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Published by OpenTask, Republic of Ireland

Copyright © 2022 by OpenTask

Copyright © 2022 by Software Diagnostics Services

Copyright © 2022 by Dmitry Vostokov

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the publisher’s prior written permission.

Product and company names mentioned in this book may be trademarks of their owners.

OpenTask books and magazines are available through booksellers and distributors worldwide.
For further information or comments, send requests to [email protected].

A CIP catalog record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN-l3: 978-1-912636-75-4 (Paperback)

Revision 3.00 (December 2022)

2
Contents

About the Author.............................................................................................................................................................. 5

Presentation Slides and Transcript ................................................................................................................................... 7
Core Dump Collection..................................................................................................................................................... 27
ARM64 Disassembly ....................................................................................................................................................... 33
Practice Exercises ........................................................................................................................................................... 45
Exercise X0 .................................................................................................................................................................. 50
Exercise X1 .................................................................................................................................................................. 55
Exercise X2 .................................................................................................................................................................. 68
Exercise X3 .................................................................................................................................................................. 75
Exercise X4 .................................................................................................................................................................. 79
Exercise X5 .................................................................................................................................................................. 90
Exercise X6 .................................................................................................................................................................. 96
Exercise X7 ................................................................................................................................................................ 130
Exercise X8 ................................................................................................................................................................ 140
Exercise X9 ................................................................................................................................................................ 165
Exercise X10 .............................................................................................................................................................. 195
Exercise X11 .............................................................................................................................................................. 205
Exercise X12 .............................................................................................................................................................. 218
App Source Code .......................................................................................................................................................... 227
App0 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 228
App1 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 229
App2 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 230
App3 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 232
App4 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 234
App5 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 236
App6 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 238
App7 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 240
App8 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 242
App9 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 245
App10 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 247
App11 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 249

3
4
About the Author

5
 Dmitry Vostokov is an internationally recognized expert, speaker,
educator, scientist, inventor, and author. He is the founder of the
pattern-oriented software diagnostics, forensics, and prognostics
discipline (Systematic Software Diagnostics), and Software Diagnostics
Institute (DA+TA: DumpAnalysis.org + TraceAnalysis.org). Vostokov has
also authored more than 50 books on software diagnostics, anomaly
detection and analysis, software and memory forensics, root cause
analysis and problem solving, memory dump analysis, debugging,
software trace and log analysis, reverse engineering, and malware
analysis. He has over 25 years of experience in software architecture, design, development, and
maintenance in various industries, including leadership, technical, and people management roles.
Dmitry also founded Syndromatix, Anolog.io, BriteTrace, DiaThings, Logtellect, OpenTask Iterative
and Incremental Publishing (OpenTask.com), Software Diagnostics Technology and Services (former
Memory Dump Analysis Services) PatternDiagnostics.com, and Software Prognostics. In his spare
time, he presents various topics on Debugging.TV and explores Software Narratology, its further
development as Narratology of Things and Diagnostics of Things (DoT), Software Pathology, and
Quantum Software Diagnostics. His current interest areas are theoretical software diagnostics and its
mathematical and computer science foundations, application of formal logic, artificial intelligence,
machine learning and data mining to diagnostics and anomaly detection, software diagnostics
engineering and diagnostics-driven development, diagnostics workflow and interaction. Recent
interest areas also include cloud native computing, security, automation, functional programming, and
applications of category theory to software development and big data.

6
Presentation Slides and Transcript

7
8
Hello, everyone, my name is Dmitry Vostokov, and I teach this training course. The third edition of this
course covers the M2 ARM64 platform and LLDB debugger. GDB debugger exercises were removed. If
you are interested in GDB and ARM64 there’s a Linux course available.

