Class: X Worksheet Subject:

Science

1. Chemical Reactions and Equations

TERMS TO REMEMBER:
Chemical Reaction: The transformation of chemical substance into another chemical substance is
known as Chemical Reaction. For example: Rusting of iron, the setting of milk into curd, digestion of
food, respiration, etc.
• The substances which take part in a chemical reaction are called reactants.
• The new substances produced as a result of a chemical reaction are called products.
Example: The burning of magnesium in the air to form magnesium oxide is an example of a chemical
reaction.
2Mg(s) + O2(g) △→ 2MgO(s)
Before burning in air, the magnesium ribbon is cleaned by rubbing with sandpaper.
This is done to remove the protective layer of basic magnesium carbonate from the surface of the
magnesium ribbon.
Reactant: Substances which take part in a chemical reaction are called reactants.
Example: Mg and O2.
Product: New substance formed after a chemical reaction is called a product.
Example: MgO.
Characteristics of Chemical Reactions:
(i) Evolution of gas: The chemical reaction between zinc and dilute sulphuric acid is characterized by
the evolution of hydrogen gas.
Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g) ↑
(ii) Change in Colour: The chemical reaction between citric acid and purple coloured potassium
permanganate solution is characterised by a change in colour from purple to colourless.
The chemical reaction between sulphur dioxide gas and acidified potassium dichromate solution is
characterized by a change in colour from orange to green.
(iii) Change in state of substance: The combustion reaction of candle wax is characterised by a change
in state from solid to liquid and gas (because the wax is a solid, water formed by the combustion of wax
is a liquid at room temperature whereas, carbon dioxide produced by the combustion of wax is a gas).
There are some chemical reactions which can show more than one characteristics.
(iv) Change in temperature: The chemical reaction between quick lime water to form slaked lime is
characterized by a change in temperature (which is a rise in temperature).
The chemical reaction between zinc granules and dilute sulphuric acid is also characterised by a change
in temperature (which is a rise in temperature).
(v) Formation of precipitate: The chemical reaction between sulphuric acid and barium chloride
solution is characterised by the formation of a white precipitate of barium sulphate.
BaCl2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) (ppt) + 2HCl(aq)
What is a chemical Equation ?
Chemical Equation: Representation of chemical reaction using symbols and formulae of the substances
is called Chemical Equation.
Example: A + B → C + D
In this equation, A and B are called reactants and C and D are called the products. The arrow shows the
direction of the chemical reaction. Condition, if any, is written generally above the arrow.
When hydrogen reacts with oxygen, it gives water. This reaction can be represented by the following
chemical equation:
Hydrogen + Oxygen → Water
H2 + O2 → H2O
In the first equation, words are used and in second, symbols of substances are used to write the chemical
equation. For convenience, the symbol of substance is used to represent chemical equations.
A chemical equation is a way to represent the chemical reaction in a concise and informative way.
 A chemical equation can be divided into two types: Balanced Chemical Equation and Unbalanced
Chemical Equation.
(a) Balanced Chemical Equation: A balanced chemical equation has the number of atoms of each
element equal on both sides.
Example: Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2
In this equation, numbers of zinc, hydrogen and sulphate are equal on both sides, so it is a Balanced
Chemical Equation.
According to the Law of Conservation of Mass, mass can neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical
reaction. To obey this law, the total mass of elements present in reactants must be equal to the total mass
of elements present in products.
(b) Unbalanced Chemical Equation: If the number of atoms of each element in reactants is not equal
to the number of atoms of each element present in the product, then the chemical equation is called
Unbalanced Chemical Equation.
Example: Fe + H2O → Fe3O4 + H2
In this example, a number of atoms of elements are not equal on two sides of the reaction. For example;
on the left-hand side only one iron atom is present, while three iron atoms are present on the right-hand
side. Therefore, it is an unbalanced chemical equation.
Balancing a Chemical Equation: To balance the given or any chemical equation, follow these steps:
Fe + H2O → Fe3O4 + H2
Write the number of atoms of elements present in reactants and in products in a table as shown here.
Name of atom No. of atoms in the reactant No. of atoms in the product

