PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1

MODULE 1 - LESSON 1 - The Importance of Research In our Daily Life

•Research - a systematic investigation to discover, interpret, or revise facts, theories,

applications, etc.
It involves a process of inquiry, critical thinking, and analysis.

RESEARCH CAN BE CATEGORIZED INTO TWO:

1.Basic Research
2.Applied Research

•BASIC RESEARCH- This is the type of research that is a purely direct application but
increasing the nature of understanding about the problem. It develops the scientific theories to
be more understandable to the readers.

Example: Teacher Zi may try to probe for answers as to why the Phil-IRI result of San Juan
National High School is declining for the last 5 years.

•APPLIED RESEARCH- It is a type of research that needs an answer to a specific question. It

provides solutions and validation in order to apply to the real setting.

Example: In order to probe why the Phil-IRI result is declining, Teacher Zi may determine the
level of receptive and productive vocabulary skills of the students first before finding some
intervention to develop these skills as salient elements in the comprehension test.

IMPORTANT TERMS

•Inquiry- Seeking for truth information or Knowledge

•Investigation - A systematic examination of a certain event or phenomenon

•Immersion - Immersion is a process whereby a researcher immerses (deeply involves) himself

in the data-gathering activities and the data he has gathered is carefully read or examined by
him in detail.

Combining the idea of “inquiry”, “investigation” and “immersion”, the concept of “research”
comes in.

•Inquiry - Inquiry is a term that is synonymous with the word ‘investigation’. When you inquire or
investigate, you tend to ask questions to probe or examine something to request for truth,
information, or knowledge.

•Research - Research is systematic and objective creation of knowledge systematic (with a

system or method, the scientific method), objective (no bias, all angles presented), knowledge
creation (a creative process)
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH IN OUR DAILY LIFE:
1. Enhances critical thinking skills.
2. Fosters creativity and innovation.
3. Prepares students for college and beyond.
4. Helps in making informed decisions

MODULE 1 - LESSON 2 - The Characteristics, Processes, and Ethics

of Research

CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH:
•EMPIRICAL - based on direct experience or observation by the researcher
•LOGICAL - based on valid procedures and principles
•CYCLICAL - starts with a problem & ends with a problem
•ANALYTICAL- there is a critical analysis of all data used so that there is no error in their
interpretation
•CRITICAL - exhibits careful and precise judgment
•METHODICAL - without bias using systematic methods and procedures
•REPLICABILITY - the design and procedures are replicated or repeated to arive at valid and
conclusive results

STEPS OF THE RESEARCH PROCESS:

1.Define and develop your topic (research problem)
2.Find background information about your chosen topic (review of related literature)
3.Plan your research design including your sample (methodology)
4. Gather necessary data using open ended questions (for qualitative) and closed-ended
questionnaire or paper pencil test questionnaire (for quantitative) (data gathering activities)
5. Process and analyze data using the thematic analysis (for qualitative and statistical tools (for
quantitative)
6. Formulate new insights gained (for qualitative research) conclusions (for quantitative) and
recommendations
7. Define new problem

ETHICS OF RESEARCH
•Informed Consent - This is required to secure in order to protect the rights of the participants in
your study. Inform your participants about the criteria set for choosing them as informants and
the schedule of one-on-one interviews at the convenient time they are available. Participation in
the study will be completely voluntary.

•Honesty - It reports data, results, methods and procedures, and publication status. Do not
fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent the data.

•Objectivity - Avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, peer review,
personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of research.
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1

•Integrity - Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for consistency of
thought and action.

•Carefulness - Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine your work
and the work of peers. Keep good records of research activities.

•Openness - Share data, results, ideas, tools and resources. Be open to criticism and
new ideas.

•Respect for Intellectual property - Honour patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets and
other forms of intellectual property. Do not use published or unpublished data, methods, or
results without permission. Give credit where credit is due. Never plagiarize, fabricate and
falsify.

•Confidentiality - Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants submitted for

publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets, and patient records.