9
The prerequisites are hard to define. Some of you have software development experience and some
do not. However, one thing is certain: to get most of this training you are expected to have basic
troubleshooting experience. Another thing I expect you to be familiar with is hexadecimal notation
and that you have seen or can read programming source code in some language, preferably in C. The
ability to read assembly language has some advantages but for most parts not necessary for this
training. I hope to provide all the necessary explanations in this edition. Windows or, better, Linux
memory dump analysis experience may really help here and ease the transition but is not absolutely
necessary. If you have attended training or read books Accelerated Windows Memory Dump Analysis
or Accelerated Linux Core Dump Analysis, you would find a similar approach here.

10
Our primary goal is to learn core dump analysis in an accelerated fashion. So first we review
absolutely essential fundamentals necessary for core dump analysis. Also, this training is about user
process core dump analysis and not about kernel core dump analysis. An additional goal is to leverage
Windows or Linux debugging and memory dump analysis experience you may have.

11
For me, there were many training formats to consider, and I decided that the best way is to
concentrate on hands-on exercises. Specifically, for this training, I developed 12 of them, and they
utilize the same pattern-oriented approach I used in Accelerated Windows Memory Dump Analysis
and Accelerated Linux Core Dump Analysis training courses.

12
This is a roughly planned schedule. This edition also includes ARM64 disassembly and I discuss it
after we do some core dump analysis to have some context and possible “aha” moments.

13
Now I show you some pictures. We use 64-bit examples because all Mx Macs are 64-bit.

14
If you are coming from Windows or Linux background, you find fundamentals almost the same. For
every process, the macOS memory range is divided into kernel space part, user space part, and 4GB
non-accessible part to catch null pointers. This non-accessible region is different from Windows
where it is only a few Kb or Linux where it is 64KB on my Debian system. I follow the long tradition to
use red color for the kernel and blue color for the user part. Please note that there is a difference
between space and mode. Mode is the execution privilege attribute, for example, code running in
kernel space has higher execution privilege than code running in user space. However, kernel code
can access user space and access data there. We say that such code is running in kernel mode. On the
contrary, the application code from user space is running in user mode and because of its lower
privilege, it cannot access kernel space. This prevents accidental kernel modifications. Otherwise, you
could easily crash your system. I put addresses on the right. This uniform memory space is called
process virtual space because it is an abstraction that allows us to analyze core dumps without
thinking about how it is all organized in physical memory. When we look at process dumps, we are
concerned with virtual space only. In this training, we would only see user space. The picture is
conceptually unchanged from Intel Macs and it is consistent with what we see in spindump and
vmmap output.
15
When an app is loaded all its referenced frameworks, and dynamic libraries are mapped to virtual
memory space. Different sections of the same file (like code and data) may be mapped into a different
portion of memory. In contrast, modules in Windows and shared libraries in Linux are organized
sequentially in virtual memory space. A process then is setup for running, and a process ID is assigned
to it. If you run another such app, it will have a different virtual memory space.

16
When we save a process core memory dump, a user space portion of the process space is saved
without any kernel space stuff. However, we never see such large core dumps unless we have memory
leaks. This is because process space has gaps unfilled with code and data. These unallocated parts are
not saved in a core dump. However, if some parts were paged out and reside in a page file, they are
usually brought back before saving a core dump. On the Mx platform, dumps are about 3GB.

17
Now we come to another important fundamental concept in macOS core dump analysis: thread. It is
basically a unit of execution, and there can be many threads in a given process. Every thread just
executes some code and performs various tasks. Every thread has its ID. In this training, we also learn
how to navigate between process threads. Note that threads transition to kernel space via the
libsystem_kernel dynamic library similar to ntdll in Windows or the libc in Linux. Threads additional to
the main thread (POSIX Threads) originate from the libsystem_c dynamic library.

18
Every thread needs a temporary memory region to store its execution history and temporary data.
This region is called a thread stack. Please note that the stack region is just any other memory region,
and you can use any LLDB data dumping commands there. We will also learn how to get thread stack
region address range. Examining raw stack data can give some hints about the past app behavior: the
so-called Execution Residue pattern.