Iron 1 3

Hydrogen 2 2

Oxygen 1 4
Balance the atom which is maximum in number on either side of a chemical equation.
In this equation, the number of oxygen atom is the maximum on the RHS.
To balance the oxygen, one needs to multiply the oxygen on the LHS by 4, so that, the number of
oxygen atoms becomes equal on both sides.
Fe + 4 × H2O → Fe3O4 + H2
Now, the number of hydrogen atoms becomes 8 on the LHS, which is more than that on the RHS. To
balance it, one needs to multiply the hydrogen on the RHS by 4.
Fe + 4 × H2O → Fe3O4 + 4 × H2
After that, the number of oxygen and hydrogen atoms becomes equal on both sides. The number of iron
is one on the LHS, while it is three on the RHS. To balance it, multiply the iron on the LHS by 3.
3 × Fe + 4 × H2O → Fe3O4 + 4 × H2
Now the number of atoms of each element becomes equal on both sides. Thus, this equation becomes a
balanced equation.
After balancing, the above equation can be written as follows:

Name of atom No. of atoms in the reactant No No. of atoms in the product
Iron 3 3
Hydrogen 8 8
Oxygen 4 4
3Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + 4H2.
To Make Equations More Informative:
Writing the symbols of physical states of substances in a chemical equation:
By writing the physical states of substances, a chemical equation becomes more informative.
• Gaseous state is represented by symbol (g).
• Liquid state is represented by symbol (l).
• Solid state is written by symbol (s).
• Aqueous solution is written by symbol (aq).
• Writing the condition in which reaction takes place: The condition is generally written above and/or
below the arrow of a chemical equation.
Thus, by writing the symbols of the physical state of substances and condition under which reaction
takes place, a chemical equation can be made more informative.
What are the types of a chemical reaction?
Types of Chemical Reactions: Combination Reaction, Decomposition Reaction, Displacement
Reaction, Double Displacement Reaction, Neutralization Reactions, Exothermic – Endothermic
Reactions and Oxidation-Reduction Reactions.
Types of Chemical Reactions:
Chemical reactions can be classified in following types:
(i) Combination Reaction: Reactions in which two or more reactants combine to form one product are
called Combination Reactions.
A general combination reaction can be represented by the chemical equation given here:
A + B → AB
Examples:
When magnesium is burnt in the air (oxygen), magnesium oxide is formed. In this reaction, magnesium
is combined with oxygen.
Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2MgO(s)
Magnesium + Oxygen → Magnesium Oxide
When carbon is burnt in oxygen (air), carbon dioxide is formed. In this reaction, carbon is combined
with oxygen.
C (s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)
Carbon + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide
(ii) Decomposition Reaction: Reactions in which one compound decomposes in two or more
compounds or elements are known as Decomposition Reaction. A decomposition reaction is just the
opposite of combination reaction.
A general decomposition reaction can be represented as follows :
AB → A + B
Examples:
When calcium carbonate is heated, it decomposes into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.
CaCO3(s) heat−→− CaO(s) + CO2(g)
Calcium carbonate → Calcium oxide + Carbon dioxide
When ferric hydroxide is heated, it decomposes into ferric oxide and water
2Fe(OH)3(s) △→ Fe2O3(s) + 3H2O(l)
Thermal Decomposition: The decomposition of a substance on heating is known as Thermal
Decomposition.
Example: 2Pb(NO3)2(s) heat−→− 2PbO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
Electrolytic Decomposition: Reactions in which compounds decompose into simpler compounds
because of passing of electricity, are known as Electrolytic Decomposition. This is also known as
Electrolysis.
Example: When electricity is passed in water, it decomposes into hydrogen and oxygen.
2H2O(l) ________ 2H2(g) + O2(g)
Photolysis or Photo Decomposition Reaction: Reactions in which a compound decomposes because of
sunlight are known as Photolysis or Photo Decomposition Reaction.
Example: When silver chloride is put in sunlight, it decomposes into silver metal and chlorine gas.
2AgCl(s) (white) Sunlight−→−−−−− 2Ag(s) (grey) + Cl2(g)
Photographic paper has a coat of silver chloride, which turns into grey when exposed to sunlight. It
happens because silver chloride is colourless while silver is a grey metal.
(iii) Displacement Reaction: The chemical reactions in which a more reactive element displaces a less
reactive element from a compound is known as Displacement Reactions. Displacement reactions are
also known as Substitution Reaction or Single Displacement/ replacement reactions.
A general displacement reaction can be represented by using a chemical equation as follows :
A + BC → AC + B
 Displacement reaction takes place only when ‘A’ is more reactive than B. If ‘B’ is more reactive than
‘A’, then ‘A’ will not displace ‘C’ from ‘BC’ and reaction will not be taking place.
Examples:
When zinc reacts with hydrochloric acid, it gives hydrogen gas and zinc chloride.
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
When zinc reacts with copper sulphate, it forms zinc sulphate and copper metal.
Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
(iv) Double Displacement Reaction: Reactions in which ions are exchanged between two reactants
forming new compounds are called Double Displacement Reactions.
AB + CD → AC + BD
Examples:
When the solution of barium chloride reacts with the solution of sodium sulphate, white precipitate of
barium sulphate is formed along with sodium chloride.
BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) (Precipitate) + 2NaCl(aq)
When sodium hydroxide (a base) reacts with hydrochloric acid, sodium chloride and water are formed.
NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
Note: Double Displacement Reaction, in which precipitate is formed, is also known as precipitation
reaction. Neutralisation reactions are also examples of double displacement reaction.
Precipitation Reaction: The reaction in which precipitate is formed by the mixing of the aqueous
solution of two salts is called Precipitation Reaction.
Example:

Neutralization Reaction: The reaction in which an acid reacts with a base to form salt and water by an
exchange of ions is called Neutralization Reaction.
Example:

(v) Oxidation and Reduction Reactions:

Oxidation: Addition of oxygen or non-metallic element or removal of hydrogen or metallic element
from a compound is known as Oxidation.
Elements or compounds in which oxygen or non-metallic element is added or hydrogen or metallic
element is removed are called to be Oxidized.
Reduction: Addition of hydrogen or metallic element or removal of oxygen or non-metallic element
from a compound is called Reduction.
The compound or element which goes under reduction in called to be Reduced.
Oxidation and Reduction take place together.
Oxidizing agent:
• The substance which gives oxygen for oxidation is called an Oxidizing agent.
• The substance which removes hydrogen is also called an Oxidizing agent.
Reducing agent:
• The substance which gives hydrogen for reduction is called a Reducing agent.
• The substance which removes oxygen is also called a Reducing agent.
The reaction in which oxidation and reduction both take place simultaneously is called Redox reaction.
When copper oxide is heated with hydrogen, then copper metal and hydrogen are formed.
CuO + H2 → Cu + H2O
(i) In this reaction, CuO is changing into Cu. Oxygen is being removed from copper oxide. Removal of
oxygen from a substance is called Reduction, so copper oxide is being reduced to copper.
(ii) In this reaction, H2 is changing to H2O. Oxygen is being added to hydrogen. Addition of oxygen to a
substance is called Oxidation, so hydrogen is being oxidised to water.
• The substance which gets oxidised is the reducing agent.
• The substance which gets reduced is the oxidizing agent.
(vi) Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions:
Exothermic Reaction: Reaction which produces energy is called Exothermic Reaction. Most of the
decomposition reactions are exothermic.
Example:
Respiration is a decomposition reaction in which energy is released.

When quick lime (CaO) is added to water, it releases energy.

Endothermic Reaction: A chemical reaction in which heat energy is absorbed is called Endothermic
Reaction.
Example: Decomposition of calcium carbonate.

Effects of Oxidation Reactions in Everyday life: Corrosion and Rancidity.

Corrosion: The process of slow conversion of metals into their undesirable compounds due to their
reaction with oxygen, water, acids, gases etc. present in the atmosphere is called Corrosion.
Example: Rusting of iron.
Rusting: Iron when reacts with oxygen and moisture forms red substance which is called Rust.

The rusting of iron is a redox reaction.

Corrosion (rusting) weakens the iron and steel objects and structures such as railings, car bodies, bridges
and ships etc. and cuts short their life.
Methods to Prevent Rusting
• By painting.
• By greasing and oiling.
• By galvanisation.
Corrosion of Copper: Copper objects lose their lustre and shine after some time because the surface of
these objects acquires a green coating of basic copper carbonate, CuCO3.Cu(OH)2 when exposed to air.

