those forces are
the same for all molecules independent of species then a solution
is said to be ideal. A non-ideal solution is a solution that does not
abide to the rules of an ideal solution where the interactions
between the molecules are identical (or very close) to the
interactions between molecules of different components. For non-
ideal solution, which forms 2 or more species during mixing with the
solvent a correction is introduced known as Van 't Hoff factor. The
Van 't Hoff factor is the ratio between the actual concentration of
particles produced when the substance is dissolved and the
concentration of a substance as calculated from its mass. For two
or more species it is considered non-ideal, the Van’t Hoff factor (i)
is needed. Example, i = 2 for NaCl and K2SO4, i = 3 for MgCl2, CaCl 2,
and K2SO4; and i = 5 for Fe3(PO4)2. This is important especially on
calculations involving non-ideal solution to get an accurate result
from experimental values.

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