19
Now we explain thread stack traces. Suppose we have source code where FunctionA calls FunctionB at
some point and FunctionB calls FunctionC and so on. This is a thread of execution. If FunctionA calls
FunctionB, you expect the execution thread to return to the same place where it left and resume from
there. This is achieved by saving a return address in the thread stack region. So every return address
is saved and then restored during the course of a thread execution. Although the memory addresses
grow from top to bottom in this picture, return addresses are saved from bottom to top. This might
seem counter-intuitive to all previous pictures, but this is how you would see the output from LLDB
commands. What LLDB does when you instruct it to dump a backtrace from a given thread is to
analyze the thread raw stack data and figure out return addresses, map them to a symbolic form
according to symbol files and show them from top to bottom. Note that FunctionD is not present in the
raw stack data on the left because it is a currently executing function called from FunctionC. However,
FunctionC called FunctionD, and the return address of FunctionC was saved. In the box on the right, we
see the result of the LLDB command.

20
The difference from WinDbg here is that the return address is on the same line for the function to
return (except for FunctionD, where the address is the next instruction to execute) whereas in
WinDbg it is for the function on the next line. There’s not difference from GDB except offsets.

21
Here I’d like to show you why symbol files are important and what stack traces you get without them.
Symbol files just provide mappings between memory address ranges and associated symbols like the
table of contents in a book. So in the absence of symbols, we are left with bare addresses that are
saved in a dump. For example, without AppA symbols, we have the output shown in the box on the
right.

22
Now we talk about access violation exceptions. During the thread execution, it accesses various
memory addresses doing reads and writes. Sometimes memory is not present due to gaps in virtual
address space or different protection levels like read-only or no-execute memory regions. If a thread
tries to violate that, we get an exception that is also translated to a traditional UNIX signal. Certain
regions are forbidden to read and write such as the first 4GB. If we have such an access violation
there, then it is called a NULL pointer access. Note that every thread can have an exception (a victim
thread) and it often happens that there are multiple exceptions. It is also sometimes the case that code
can catch these exceptions preventing a user from seeing error messages. Such exceptions can
contribute to corruption, and we call then hidden.

23
However, not all exceptions happen from invalid access. Many exceptions are generated by the code
itself when it checks for some condition, and it is not satisfied, for example, when the code checks a
buffer or an array to verify whether it is full before trying to add more data. If it finds it is already full,
the code throws an exception translated to SIGABRT. We would see that in one of our practice
examples when C++ code throws a C++ exception. Such exceptions are usually called runtime
exceptions.

24
A few words about logs, checklists, and patterns. Core memory dump analysis is usually an analysis of
a text for the presence of diagnostic patterns. We run commands, they output text, and then we look at
that textual output, and when we find suspicious diagnostic indicators, we execute more commands.
Here pattern and command checklists can be very useful.

25
26
Core Dump Collection

27
28
Here I’d like to show you how to collect core dumps because by default this option is switched off on
macOS and there are further complications compared to previous versions.

29
You should also have a directory /cores where all process core dumps are stored.

30
31
32
ARM64 Disassembly

33
34
35
There are 31 general registers from X0 and X30, with some delegated to specific tasks such as
addressing stack frames (Frame Pointer, FP, X29) and return addresses, the so-called Link Register
(LR, X30). When you call a function the return address of a caller is saved in LR, not on the stack as in
Intel/AMD x64. The return instruction in a callee will use the address in LR to assign it to PC and
resume execution. But if a callee calls other functions the current LR needs to be manually saved
somewhere, usually on the stack. There’s Stack Pointer, SP, of course. To get zero values there’s the
so-called Zero Register, XZR. All X registers are 64-bit, and 32-bit lower parts are addressed via the W
prefix. Additionally, when disassembly runtime functions you may see the usage of 128-bit SIMD
registers(and also 64-bit floating point registers). These may be used to speed up some common
operations such as zero-initializing structures. The References slide provides links to the ARM64
instruction set architecture. Next, we just briefly look at some aspects related to our exercises.