Corrosion of Silver Metal: The surface of silver metal gets tarnished (becomes dull) on exposure to air,
due to the formation of a coating of black silver sulphide(Ag2S) on its surface by the action of H2S gas
present in the air.

Rancidity: The taste and odour of food materials containing fat and oil changes when they are left
exposed to air for a long time. This is called Rancidity. It is caused due to the oxidation of fat and oil
present in food materials.
Methods to prevent rancidity:
• By adding anti-oxidant.
• Vacuum packing.
• Replacing air by nitrogen.
• Refrigeration of foodstuff.
1. Chemical Reaction: During chemical reactions, the chemical composition of substances changes or
new substances are formed.
2. Chemical Equation: Chemical reactions can be written in chemical equation form which should
always be balanced.
3. Types of Chemical Reactions:
Combination reaction: A single product is formed from two or more reactants.
2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
Decomposition reaction: A single reactant breaks down to yield two or more products.
• Thermal decomposition: 2Pb(NO2)2 → 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2
• Electrolysis: 2H20 → 2H2 + O2
• Photochemical reaction: 2AgBr → 2Ag + Br2
Displacement reaction: One element is displaced by another element.
Zn + CuSO4 → ZnSO4 + Cu
Double displacement reaction: Exchange of ions between reactants.
AgNO3 + NaCl → AgCl + NaNO3
Redox reaction: Both oxidation and reduction take place simultaneously.
CuO + H2 → Cu + H2O
Exothermic reaction: A chemical reaction in which heat energy is evolved.
C + O2 → CO2 (g) + heat
Endothermic reaction: A chemical reaction in which heat energy is absorbed.
ZnCO3 + Heat → ZnO + CO2
Redox reaction: Chemical reaction in which both oxidation and reduction take place simultaneously.
4. Oxidation: Reaction that involves the gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen.
5. Reduction: Reaction that shows the loss of oxygen or gain of hydrogen.
ZnO + C → Zn + CO
ZnO is reduced to Zn—reduction. C is oxidized to CO—Oxidation.
6. Effects of Oxidation Reactions in Our Daily Life:
• Corrosion: It is an undesirable change that occurs in metals when they are attacked by moisture, air,
acids and bases.
Example, Corrosion (rusting) of Iron: Fe2O3. nH2O (Hydrated iron oxide)
• Rancidity: Undesirable change that takes place in oil containing food items due to the oxidation of fatty
acids.
Preventive methods of rancidity: Adding antioxidants to the food materials, storing food in the airtight
container, flushing out air with nitrogen gas and refrigeration.
•

A. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

1. Which of the statements about the reaction below are incorrect?
2 PbO(s) + C(s) → 2Pb (s) + CO2(g)
(a) Lead is getting reduced.
(b) Carbon dioxide is getting oxidised.
(c) Carbon is getting oxidised.
(d) Lead oxide is getting reduced.
(i) (a) and (b)
(ii) (a) and (c)
(iii) (a), (b) and (c)
(iv) All
Answer:
(i) (a) and (b) - (a) because Oxygen is being removed and (b) because the removed oxygen from Lead is
added to the elemental Carbon.

2. Fe2O3 + 2Al → Al2O3 + 2Fe

The above reaction is an example of a
(a) combination reaction
(b) double displacement reaction
(c) decomposition reaction
(d) displacement reaction
Answer: (d) Displacement reaction - The Oxygen from the Ferrous oxide is getting displaced to the
Aluminium metal to form Aluminium Oxide. In this reaction Aluminum is more reactive metal than Fe.
Therefore Al will displace Fe from its oxide. This type of chemical reactions in which one of the
elements displace another is called displacement reaction. Here less reactive metal is displaced by more
reactive metal. Since one-time displacement is occurring, therefore, it is called a single displacement
reaction.

3. What happens when dilute hydrochloric acid is added to iron filings? Tick the correct answer :
(a) Hydrogen gas and iron chloride are produced.
(b) Chlorine gas and iron hydroxide are produced.
(c) No reaction takes place.
(d) Iron salt and water are produced.
Answer: (a) Hydrogen gas and iron chloride are produced - The Chlorine from Hydrogen chloride is
displaced by the Iron fillings to undergo the following reaction.
2HCl + Fe → FeCl2 + H2

4. What is a balanced chemical equation? Why should chemical equations be balanced?

Answer: A balanced chemical equation has an equal number of atoms of different elements in the
reactants and products.
The chemical equations should be balanced to satisfy the law of conservation of mass.

