FORM 4 PHYSICS PAPER II

MODULE I: ENERGY, APPLCATIONS AND USES

Heat: Thermometry, Calorimetry, Heat transfer

1. (June 2023 Question 7,d,e,f)

a.
i. Define specific heat capacity.2 marks
ii. Describe and experiment to determine the specific heat capacity of an aluminium block. Your
description should include:
- a list of apparatus needed
- a diagram of the set=up
- the procedure you will use to collect data
- how the data will be used to obtain the specific heat capacity
- any precaution taken to minimize error 7 marks
b. A mass of 5 kg of water is heated with a 500 W heater for 20 minutes
i. Calculate the heat supplied by the heater during this time. 2 marks
ii. Given that the specific heat capacity of water is 4300 Jkg-1K-1, determine the change in temperature
of the water during this time. 2 marks
iii. Explain why water us often used as a cooling liquid in car radiators. 2 marks
c. A student used an un-calibrated thermometer in the laboratory to measure the temperature of a given
liquid. He first put it in pure ice and the mercury thread was 10 cm long. He then removed it and put it in
steam from boiling water, the mercury thread was 50 cm long. Then he puts it in the liquid and the mercury
thread was 35 cm long.
i. Define temperature 1 mark
ii. State two properties that make mercury suitable for use in thermometers 2 marks
iii. Calculate the temperature of the liquid 2 marks
2. (June 2022 Question 2)
a. An uncalibrated mercury-in-glass thermometer is placed in steam from boiling water at standard
atmospheric pressure, and the length of the mercury thread is 30 cm. It is then placed in melting ice and the
length of the thread drops to 5 cm. when it is placed in warm water, the length of the thread is 9.3 cm.
i. Calculate the temperature of the warm water. 3 marks
ii. State a reason why water is not used as a thermometric liquid. 1 mark
b. One method of heat transfer through a material is called conduction.
i. Define heat conduction. 1 mark
ii. State one advantage of heat conduction. 1 mark
iii. State one disadvantage of heat conduction. 1 mark
The specific heat capacity of copper is 400 J.kg-1.K=1. A piece of copper of mass 10 kg is at a temperature of 80 0C.
calculate the amount of heat it must lose for its temperature to decrease to 50 0C. 2 marks
3. (June 2021 Question 1)
a. Define temperature and name an instrument used in a school laboratory for its measurement. 2 marks
b. An un-calibrated liquid-in-glass thermometer is placed in steam from boiling water under atmospheric
pressure. The length of mercury thread is 23 cm. It is then placed in pure melting ice and the length of the
thread changes to 3 cm. calculate:
i. The fundamental interval 2 marks
ii. The temperature for which the length of mercury thread will be 13 cm. 2 marks

4. (June 2020 Question 5)