•Responsible Mentoring - Help to educate, mentor, and advise others. Promote their welfare
and allow them to make their own decisions.

•Responsible Publication - Publish in order to advance research and scholarship, not to

advance your own career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication.

•Respect for Colleagues - Respect your colleagues’ opinion, treat them fairly and do not
outsmart others.

•Social Responsibility - Strive to promote social acceptance and prevent or mitigate social
harms through research, public education, and advocacy.

•Non-Discrimination - Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the basis of sex,

race, ethnicity, or other factors that are not related to their scientific competence and integrity.

•Competence - Maintain and improve your own professional competence and expertise through
lifelong education and learning; take steps to promote competence in science as a whole.

•Legality - Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and government policies.

•Animal Care - Show proper respect and care for animals when using them in research. Do not
conduct unnecessary or poorly designed animal experiments.

•Human Subjects Protection - When conducting research on human subjects, minimize harms
and risks and maximize benefits; respect human dignity, privacy, and anonymity.
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
ETHICAL STANDARDS IN RESEARCH WRITING:

•Plagiarism - refers to the act of using another person's ideas, works, processes, and results
without giving due credit. It should not be tolerated as the unauthorized use of original works, a
violation of the intellectual property rights.

Three Different acts are considered plagiarism:

1. Failure to cite quotations and borrowed ideas
2. Failure to enclose borrowed language in quotation marks, and,
3. Failure to put summaries and paraphrases in your own words

MODULE 1 - LESSON 3 - Quantitative and Qualitative Research

•DEFINITION OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

-It is often used for exploring.
-It helps researchers gain an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations.

•DEFINITION OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

-This is used to quantify the problem by generating numerical data that can be transformed into
unstable statistics.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS:

•QUALITATIVE METHODS
- Methods include focus groups, in-depth interview, and reviews of documents of types of
themes
- Primarily inductive process used to formulate theory of hypotheses
- More subjective: describes a problem or condition from the point of view of those
experiencing it
- Text-Based
- More in-depth information on a few cases
- Unstructured or semi-structured response options
- No statistical tests
- Can be valid and reliable: largely depends on skill and rigor of the researcher
- Time expenditure lighter on the planning end and heavier during the analysis phase
- Less generalizable

•QUANTITATIVE METHODS
- Surveys, structured interviews & observations, and reviews of records or documents for
numeric information
- Primarily deductive process used to test pre- specified concepts, constructs, and hypotheses
that make up a theory
- More objective: provides observed effects (interpreted by researchers) of a program on a
problem or condition
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
- Number-based
- Less in-depth but more breadth of information across a large number of cases
- Fixed response options
- Statistical tests are used for analysis
- Can be valid and reliable: largely depends on the measurement device or instrument used
- Time-expenditure is heavier on the planning phase and lighter ont he analysis phase.
- More generalizable

SIMILARITIES BETWEEN QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS

- Both have the process of inquiry and investigation.
- Both improve life and help us in understanding various issues of life and in giving solutions to
our problems
- Both start with a problem and end with a new problem.
- Both use textual forms in analyzing and interpretation of data.
- Both use inductive and deductive methods of presenting data.

MODULE 1 - LESSON 4 - The Kinds of Research Across Fields

•Arts-Based Research - Personal expression in various art forms is use as a primary

mode of inquiry

•Research in Humanities
-Deals with human culture such as philosophy, religion, literature, linguistics and history.
-It includes ancient and modern
languages, human geography, laws, politics and other social sciences.

•Sports Research
-Intended for athletes to endure their health and wellness goals through proven high-quality
products.
-It helps the coaches and athletes to access information and apply it to develop programs and
techniques in sports.

•Science Research
-Discover laws, postulates theories that can explain natural or social phenomena.
-Applies systematic and constructed scientific method to obtain, analyze and interpret data.

•Mathematics Research - Provides mathematics mastery topics and helps develops confidence
and interest to solve more mathematical problems.