5. Translate the following statements into chemical equations and then balance them.
(a) Hydrogen gas combines with nitrogen to form ammonia.
(b) Hydrogen sulphide gas burns in air to give water and sulphur dioxide.
(c) Barium chloride reacts with aluminium sulphate to give aluminium chloride and a precipitate
of barium sulphate.
(d) Potassium metal reacts with water to give potassium hydroxide and hydrogen gas.
Answer: (a) Unbalanced: H2 + N2 → NH3
Balanced: 3H2 + N2 → 2NH3
(b) Unbalanced: H2S + O2 → H2O + SO2
Balanced: 2H2S + 3O2 → 2H2O + 2SO2
(c) Unbalanced:
BaCl2 + Al2(SO4)3 → AlCl3 + BaSO4
Balanced: 3BaCl2 + Al2(SO4)3 → 2AlCl3 + 3BaSO4
(d) Unbalanced: K + H2O → KOH + H2
Balanced: 2K + 2H2O → 2KOH + H2

6. Balance the following chemical equations :

(a) HNO3 + Ca (OH)2 → Ca (NO3)2 + H2O
(b) NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + H2O
(c) NaCl + AgNO3 → AgCl + NaNO3
(d) BaCl2 + H2SO4 → BaSO4 + HCl
Answer:
(a) 2HNO3 + Ca(OH)2 → Ca(NO3)2 + 2H2O
(b) 2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O
(c) NaCl + AgNO3 → AgCl + NaNO3
(d) BaCl2 + H2SO4 → BaSO4 + 2HCl

7. Write the balanced chemical equations for the following reactions :

(a) Calcium hydroxide + Carbon dioxide → Calcium carbonate + Water
(b) Zinc + Silver nitrate → Zinc nitrate + Silver
(c) Aluminium + Copper chloride → Aluminium chloride + Copper
(d) Barium chloride + Potassium sulphate → Barium sulphate + Potassium chloride
Answer:
(a) Ca (OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O
(b) Zn + 2AgNO3 → Zn(NO3)2 + 2 Ag
(c) 2Al + 3 CuCl2 → 2AlCl3 + 3 Cu
(d) BaCl2 + K2SO4 → BaSO4 + 2KCl

8. Write the balanced chemical equation for the following and identify the type of reaction in each
case :
(a) Potassium bromide (aq) + Barium iodide (aq) → Potassium iodide (aq) + Barium
(b) Zinc carbonate(s) → Zinc oxide (s) + Carbon dioxide (g) bromide(s)
(c) Hydrogen (g) + Chloride (g) → Hydrogen chloride (g)
(d) Magnesium (s) + Hydrochloric acid (aq) → Magnesium chloride (aq) + Hydrogen (g)
Answer:
(a) 2KBr (aq) + Bal2(aq) → 2Kl(aq) + BaBr2(s)
Type : Double displacement reaction
(b) ZnCO3 (s) → ZnO (s) + CO2 (g)
Type: Decomposition reaction
(c) H2 (g) + Cl2 (g) → 2HCl(g)
Type: Combination reaction
(d) Mg (s) + 2HCl (aq) → MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)
Type : Displacement reaction

9. What do you mean by exothermic and endothermic reactions? Give examples.

Answer:
Exothermic reactions : Those reactions in which heat is evolved are known as exothermic reactions. An
exothermic reaction is indicated by writing “+ Heat” on the products side of an equation.
Example:
(i) C (s) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + Heat
(ii) N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) → 2NH3 (g) + Heat
Endothermic reactions: Those reactions in which heat is absorbed are known as endothermic reactions.
An endothermic reaction is usually indicated by writing “Heat” on the product side of a chemical
equation.
Examples:
(i) C (s) + 2S (s) → CS2 (l) – Heat
(ii) N2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2NO (g) – Heat

10. Why is respiration considered an exothermic reaction? Explain.

Answer:
Respiration is an exothermic process because during respiration glucose combines with oxygen in the
cells of our body to form carbon dioxide and water along with the production of energy.