Explain the following:
 a. On a hot afternoon, it is hotter inside a house with a thatched roof than in the neighbouring house roofed
with aluminum. 2 marks
b. When two blocks of ice are pressed against each other, they stick together after they are released. 2 marks
c. Steam, rather than boiling water, is used for determining the upper fix point of a thermometer. 1 mark
5. (June 2020 Question 9,a,bc)
a. Define the following and state their S.I unit of measurement.
i. Heat 2 marks
ii. Temperature 2 marks
iii. State two features on a clinical thermometer that makes it different from a normal liquid-in-glass
thermometer. 2 marks
b.
i. Distinguish between heat capacity and specific heat capacity. 2 marks
ii. 500 g of water were heated using an electric heater rated 1000 W for 2 minutes. If the specific heat
capacity of water is 4200 J.kg-1.K-1. Calculate the temperature change. 4 marks
iii. State one use of water due to its high specific heat capacity. 1 mark
c.
i. Define thermal expansion. 2 marks
ii. Explain how a bimetallic strip works in an electric iron to switch it on and off. 2 marks
iii. Explain why a metal spoon, left beside a flame for a few minutes becomes so hot to touch. 2 marks
6. (June 2019 Question 3)
a.
i. Define specific latent heat of vaporization. 2 marks
ii. Why is the specific latent heat of vaporization of water much larger than its specific heat capacity? 2
marks
b. The mercury column of a newly made mercury-in-glass thermometer is 5 cm long when the bulb is dipped in
pure melting ice. When the bulb is transferred into steam from pure boiling water at standard atmospheric
pressure, the mercury column is 17 cm long. When the bulb is dipped into another liquid of unknown
temperature, O, the mercury column is 10 cm.
i. What is the thermometric property of this thermometer? 1 mark
ii. Calculate the unknown temperature, O, in oC. 2 marks
7. (June 2019 Question 4)
a.
i. State the SI unit of temperature and its lowest value. 2 marks
ii. What is the thermometric property of a liquid-in-glass thermometer? 1 mark
b.
i. State one use of a mercury in glass thermometer. 1 mark
ii. A liquid-in-glass thermometer has a fine(narrow) bore, a thin-walled bulb, and a blackened bulb.
Explain the significance of the underlined words to the effective functioning of the thermometer. 3
marks
8. (June 2018 Question 7,d,e,f)
a.
i. Define the specific latent heat of a substance. State its unit. 3 marks
ii. Name a substance with a high specific latent heat. State one use of this substance due to its high
specific latent heat. 2 marks
iii. Explain why a burn from steam at 100 oC is more severe than one from boiling water at the same
temperature. 2 marks
b.
i. Describe an experiment to show that different materials (solids) conduct heat at different rates.
Your description should include:
- A list of apparatus needed
 - A diagram of the set-up
- The procedure you will use
- The precaution to be taken. 5 marks
ii. Name three situations in which these differences in conductivity between different materials are put
to use. 3 marks
c. A student noticed that when fire is burning in a firewood kitchen, cold air flows into the kitchen through the
door while the smoke moves out through a hole high up the wall.
i. Name the phenomenon that causes this observation. 1 mark
ii. Briefly explain how this observation occurs. 3 marks
iii. Name one daily occurrence due to this phenomenon. 1 mark
9. (June 2017 Question 7,d,e,f)
a.
i. Define specific heat capacity. 2 marks
ii. Describe an experiment to measure the specific heat capacity of a copper block. 6 marks
b. Water has a specific latent heat of vaporization of 2300000 J.kg-1 and a specific heat capacity of 4200 J.kg-1.K-
1
.
i. Define specific latent heat of vaporization. 2 marks
ii. Explain why the specific latent heat of vaporization of water is much more than the specific heat
capacity of water. 2 marks
iii. When water drops on our bodies, we feel cold. Explain why we feel cold. 3 marks
c. Two of the methods by which heat can be transferred are conduction and convection.
i. Define each of the methods and state a situation where each can be observed. 4 marks
ii. By what method of heat transfer does heat from the sun reach the earth’s surface? 1 mark
10. (June 2016 Question 7,a,b,c)
a. The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J.kg-1. K-1
i. Define specific heat capacity. 2 marks
ii. Describe an experiment to measure the specific heat capacity of water using the electrical method.
You description should include
- An experimental set-up
- Procedure
- Data collected
- The use of the data to determine the specific heat capacity
- Any precautions taken. 7 marks
iii. In one such experiment, 52500 J of heat energy was absorbed by 2.5 Kg of water. Determine the
temperature change produced. 2 marks
b. The lower and upper fixed points of a newly manufactured thermometer are found to be 2.0 cm and 35 cm
respectively. When the thermometer is placed in contact with a body whose temperature is to be measured,
the mercury thread rises to the 17 cm mark.
i. Define lower fixed-point temperature. 1 mark
ii. Define upper-fixed point temperature. 1 mark
iii. Determine the temperature of the body. 3 marks
c.
i. Define convection 2 marks
ii. Describe an application of convection in everyday life. 2 marks
11. (June 2015 Question 1)
a. Name three ways through which a body can lose heat to the environment. 3 marks
b. A metal rod is held in hand. The other end is put into a fire. State and explain how heat travels from the free
end to the hand. 3 marks
12. (June 2015 Question 6)
 a. Define temperature and state its SI unit.
b. Figure 2 shows an uncalibrated thermometer with 0 0C and 100 0C marked as lower and upper fix points
respectively. The thermometer is put in a hot liquid. Given that the mercury length for 0 0C is 4 cm, and that
for 100 oC is 14 cm and that for the liquid is 10 cm, calculate the temperature of the hot liquid. 4 marks

