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2. Elementary Matrix and Inverse

Elementary matrices are defined as matrices obtained from an identity matrix through a single elementary row operation. They are used to perform row operations on other matrices, and two matrices are row equivalent if one can be transformed into the other using a sequence of these operations. Theorems establish that every elementary matrix is invertible, and the process of finding the inverse of a matrix involves applying a sequence of elementary row operations to transform the matrix into the identity matrix.

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Ojas Marathe
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4 views

2. Elementary Matrix and Inverse

Elementary matrices are defined as matrices obtained from an identity matrix through a single elementary row operation. They are used to perform row operations on other matrices, and two matrices are row equivalent if one can be transformed into the other using a sequence of these operations. Theorems establish that every elementary matrix is invertible, and the process of finding the inverse of a matrix involves applying a sequence of elementary row operations to transform the matrix into the identity matrix.

Uploaded by

Ojas Marathe
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Elementary Matrices

Definition 4
A matrix E is called an elementary matrix if it can be obtained
from an identity matrix by a single elementary row operation.

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Elementary Matrices

Definition 4
A matrix E is called an elementary matrix if it can be obtained
from an identity matrix by a single elementary row operation.

Theorem 5
If the elementary matrix E results from performing a certain row
operation on Im and if A is an m × n matrix, then the product EA
is the matrix that results when this same row operation is
performed on A.

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Definition 6
Two matrices A and B are said to be row equivalent if either can
be obtained from the other by a sequence of elementary row
operations.

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Definition 6
Two matrices A and B are said to be row equivalent if either can
be obtained from the other by a sequence of elementary row
operations.

Theorem 7
If a matrix A has B as it’s reduced row echelon form, then there
are elementary matrices E1 , E2 , . . . Er for some r ∈ N such that
B = E1 E2 · · · Er A.

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Definition 6
Two matrices A and B are said to be row equivalent if either can
be obtained from the other by a sequence of elementary row
operations.

Theorem 7
If a matrix A has B as it’s reduced row echelon form, then there
are elementary matrices E1 , E2 , . . . Er for some r ∈ N such that
B = E1 E2 · · · Er A.

Corollary 8
An n × n matrix has rank n if and only if it has an inverse.

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Inverse Row operations

Theorem 9
Every elementary matrix is invertible, and the inverse is also an
elementary matrix.

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Inverse Row operations

Theorem 9
Every elementary matrix is invertible, and the inverse is also an
elementary matrix.

Theorem 10
If A is an n × n matrix, then the following statements are
equivalent:
(a) A is invertible.
(b) Ax = 0 has only the trivial solution.
(c) The reduced row echelon form of A is In .
(d) A is expressible as a product of elementary matrices.

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Inversion Algorithm

The algorithm of finding the inverse of an invertible matrix:

Let A be an invertible matrix. Then


find a sequence of elementary row operations that reduces A
to the identity
then perform that same sequence of operations on In to
obtain A−1 .

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Examples

Find inverse of the following matrices:


1
 
2 1 −1
0 6 4
0 −2 2
2
 
1 2 0
2 1 2
0 2 1
3
 
−1 0 −1
0 1 1
1 1 0

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More Problems

1 No-nnvertible Matrix :
 
1 6 4
 2 4 −1
−1 2 5

2 If the following matrix


 
1 0 0
0 1 0
a b c

is an elementary matrix, then what can you say about the


entries a, b, c ?

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