11. Why are decomposition reactions called the opposite of combination reactions? Write
equations for these reactions.
Answer:
In a decomposition reaction, a single compound breaks down to produce two or more simpler
substances.
For example:
While, in a combination reaction, two or more substances simply combine to form a new substance.
For example:

12. Write one equation each for the decomposition reactions where energy is supplied in the form
of heat, light or electricity.
OR
Decomposition reactions require energy either in the form of heat or light or electricity for
breaking down the reactants. Write one equation each for decomposition reactions where energy
is supplied in the form of heat, light and electricity. [CBSE 2015 (Delhi)]
Answer:

13. What is the difference between displacement and double displacement reactions? Write
equations for these reactions.
Answer:
In displacement reactions, a more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its solution. For
example,
Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) → Cu(s) + FeSO4(aq)
This is a displacement reaction where iron displaces copper from its solution.
In double displacement reactions, two reactants in solution exchange their ions. For example,
AgNO3(aq) + NaCl (aq) → AgCl(s) + NaNO3 (aq)
This is a double displacement reaction where silver nitrate and sodium chloride exchange Cl– and
NO3– ions between them.
14. In the refining of silver, the recovery of silver from silver nitrate solution involved
displacement by copper metal. Write down the reaction involved.
Answer:

15. What do you mean by a precipitation reaction? Explain by giving examples.

Answer:
A reaction in which an insoluble solid called precipitate is formed that separates from the solution is
called a precipitation reaction.
Example: When a solution of iron (III) chloride and ammonium hydroxide are mixed, a brown
precipitate of iron (III) hydroxide is formed.

16. Explain the following in terms of gain or loss of oxygen with two examples each:
(a) Oxidation and
(b) Reduction.
Answer:
(a) Oxidation : The addition of oxygen to a substance is called oxidation.
Example:
(i) S(s) + O2(g) → SO2(g) (Addition of oxygen to sulphur)
(ii) 2Mg(s) + O2 (g) → 2MgO(s) (Addition of oxygen to magnesium)
(b) Reduction : The removal of oxygen from a substance is called reduction.
Example: (i) CuO + H2 \(\under right arrow { Heat }\) Cu + H2O
Here, copper oxide is being reduced to copper because oxygen gets removed from copper oxide.
(ii) ZnO + C → Zn + CO
Here, zinc oxide is being reduced to zinc because oxygen gets removed from zinc oxide.

17. A shiny brown coloured element ‘X’ on heating in air becomes black in colour. Name the
element ‘X’ and the black coloured compound formed.
Answer:
Element ‘X’ is copper (Cu).
The black coloured compound is copper oxide (CuO). The reaction involved is

18. Why do we apply paint on iron articles?

Answer:
Paint does not allow iron articles to come in contact with air, water and saves iron articles from damage
due to rusting.

19. Oil and fat containing food items are flushed with nitrogen. Why ?
Answer:
To keep food items fresh and save from getting oxidised, food items are flushed with nitrogen.

20. Explain the following terms with one example each (a) Corrosion, (b) Rancidity.
Answer:
(a) Corrosion : It is the process in which metals are eaten up gradually by the action of air, moisture or a
chemical (such as an acid) on their surface.
Example: When iron is exposed to moist air for a long period of time, its surface acquires a coating of a
brown, flaky substance called rust. Rust is mainly hydrated iron (III) oxide [Fe2O3.xH20].

(b) Rancidity: The condition produced by aerial oxidation of fats and oils in foods marked by unpleasant
smell and taste is called rancidity.
Rancidity spoils the food materials prepared in fats and oils which have been kept for a considerable
time and makes them unfit for eating.
Rancidity can be prevented by adding anti-oxidants to foods containing fats and oils. It can also be
prevented by flushing fat and oil containing foods with nitrogen before sealing.

21. Why should a magnesium ribbon be cleaned before burning in air?

Answer:
Magnesium gets covered with a layer of magnesium oxide when kept in air for a long time. This layer
hinders the burning of magnesium. Hence, it is to be cleaned before burning.