13. (June 2015 Question 8, a,b,c)

a.
i. Define the specific heat capacity of a substance and state its SI unit. 2 marks
ii. Describe an experiment to determine the specific heat capacity of a solid, c, in your description,
consider the following:
- the apparatus needed
- a diagram of the setup
- list of measurements to be taken
- how the measurements are used to determine e
- one precaution. 7 marks
iii. name and explain a device or situation in which the specific heat capacity of water is used. 3 marks
b. A mercury-in-glass thermometer is constructed by determining the lower fixed point (ice point) and the
upper fixed point (steam point).
i. Explain the effect of mineral impurities on each of the points. 2 marks
ii. State two advantages of the school thermometer over the clinical thermometer. 2 marks
c.
i. Explain why the part of the body on which spirit is poured feels cold after a while. 2 marks
ii. Why does one’s feet feel warm on a carpet but cold on a bare cemented floor? 2 marks

MODULE II: WAVES

Waves, Resonance, Vibrations in strings, Sound waves, Electromagnetic waves

14. (June 2023 question 2)

a. Figure 1 shows a set of plane waves approaching two different obstacles in a ripple tank

i. Copy each diagram and draw the wave fronts after the obstacle 4 marks
ii. Name the wave phenomenon illustrated at X of figure 1 1 mark
b.
i. Define interference 1 mark
 ii. Two similar waves, each of amplitude 4 cm undergo constructive interference. Determine the
amplitude of the resultant wave. 2 marks
15. (June 2022 Question 6)
a. Waves are generated in a ripple tank using a straight-edge vibrator which hits the water surface 40 times in
5 seconds. The waves move across the ripple tank with a distance of 2.5 x 10-2 m between successive
wavefronts and a maximum vertical displacement of 1.5 x 10 -2 m from the rest position.
i. Calculate the frequency of the wave. 1 mark
ii. Calculate the speed of the eave. 2 marks.
iii. What is the name of the vertical displacement of 1.5 x 10 -2 m? 1 mark
b. In the middle of the tank mentioned in (a) above, a barrier is placed, having a gap of width 1.5 x 10 -2 cm.
i. Draw a diagram to show the wavefronts before and after the barrier. 2 marks
ii. Name the effect produced by the gap. 1 mark
iii. Name a situation or device in which the effect mentioned in (ii) above is advantageous. 1 mark
16. (June 2022 Question 9,f)
a.
i. Explain one observation that demonstrate that light travels faster in air than sound. 1 mark
ii. State two uses of sound waves in a medium. 2 marks
iii. State two factors that affect the speed of sound in air. 2 marks
iv. A radio station broadcast at a frequency of 4.5 x 107 Hz. Calculate the wavelength of the radio waves
produced. 2 marks
17. (June 2021 Question 7,a,b,f)
a.
i. Sketch a displacement-distance graph for two cycles of a wave profile. On it, indicate the amplitude
and the wavelength of the wave. 3 marks
ii. Describe an experiment to determine the speed of sound in air. Your description should include
 A labelled diagram
 The procedure followed in collecting data
 The processing of the data to determine the speed of sound
 The precautions taken to minimize error 7 marks
b. A ship’s sonar sends down a sound of frequency 6000 Hz into water in a sea, at a point which is 3000 m
deep. The echo is heard 4 seconds later.
i. Which wave phenomenon is responsible for echoes? 1 mark
ii. Calculate the speed of sound in water. 2 marks
iii. Calculate the wavelength of the wave. 2 marks
iv. State a factor that affects the speed of sound in water. 1 mark
c. On a stormy day, a student sees lightening in the cloud and hears the sound 20 seconds later.
i. Explain why he sees the lightening before hearing the sound. 1 mark
ii. Given that the speed of sound in air is 340 m.s-1, determine how far from the student was the cloud
producing the lightening. 2 marks
iii. State one factor that affects the speed of sound in air. 1 mark
18. (June 2020 Question 7,d,f)
a.
i. State two ways by which waves are classified. 2 marks
ii. Describe an experiment to show that light does not need a material medium for propagation, but
that sound needs a material medium for propagation. Your description should include:
- An experimental setup or a list of required apparatus
- The procedure to follow
- The measurements or observations made
- How to obtain a conclusion from the observations
 - Any precautions taken. 6 marks
iii. State one practical situation each in which a wave is used because it either needs a material medium
to travel or it does not need a material medium to travel. 2 marks
b. Figure 7 shows a thin metal wire, AB, which is tied at the points A and B so that it is stiff.