36
This slide shows a few examples of CPU instructions that involve operations with registers, for
example, moving a value and doing arithmetic. The direction of operands is the same as in Intel x64
disassembly flavor if you are accustomed to WinDbg and GDB on Windows and Linux platforms. It is
equivalent to an assignment. BLR is a call to some function whose address is in the register. BL means
Branch and Link.

37
Before we look at operations with memory, let's look at a graphical representation of memory
addressing. A thread stack is just any other memory region, so instead of SP and X29 (FP), any other
register can be used. Please note that the stack grows towards lower addresses so to access the
previously pushed values you need to use positive offsets from SP.

38
Constants are encoded in instructions but if we need arbitrary values, we must get them from
memory. Square brackets are used to show memory access relative to an address stored in some
register. There’s also an option to adjust the value of the register after load, the so-called
Postincrement, which can be negative. As we see later, loading pairs of registers can be useful.

39
Storing operand order goes in the other direction compared to other instructions. There’s a possibility
to Preincrement the destination register before storing values.

40
Because the size of every instruction is 4 bytes (32 bits) it is only possible to encode a part of a large
4GB address range, either as a relative offset to the current PC or via ADRP instruction. Goto (an
unconditional branch) is implemented via the B instruction. Function calls are implemented via the
BL (Branch and Link) instruction. For conditional branches please look at the official documentation
provided on the References slide. We don’t use these instructions in our exercises.

41
When a function is called from the caller, a callee needs to do certain operations to make a room for
local variables on the thread stack and save LR if there are further calls in the function body. There
are different ways to do that and the assembly language code on the left is one of them. I use a
different color in the diagram on the right to highlight the updated SP and X29 (FP) values before
proc2 is called. Please also note an example of zero register usage. For simplicity of illustration, I only
use 64-bit values.

42
You may have noticed on the previous diagram that the new X29 (FP) points to the X29 of the caller
and below the previous X29 is the return address of the caller. So, if you know either the return
address in LR or X29 you can reconstruct the stack trace if the compiler follows the preceding
function prolog convention.

43
Another feature we encounter in our exercises is pointer authentication. The References slide
contains the link to the PAC paper, so I only mention that some parts of a pointer value (higher bits)
contain verification codes. Memory dumping commands automatically ignore these parts to show the
real address value in order to provide a symbolic reference if any. However, these bits may be a part
of the real virtual address (or considered such erroneously) as shown on this slide. In this case, you
can use the so-called typed memory print in LLDB which doesn’t remove these high bits.

44
Practice Exercises

45
Other documents randomly have
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 INDEX.
A Cottage Lot 69
Architects, Curious, 66
Begonias, Perhaps 74
Book Notice—
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Don’t Forget the Potatoes 73
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Fruit Trees, Care of, 75
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Mammoth Freesias 71
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Mabel Ray’s Lesson 65
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Marguerite Carnations 77
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Peach Yellows 80
Plant Bed, The, 72
Poetry—
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Vick’s Flowers 68
Lines to a Skunk Cabbage 68
Rose Leaves 69
The Difference 68
Unemployed in England, The, 78
Illustrations—
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Plan of Grounds 69

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Sweet Peas, Zinnia, or Verbena, and one of my 1894 Catalogues.
Under any circumstances do not buy your Seeds until you see it,
for I can save you money. Over 200,000 people say my seeds are
the cheapest and best. I have earliest vegetables on record.
Discount and large prizes to agents. 50 cents worth of Seeds free
with $1.00 order. Write to-day. F. B. MILLS, Box 30, Rose Hill,
N. Y.

ELEGANT PALMS
From India and the Isles of the Sea. 5 Glorious Plants, different
sorts, post paid, 60c. These will grow and flourish everywhere.
 PALM SEED.
It is child’s-play to make them grow. Send 5c. postage for our
great catalogue, (130 pages); or catalogue and one large package
of 5 different kinds of Palm seed, free for 20c. postage. 100
packages $10. A child can sell 100 packages in two evenings after
school and make $5.00.

JOHN A. SALZER SEED CO. LA CROSSE,

WIS.