22. Write the balanced equation for the following chemical reactions.
(i) Hydrogen + Chlorine → Hydrogen chloride
(ii) Barium chloride + Aluminium sulphate → Barium sulphate + Aluminium chloride
(iii) Sodium + Water → Sodium hydroxide + Hydrogen
Answer:
(i) H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl
(ii) 3 BaCl2 + Al2(SO4)3 → BaSO4 + 2 AlCl3
(iii) 2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2↑
23. Write a balanced chemical equation with state symbols for the following reactions :
(i) Solutions of barium chloride and sodium sulphate in water react to give insoluble barium
sulphate and the solution of sodium chloride.
(ii) Sodium hydroxide solution (in water) reacts with hydrochloric acid solution (in water) to
produce sodium chloride solution and water.
Answer:
(i) BaCl2 (aq) + Na2SO4 (aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl (aq)
(ii) NaOH (aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

24. A solution of a substance ‘X’ is used for white washing.

(i) Name the substance ‘X’ and write its formula.
(ii) Write the reaction of the substance ‘X’ named in (i) above with water.
Answer:
(i) The substance whose solution in water is used for white washing is calcium oxide (or quick lime). Its
formula is CaO.

25. Why is the amount of gas collected in one of the test tubes in text book Activity 1.7 (i.e.,
electrolysis of water) double of the amount collected in the other? Name this gas. [CBSE 2015
(Delhi)]
Answer:
In Activity 1.7, water is electrolysed to give H2 gas at one electrode and O2 gas at the other electrode.
2H2O(l) → 2H2(g) + O2(g)
Thus two molecules of water on electrolysis give two molecules of hydrogen gas and one molecule of
oxygen gas or in other words the amount of hydrogen gas collected would be double than that of oxygen
gas.

26. Why does the colour of copper sulphate solution change when an iron nail is dipped in it?
OR
An iron nail is dipped in the solution of copper sulphate for about 30 minutes. State the change in
colour observed. Give reason for the change. [CBSE 2015 (Delhi)]
Answer:
When an iron nail is dipped in copper sulphate solution, the displacement reaction takes place. The
colour of copper sulphate solution fades due to the formation of light green solution of iron sulphate.

27. Give an example of a double displacement reaction other than the one given in Activity 1.10
(NCERT Text Book).
Answer:
Sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid react to form sodium chloride and water.

28. Identify the substances that are oxidised and the substances which are reduced in the following
reactions.
(i) 4Na(s) + O2 (g) → 2Na2O(s)
(ii) CuO (s) + H2(g) → Cu (s) + H2O(l)
Answer:
(i) Substances oxidized is Na as it gains oxygen and oxygen is reduced.
(ii) Substances reduced is Cu as hydrogen is oxidised as it gains oxygen.

B.CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER:

1. Which of the following is a displacement reaction?

Answer: b - Here sodium (Na) displaces to form sodium hydroxide.

2. Magnesium ribbon is rubbed before burning because it has a coating of

(a) basic magnesium carbonate
(b) basic magnesium oxide
(c) basic magnesium sulphide
(d) basic magnesium chloride

3. Which of the following statements about the given reaction are correct?
3Fe (s) + 4H2O (g) → Fe3O4 (s) + 4 H2 (g)
(i) Iron metal is getting oxidized
(ii) Water is getting reduced
(iii) Water is acting as reducing agent
(iv) Water is acting as oxidizing agent
(a) (i), (zi) and (iii)
(b) (in) and (iv)
(c) (i), (ii) and (iv)
(d) (ii) and (iv)

4. Which of the following are exothermic processes?

(i) Reaction of water with quick lime
(ii) Dilution of an acid
(iii) Evaporation of water
(iv) Sublimation of camphor (crystals)
(a) (i) and (ii)

(b) (ii) and (iii)

(c) (i) and (iv)
(d) (ii) and (iv)

5. Oxidation is a process which involves

(a) addition of oxygen
(b) addition of hydrogen
(c) removal of oxygen
(d) removal of hydrogen

6. The process of reduction involves

(a) addition of oxygen
(b) addition of hydrogen
(c) removal of oxygen
(d) removal of hydrogen
7. Three beakers labelled as A, B and C each containing 25 ml of water were taken. A small amount of
NaOH, anhydrous CuSO4 and NaCl were added to the beakers A, B and C respectively. It was observed
that there was an increase in the temperature of the solution contained in beakers A and B, whereas in
case of beaker C, the temperature of the solution falls. Which one of the following statement(s) is (are)
correct?
(i) In beakers A and B, exothermic process has occurred.
(ii) In beakers A and B, endothermic process has occurred.
(iii) In beaker C exothermic process has occurred.
(iv) In beaker C endothermic process has occurred.
(a) (i) only
(b) (ii) only
(c) (i) and (iv)
(d) (iv), (ii) and (iii)