i. Name the energy changes which take place if the wire is plucked with the finger or a small piece of
broom. 2 marks
ii. Sketched a diagram to show the appearance of the plucked wire. Indicate the distance that
represents one wavelength. 2 marks
19. (June 2017 Question 9,a,b)
a. Define the following and state one example of each
i. A transverse wave. 2 marks
ii. A longitudinal wave. 2 marks
b. A 50 Hz vibrator produces plane continuous waves which move across the surface of a swimming pool such
that 20 cycles occupy a distance of 45 m.
i. What is a continuous wave? 1 mark
Calculate
ii. The wavelength of the wave. 2 marks
iii. The speed of the wave. 2 marks
20. (June 2016 Question 8,c)
a. Ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) radiations are both part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
i. State how each radiation can be detected. 2 marks
ii. Give one use of each radiation. 2 marks
21. (June 2016 Question 9,a,b,c)
a. When a longitudinal wave travels through air, the air layer is disturbed forming alternate regions of
compressions and rarefactions. The distance between a compression and the nearest rarefaction is 2 m.
i. State the meaning of each underlined term. 3 marks
ii. Name an example of a longitudinal wave. 1 mark
iii. Calculate the wavelength of the longitudinal wave. 2 marks
b. Figure 2 shows a displacement against distance graph for transverse water waves produced in a ripple tank
when the vibrator is vibrating at 50 Hz.

i. Define transverse waves and give an example. 2 marks

 ii. What is the frequency of vibration of the wave particles? Explain 2 marks
iii. Calculate the wavelength of the wave. 2 marks
iv. Calculate the speed of the wave. 2 marks
v. State and explain if the wave would be diffracted if it is allowed to pass through a gap of 4 cm. 2
marks
c. The sound note produced by a string instrument depends on the tension and length of the string, explain
how these factors can be varied and how each of them is related to frequency. 4 marks
22. (June 2015 Question 5)
a. Ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IF) radiations are members of the electromagnetic spectrum.
i. State two properties that make them different. 2 marks
ii. Name a device that can be used to detect each of the radiations. 2 marks
iii. Name the electromagnetic wave that lies between UV and IR. 1 mark
23. (June 2015 Question 8,d,e)
d.
i. Describe an experiment to determine the speed of sound in air by a simple direct method. In your
description, consider the following:
- a list of the apparatus needed
- a diagram of the setup
- a list of the measurements to be taken
- explanation on how these measurements are used to determine the speed
- one precaution. 7 marks
ii. Name one device that produces a pure sound and one that produces an impure note. 2 marks
iii. Why is it that during a thunder storm, light is seen before the sound is heard even though they are
produced at the same time. 1 mark
e. Water waves travelling at 1.3 m.s-1 are produced in a ripple tank by a straight vibrator that makes 40
oscillations in 1 second.
i. Calculate the wavelength of the wave. 3 marks
In the middle of the tank, these waves meet a straight barrier having an opening. Draw the wave fronts
before and after they have passed through the opening if the opening is :
ii. 2 cm. 3 marks
iii. 7 cm. 3marks
iv. What is the name given to the effect observed above? 1 mark
v. Describe a natural phenomenon which is due to the effect named in (iv). 1 mark.