•Agriculture Research - Improves productivity and quality of crops irrigation, storage methods,
effective farm management and
marketing of agricultural resources.
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
•Fisheries Research
-Increase the productivity and
management of fishery resources to provide food:
-protect and maintain different
bodies of water for sustainable supply of aquatic resources.

•Social Science Research - Finds solutions for human

behavior gathering information about people and societies.

MODULE 2 - LESSON 1 - The Value of Qualitative Research, Its

Characteristics, Strengths, Weaknesses and Kinds

•QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
- It is a systematic, subjective approach used to describe life experiences and give them
meaning. It is also useful in understanding human experiences.

•CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

- Naturalistic - A study conducted by the researcher should be based on real-life situations.
Likewise, the researcher should also unfold the study in a natural manner, that is, the findings
are derived from the analysis of authentic data gathered from the participants.

● Detailed - A thick description of gathered data from the participants makes this type of
study a detailed one. It is important that the researcher should capture the direct
quotation of the responses of the participant/s from the conducted interview or
observation.

● Inductive procedure - Following an inductive procedure, the researcher will start from
exploring the phenomenon and will end to confirming findings of the works.

● Purposeful - In conducting a qualitative type of study, the researcher should select the
participants in a purposive manner, that is they will be selected because they either have
easy access to the information needed or simply have the knowledge to provide a great
deal of information needed to the study. Hence, these participants are called information
rich" in the context of research.

● Engagement & Neutrality - Direct contact with the people, situation, and phenomenon
under investigation should be established by the researcher. Immersing oneself would
enable the researcher to acquire personal experiences and insights which are essential
to better understand the phenomenon. Further, the researcher should also be neutral in
the responses and observations he/she may get while engaging with the participant/s.
The researcher should likewise show openness, sensitivity, and respect
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
● Holistic Perspective - A study ina qualitative type cannot be simple done in alinear and
cause and effect relationship approach. Rather, it requires the researcher to view the
whole phenomenon under investigation in a complex system, that is, different variables
can either cause or effect the phenomenon.

STRENGTHS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

- Qualitative research complements quantitative data.
- Qualitative research provides more detailed information to explain complex issues.
- Qualitative research is cost efficient.

WEAKNESSES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

- Qualitative research cannot generate the findings to the study of population.
- Qualitative research is more difficult to analyze.
- Qualitative research is time consuming.

KINDS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

•ACTION RESEARCH
-A type of applied research designed to find the most effective way to bring about a desired
social change or to solve a practical problem, usually in collaboration with those being
researched.
-In action research the whole purpose is involvement of the researcher in problem-solving or
developing strategies that can be used to make things better. Action research typically involves
studies of groups, organizations, or communities.

• ETHNOGRAPHY
-Ethnographers are interested in people and cultures. They are also interested in how, given the
cultural contexts, people interact in their natural settings.
- It aims to describe the nature of those who studied through writing.
- It is extremely time consuming.

• CASE STUDY
- Researchers who want to study different dimensions of an issue in depth, within its real-world
context, could choose case study research.
-A case can be a concrete entity such as a person, group, organization, or community. -A case
could also be abstract, a way to study ideas, arguments, or propositions. Studies can include
one or more cases.

•GROUNDED THEORY
- While many qualitative researchers use theories to frame their studies, grounded theory
researchers try to develop new theories.
- These researchers see limitations in existing theories, and design research to generate new
theoretical constructs and principles.
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
- Qualitative grounded theory researchers use a wide range of qualitative methods to collect
data, often centering on a series of interviews with participants.

•PHENOMENOLOGY
- Phenomenological research explores participants’ perceptions and experiences of a
phenomenon. So rather than study the phenomenon directly, the researcher using this
approach tries to learn about the ways individuals understand and know the phenomenon.
- When designing a study, the researcher must first define the phenomenon very clearly, and
determine which characteristics or aspects they want to learn about from participants’
perspectives. Researchers study participants who have shared or have a common exposure to
the phenomenon, typically through a series of in-depth interviews.