8. Give the ratio in which hydrogen and oxygen are present in water by volume.
(a) 1:2
(b) 1:1
(c) 2:1
(d) 1:8

9. Which among the following statement(s) is (are) true?

Exposure of silver chloride to sunlight for a long duration turns grey due to
(i) the formation of silver by decomposition of silver chloride
(ii) sublimation of silver chloride
(iii decomposition of chlorine gas from silver chloride
(iv) oxidation of silver chloride
(a) (i) only
(b) (i) and (iii)
(c) (ii) and (iii)
(d) (iv) only

10. MnO2 + 4HCl → 2 + 2H2O + Cl2

Identify the substance oxidized in the above . equation.
(a) MnCl2
(b) HCl
(c) H2O
(d) MnO2

11. A substance ‘X’ is used in white-washing and is obtained by heating limestone in the absence of air.
Identify ‘X’.
(a) CaOCl2
(b) Ca (OH)2
(c) CaO
(d) CaCO3

12. When Ag is exposed to air it gets a black coating of

(a) AgNO3
(b) Ag2S
(c) Ag2O
(d) Ag2CO3

13. Which of the following is an endothermic process?

(a) Dilution of sulphuric acid
(b) Sublimation of dry ice
(c) Condensation of water vapours
(d) Respiration in human beings

14. In the double displacement reaction between aqueous potassium iodide and aqueous lead nitrate, a
yellow precipitate of lead iodide is formed. While performing the activity if lead nitrate is not available,
which of the following can be used in place of lead nitrate?
(a) Lead sulphate (insoluble)
(b) Lead acetate
(c) Ammonium nitrate
(d) Potassium sulphate

15. What type of chemical reactions take place when electricity is passed through water?
(a) Displacement
(b) Combination
(c) Decomposition
(d) Double displacement
Explaination:

16. Select the oxidising agent for the following reaction:

H2S + I2 > 2HI + S
(a) I2
(b) H2S
(C) HI
(d) S

17. A substance added to food containing fats and oils is called:

(a) Oxidant
(b) Rancid
(c) Coolant
(d) Antioxidant

18. The condition produced by aerial oxidation of fats and oils in foods marked by unpleasant smell and
taste is called:
(a) antioxidation
(b) reduction
(c) rancidity
(d) corrosion

19. Electrolysis of water is a decomposition reaction. The mole ratio of hydrogen and oxygen gases
liberated during electrolysis of water is:
(a) 1 : 1
(b) 2:1
(c) 4:1
(d) 1:2
20. When S02 gas is passed through saturated solution of H2S, which of the following reaction occurs?
(a) SO2 + 2H2S → 2H20 + 3S
(b) SO2 + 2H2S → H20 + 3S
(c)SO2 + H2S → H2O + S
(d) SO2 + H2O → SO3 + H2

C.FILL IN THE BLANKS:

1. Addition of hydrogen in a substance in a reaction is known as___________ reaction.
2. In a ________ reaction two or more substances combine to form a new single substance.
3. Unbalanced reactions are also known as _________
4.Reactions in which heat is given out along with the products are called _________- reactions.
5. Reactions in which energy is absorbed are known as _________ reactions.
6. When as element displaces another element from its compound, a ________ reaction occurs.
7. Those reactions, in which two compounds react by an exchange of ions to form two new compounds,
are called ________ reactions
8.Precipitation reactions produce __________ salts.
9. Reduction is the _________ of oxygen or gain of hydrogen.
10. The digestion of food in the body is an example of ____________ reaction.
11. The addition of oxygen to a substance is called __________.
12. When calcium carbonate is heated, it decomposes to give___________ and _________.

ANSWERS:
1. Reduction
2.Combination
3.skeletal
4.Exothermic
5.Endothermic
6.Displacement
7.Double displacement
8.Insoluble
9.Loss
10.Decomposition reaction
11.Oxidation
12.CaO(s) and CO2 (g)