MODULE III: ELECTRICAL ENERGY

Electrostatics

24. (June 2023 Question 6)

A polythene rod charged by rubbing with dry cloth is brought close to but not touching a metallic sphere placed
on an insulating stand.
i. Name one other method used in charging a material. 1 mark
ii. What type of charge is stored on the polythene rod? 1 mark
iii. Explain why the rod would not have been charged if the cloth was wet. 2 marks
iv. Explain with the aid of diagrams how the metallic sphere can be made to acquire a positive charge. 3
marks
25. (June 2021 Question (9,a)
a.
i. A polythene rod can be charged by rubbing. Identify the type of charge acquired by the rod and
explain its origin. 2 marks
 Two charged metallic balls A and B on insulating stands are placed a short distance from each other
as shown in figure 3. Ball A is positively charged while B is negatively charged.

ii. Name the type of force that exist between A and B. 1 mark
iii. State two factors that affect the size of the force. 2 marks
iv. State and explain what will happen if A and B are connected using a conducting wire. 2 marks
26. (June 2018 Question 9,a)
a. Figure 4.0 shows a negatively charged polyethene rod brought close to an uncharged suspended meta
coated ball. It is observed that the ball moves.

i. In which direction does the ball move? 1 mark

ii. What type of force exist between them? 1 mark
iii. Name two factors that affect the magnitude of this force. 2 marks
iv. Explain how the movement in (i) above comes about. 2 marks
v. Why is it easier to charge a polythene rod than to charge a copper rod? 2 marks
27. (June 2017 question 8,a)
a. You are provided with a positively charged rod X and a negatively charged rod Y and three other spheres A,B
and C; one negatively charged, the other positively charged and the other uncharged.
i. Name a material from which rod X is made. 1 mark
ii. How could the rod X have been charged? 1 mark
iii. Describe two tests you could carry out to identify the positively charged sphere and the uncharged
sphere. 4 marks
iv. Draw the electric field pattern around the negatively charged sphere. 2 marks
28. (June 2016 Question 9,d)
a. A glass rod is rubbed with a dry cloth. The rod becomes charged and can pick up small pieces of paper.
i. Explain the origin of charge on the rod and state the type of charge on it. 2 marks
ii. Explain why the cloth will not be charged if the cloth was wet. 2 marks
iii. Explain why on taking the charged rod close to the cap of a positively charged gold leaf
electroscope, the leaf diverges more. 2 marks

Current Electricity, Electric Circuits, House Wiring, CRO

29. (June 2023 Question 4)
Figure 2 shows a network of two resistors connected to a 12 V battery

Determine:
a. The potential difference across the resistor, R. 2 marks
b. The current through the 15 Ω resistor 2 mark
c. The resistance of the resistor, R 2 mark

30. (June 2023 Question 8,a,b,c)

a.
i. State Ohm’s law. 2 marks
In an experiment to verify the relationship between the current, I, flowing through the conductor,
and the potential difference, V, across its terminals, a student obtained the following data:

V/V 0.0 1.5 3.0 4.5 6.0 8.0 9.0 10.0

I/A 0.0 1.1 2.1 3.2 4.4 5.7 6.4 7.1

ii. Plot a graph of potential difference, V, on the y-axis against current, I, on the x-axis 5 marks
iii. Determine the gradient of the graph and state its significance. 3 marks
iv. What is the current in the circuit when the potential difference is 7.5 V? Show clearly how you
arrived at your answer. 2 marks
b. A wire of a given length and thickness is connected to a circuit containing an ammeter and a battery.
i. Define electromotive force 2 marks
ii. Explain what will happen to the current lowing through the ammeter if the wire is replaced with a
thinner wire of the same material and length 2 marks
c.
i. State the function of a fuse and also state where it is connected in an electrical circuit 2 marks
ii. Explain how the fuse performs the function stated in c (i) above. 2 marks
31. (June 2022 Question 4)
a. State two factors that affect the resistance of a conductor 2 marks
b. State 2 safety precautions taken in house wiring. 2 marks
c. State one reason why high-tension lines are suspended high above the ground. 1 mark
d. State one advantage of transporting electricity as AC and not as DC. 1 mark
32. (June 2022 Question 8,f)
Two electrical devices of equal power are connected in parallel in an electrical circuit. In 30 minutes, 9000 C of
charge flow through the circuit and 300 J of electrical energy is converted every second. Calculate:
i. The current through the circuit. 2 marks
ii. The resistance of the circuit. 2 marks
iii. The resistance of each device 2 mark
iv. Draw a well labelled diagram to show how the power sockets a connected in parallel using a three-
cord cable. 2 marks
33. (June 2021 Question 4)
Figure 1 shows a network of three resistors connected to a battery of e.m.f 28 V
 Calculate:
a. The total resistance of the circuit. 2 marks
b. The total current in the circuit. 2 marks
34. (June 2021 Question 9,b,c)
b. A battery causes charge to move round a circuit in 30 s and it is observed that the current in the circuit is 5
A. calculate:
i. The quantity of charge that passes through the battery. 2 marks
ii. The number of electrons that flow through the circuit per unit time given that the charge on one
electron is 1.6 x 10-19 C. 2 marks
iii. The amount of energy converted into heat and light by a lamp, given that the battery provides a p.d.
of 12 V across the lamb. 2 marks
iv. Differentiate between the potential difference (p.d.) the battery can supply across an external load
such as a lamb and the electromotive force (e.m.f.) of the battery. 2 marks
c.
i. Draw a ring circuit used in house wiring. Your diagram should show how a socket carrying a fuse is
connected to the ring circuit. 3 marks
ii. State two advantages of a ring circuit over a linear circuit. 2 marks
35. (June 2020 Question 4)
Figure 3 shows how resistors may be connected to power source with two switches, S 1 and S2.

a. Name two types of circuit connections. 2 marks

b. Explain how you can use the two switches to get tach of the circuit connections named in (a) above. 2 marks
c. Calculate the resistance of each of the circuit types. 2 marks
d. State the circuit type which is more commonly used in hose wiring and justify the choice with a reason. 2
marks
36. (June 2020 Question 8,d,e,f)
a.
i. State Ohm’s law. 2 marks
ii. Define resistance and state it’s S.I unit. 2 marks
 b. A student wanted to investigate Ohm’s law using a piece of copper wire. She measured the p.d. across the
wire, and the current through it. And got the following results:

p.d./V 0.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.5 6.0 8.0 10.5
I/A 0.0 0.08 0.13 0.17 0.25 0.38 0.51 0.68 0.89
i. Name the instrument used to measure the current and say how it is connected to the copper wire. 2
marks
ii. Plot a graph of p.d. (y-axis) against I (x-axis). 5 marks
iii. Determine the slope of you graph. 2 marks
iv. What physical quantity does the slope represent? 1 mark
c. An earth wire is considered as a safety precaution in house wiring.
i. What does it protect? 1 mark
ii. Explain how the protection of (i) above is ensured. 2 marks
iii. A coffee maker is rated 2200 W, 240 V. a student brought a 5 A fuse to use with the coffee maker.
Calculate the maximum current that flows in the coffee maker, and hence determine whether or not
the 5 A fuse is suitable for use in the appliance. 3 marks
37. (June 2019 question 2)
Figure 3 shows a simple circuit diagram.

a. Identify the components labelled X and Y. 2 marks

b. Calculate the total resistance of the circuit. 2 marks
c. Calculate the current flowing through the 2 Ω resistor. 2 marks
38. (June 2019 Question 8,a,b,c)
a.
i. State Ohm’s law. 2 marks
In an experiment to verify the relationship between the current, I flowing through a conductor, and
the potential difference, V, across its terminals, a student obtained the following data:

V/V 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0

I/A 0.0 1.6 3.2 5.0 6.3 7.5 9.4 11.0
ii. Plot a graph of potential difference. V, on the y-axis against, I, on the x-axis. 5 marks
iii. Determine the gradient of the graph and state its unit. 3 marks
iv. What is the current in the circuit when the potential difference is 9 V? Show clearly how you arrived
at the answer. 2 marks
 b.
i. Define electric current and state its unit. 2 marks
ii. A charge of 40 C low through a point in a circuit in 10 s. calculate the current that flows. 2 marks
c.
i. Fuses and earth wires are protective devices used in house wiring. State what each of them
protects. 2 marks
ii. An electric iron is rated 1000 W, 220 V. determine whether a fuse of value 3.2 A will be suitable for
the iron. 2 marks
39. (June 2018 Question 3)
a.
i. State two physical properties of a conductor that affect its resistance. 2 marks
ii. Calculate the total resistance of the circuit in Figure 1. 2 marks
iii. Calculate the current flowing through the 5 Ω resistor. 2 marks