NORTH STAR CURRANT

is perfectly hardy;will stand any climate; strongest grower—3 to 4
feet in one summer. Fruit Large, sweet, most delicious flavor.
Berries do not shell or drop off; most prolific. Picks 25 per cent.
more fruit. Full particulars and fine colored plates free.
THE JEWELL NURSERY CO.,
Nursery Ave. 39, Lake City, Minnesota.
When writing to advertisers, mention Vick’s Magazine.

FREE Catalogue HOME-GROWN

NORTHERN SEEDS
Guaranteed fresh and reliable. Large pkts. 2 to 5 cts. Direct
from Grower. Novelty presents with every order. Catalogue, Free
 —or with 2 packets Seeds, 5 cents; 35 packets,
$1.00. Send to-day.
A. R. AMES, Madison, Wis.

Banquet Strawberry.
Equal to wild berry in flavor. CROSBY PEACH, frost proof.
Fruits every year. Colored Plates. Full descriptions. Free
Catalogue. All fruits. Write at once. HALE BROS., South
Glastonbury, Conn.

CONARD’S SUNSHINE PANSIES and Red, White and

Blue SWEET PEAS are the best. 1 pkt. each, 2 for 10c. Large
pkts. 2 for 20c., with catalogue. Alfred F. Conard, Box 5, West
Grove, Pa., Late Prest, Dingee & Conard Co.
 HOW DO YOU SPELL SOAP DEAR?
WHY MA, P-E-A-R-S OF COURSE!

SEEDS A $3.00 BOX of NEW, RARE and

BEAUTIFUL FLOWERS FREE
 HARD TIMES OFFER—We know that one trial will convince
you that we have the BEST as well as the CHEAPEST Seeds
to be found anywhere in America, so we will mail you FREE
for trial the following 15 Packets of Choice Seeds and two
Grand Bulbs;
1 BEAUTIFUL SPOTTED GLADIOLUS BULB, sure to
bloom. 1 EXCELSIOR TUBEROSE BULB, Lovely and
Fragrant, ☞ BELL’S Show Mixtures are Finest and
Rarest Sorts in the World.

ASTER, Bell’s Show Mixture.

PINK, Bell’s Show Mixture.
VERBENA, Bell’s Show Mixture.
PETUNIA, Bell’s Show Mixture.
PHLOX, Bell’s Show Mixture.
ALYSSUM, White Wave, Choice White.
CALLIOPSIS, Golden Wave, Extremely Showy.
PANSY, Bell’s Ever-blooming Greenland, Brilliant.
COLUMBINE, Queen Victoria, Choice New D’ble.
BUSH MORNING GLORY, Double Violet, Pretty.
GODETIA, Double Show, New Double, Rare.
WONDERFUL MEXICAN PRIMROSE, Worth 25c.
LINUM, Perpetual Flowering, Blooms all Summ’r
SWEET PEAS, Beautiful Home Mixed, Large Flower
HARDY ANNUALS, 400 Choice Sorts, Mixed.

☞ All the above 15 Packets Seeds and 2 Bulbs Mailed

FREE on the following conditions; (This is to prevent people
sending who have no use for them). Send us 25 Cents and we
will mail all the above, postpaid, with our “Book on Summer
Gardening,” and send you in the box a check for the 25
cents; this check you can return to us and get 25cts. worth of
Seeds at any time. So you see the box of Seeds costs you
nothing. We have 1200 of the choicest varieties and do this to
get your patronage. Book mailed free on application to all seed
buyers. Address, J. J. BELL, Flowers, Broome Co., N. Y.

GRAND BOX FREE.

SEND FOR IT.
LOVELY FLOWERS
EASILY GROWN.

JOSEPH GILLOTT’S STEEL PENS.

THE MOST PERFECT OF PENS.
Gold Medal, Paris Exposition, 1889,
AND THE AWARD AT THE WORLD’S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION,
CHICAGO.

VICKS’ SEEDS ARE GUARANTEED TO CONTAIN THE GERM OF

LIFE.