40. (June 2018 Question 9,b,c)

a. Figure 5 shows two conductors A and B.

i. What is the potential difference(p.d.) between the two conductors? 2 marks

ii. If A and B are linked by a conducting wire, in which direction will the electrons flow? Explain. 2
marks
iii. When do the electrons stop flowing? 2 marks
iv. How much work must be done to bring a charge of 10-5 from earth to the 4000 V conductor? 2
marks
b. A current of 10 A flows in a conductor for 8 s.
i. What do you understand by a current of 10 A? 2 marks
ii. Calculate the number of electrons that flow in the conductor, given that the charge of an electron is
1.6 x 10-19 C. 3 marks
41. (June 2017 question 2)
An object charged to a potential of +20 V is connected to the earth with a copper wire.
 a. State the direction in which electrons flow. 1 mark
b. State two methods used for charging objects. 2 marks
c. If 3200 C of charges were stored in the object, calculate the work done to charge the object. 2 marks
d. Calculate the current flowing into the earth during this time. 2 marks
42. (June 2017 Question 8,b,c)
a.

i. State Ohm’s law. 2 marks

ii. State and explain two factors that can affect the resistance of a copper wire. 4 marks
b. Three 4 Ω bulbs are connected to a 24 V power supply as shown in figure 5.

Calculate:
i. The combined resistance of the circuit. 2 marks
ii. The current flowing through the circuit. 2 marks
iii. The voltage drops across the resistor connected in parallel. 2 marks
43. (June 2016 Question 3)
Three resistors are connected to a 240 V power source through an ammeter as shown in Figure 1.

a. What property of the ammeter enables it to be connected as shown? 1 mark

b. Give two advantages of connecting bulbs in parallel in our homes. 2 marks
c. Calculate
i. The combined resistance of the above circuit. 2 marks
ii. The current flowing through the ammeter. 2 marks
iii. The power consumed when all the bulb are in use. 2 marks
44. (June 2016 Question 5)
Electricity is transmitted by using overhead aluminium cables.
a. State one other material that could be used in place of aluminium. 1 mark
 b. State and explain 2 ways in which power loss is minimised in the transmission of electricity. 4 marks
45. (June 2016 Question 9,e,f)
a. The Figure 2 shows some connections in an electric iron. P is the ‘live’ connection.

i. Name the connections denoted Q and R. 2 marks

ii. Which of the connections should a fuse be installed on? Explain. 2 marks
iii. Which of the connections is a protective device? What does it protect and how? 3 marks
iv. If the appliance is rated 240 V, which among the fuses rated 1.5 A, 3 A and 13 A will be suitable for
it? 3 marks
b. A copper wire is used as a resistor in an electric circuit. State and explain how each of the following actions
affects the size of the current in the circuit.
i. Increasing the length of the wire. 2 marks
ii. Increasing the thickness of the wire. 2 marks
46. (June 2015 Question 7,a,b,c)
a.
i. State Ohm’s law and name a material that obeys the law. 3 marks
ii. Define electromotive force (e.m.f.) and potential difference (p.d.). 2 marks
b. The following ammeter (A) and voltmeter (V) readings were taken in an experiment using a battery, a
switch, a rheostat and a resistor circuit.

V/V 0 1.5 3.0 4.5 6.0 6.9

I/A 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0

i. Explain why the ammeter and voltmeter are connected as shown. 4 marks
ii. Draw a graph of voltage (y-axis) against current (x-axis). 5 marks
iii. Determine the slope of the graph and state its SI unit. 3 marks
Figure 3 shows a circuit operated using a 12 V battery. Calculate