The Greatest Medical Discovery of the Age.

 KENNEDY’S
MEDICAL DISCOVERY
DONALD KENNEDY, OF ROXBURY, MASS.,
Has discovered in one of our common pasture weeds a remedy
that cures every kind of Humor, from the worst Scrofula down to a
common Pimple.
He has tried it in over eleven hundred cases, and never failed
except in two cases (both thunder humor). He has now in his
possession over two hundred certificates of its value, all within
twenty miles of Boston.
A benefit is always experienced from the first bottle, and a
perfect cure is warranted when the right quantity is taken.
When the lungs are affected it causes shooting pains, like
needles passing through them; the same with the Liver or Bowels.
This is caused by the ducts being stopped, and always disappears
in a week after taking it.
If the stomach is foul or bilious it will cause squeamish feelings
at first.
No change of diet ever necessary. Eat the best you can get, and
enough of it Dose, one tablespoonful in water at bed-time. Read
the Label. Send for Book.

The “Charmer” Pea

Pleases Everybody Because:—Very Productive; Highest
Quality; Fine Flavor; Staying Qualities; Great Merit; Deep
Green Color, Large Peas, Closely Packed; Nine in a Pod.
This new variety of large podded, handsome Table Pea,
introduced by us, jumped at a bound into instantaneous favor all
 over the United States.
The plants stand from three and a half feet
to four feed high, and bear large, long pods,
mostly in pairs, which are packed remarkably
close with flattened, greenish-white, wrinkled
peas, and these, when cooked, are of the
finest flavor and color. The weight of the Pea
compared to the pod is much greater than
usual, producing more shelled peas than any
other variety.
In season it follows Little Gem and comes
before Champion of England. Both for the
market and family garden this Pea will be
found of the highest merit.
Everybody is charmed with this variety, and
whether for private use or marketing, a liberal
quantity should be planted.
Price, per packet 10 cents; per pint 30 cents; per quart 50
cents.

Vick’s Pea, King of the Dwarfs.

This new seedling, introduced by us, in season follows closely
McLean’s Little Gem, coming into market in the space intervening
between the early and the late varieties. The vines are sturdy and
remarkably vigorous, growing about two inches taller than the
Little Gem, and bearing a profusion of pods and Peas in the pod,
with all of the principal dwarf varieties, including the American
Wonder, we find that the King of the Dwarfs outyields them all by
20 per cent., all planted at the same time, on the same soil, with
equal cultivation.
It is a cross between American Wonder and McLean’s Little
Gem, and is the most promising of forty different seedlings. In
flavor it is unsurpassed.
Price, per packet 15 cents; per pint 75 cents; per quart
$1.25.

JAMES VICK’S SONS, Rochester, N.

Y.

VICKS’ SEEDS DO NOT DISAPPOINT. THE HARVEST IS GREAT.

1894 COLUMBIAS ARE BEYOND CRITICISM

No bicycle ever made at all approaches them in beauty and

style joined to excellence of construction, none so strongly
appeals to the experienced rider as meeting every requirement of
a perfect mount.
 The need of repairs for Columbias will be infrequent under our
new system of inspection, which now begins with a scientific
analysis of the raw material by a metallurgist, and only ends when
thorough tests have been made of the complete machine and all
its parts.
1894 Standard Price, $125.00.
Seven newly designed wheels are shown in our 1894 Catalogue which will
interest every cyclist. Our agents furnish it free, or we mail it for two two-cent
stamps.
POPE MFG. CO.
BOSTON, NEW YORK, CHICAGO, HARTFORD.

BRIGGS PIANOS. Celebrated for their Beautiful Tone,

Action, Design, and Great Durability.
Easy Terms. Old instruments taken in exchange. Write for
Catalogue and Full Information.
BRIGGS PIANO CO. 621 Albany Street, Boston, Mass
 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK VICK'S
ILLUSTRATED MONTHLY MAGAZINE, VOLUME 17, NO. 5, MARCH,
1894 ***

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