•HISTORICAL ANALYSIS
- Historical analysis refers to the examination of evidence in coming to an understanding of the
past.
- It is particularly applied to evidence contained in documents, although it can be applied to all
artefacts.
- The purpose of historical research is to reach insights or conclusions about past persons or
occurrences.
- Historical research entails more than simply compiling and presenting factual information; it
also requires interpretation of the information.

MODULE 2 - LESSON 2 - The Importance of Qualitative Research

Across Fields of Inquiry

BASIC RESEARCH APPROACHES IN A SPECIFIC AREA OF DISCIPLINE

•Scientific or Positive Approach
- Positivism is the term used to describe an approach to the study of society that relies
specifically on scientific evidence, such as experiments and statistics, to reveal a true nature of
how society operates.
- The scientific approach involves careful observation, applying rigorous skepticism about what
is observed, given that cognitive assumptions can distort how one interprets the observation.

•Naturalistic Approach
- A people-oriented approach focusing on discovering the real concept or meaning behind
people’s lifestyles and social relations.
- Present things qualitatively through verbal language. Using words as unit of analysis.
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
•Triangulation/ Mixed Method
- The mixing of data types, known as data triangulation, is often thought to help in validating the
claims that might arise from an initial pilot study.
- In this model, the. researcher collects and analyzes quantitative and qualitative data
separately on the same phenomenon and then the different results are converged (by
comparing and contrasting the different results) during the interpretation).

Main Methods of Data Collection

- Open-Ended Surveys and Questionnaires
- Interviews
- Focus Group
- Direct Observation

Hard Sciences vs. Soft Science

Quantitative Research
•Hard Sciences
•Studies natural data driven phenomenon.
•Objective
•Tests Theory
•Numbers
•Cause and Effect Relationship
•Statistical analysis and generalizations
•Examples:
Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Astronomy, Earth Science

Qualitative Research
•Soft Sciences
•Studies human behavior in a scientific manner. a
•Subjective
•Develops Theory
•Words
•Knowing meaning & discovery
•Researcher's interpretation
•Examples:
Sociology, Psychology, Political Science, Economics, Anthropology, History

MODULE 3 - LESSON 1 - The Subject Matter of the Research

THE RESEARCH TOPIC

• Finding a research topic
• Selecting a research topic
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
RESEARCH TITLE

• It summarizes the main idea or ideas of your study.

• A good title contains the fewest possible words that adequately describe the contents and/or
purpose of your research paper.

ELEMENTS OF A RESEARCH TITLE

■ What (subject matter or topic to be investigated)

■ Where (place or locale where the research is to be conducted)
■ Who population like the respondents' interviewees.)
■ When (time period of the study during which the data are to be collected)

RULES IN CHOOSING A RESEARCH TOPIC

• Interest in the subject matter

• Availability of information
• Timeliness and relevance of the topic
• Limitations on the subject
• Personal resources

S-Specific
M-Measurable
M-Meaningful
A-Achievable
R-Realistic
T-Timely
T-Time bound

RESEARCH TOPICS TO BE AVOIDED

•Played Out Topics

•Personal Stories and Information
•Topics with no available Information
•Topics that are too technical

SOURCES OF RESEARCH TOPICS

•Mass media communication - press (newspapers, ads, TV, radio, films, etc.)
•Books, Internet, peer-reviewed journals, government publications
•Professional periodicals like College English Language Teaching Forum, English Forum, the
Economist, Academia, Business Circle, Law Review, etc.
•General periodicals such as Readers' Digest, Women's Magazine, Panorama Magazine, Time
Magazine, World Mission Magazine, etc.
•Previous reading assignments in your other subjects
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
•Work experience - clues to a researchable topic from full-time or part-time jobs, OJT (on-the-
job training) experience, fieldwork, etc.
•An Overview of the Research Problem and Research Question

Chapter I of the research paper

-Called The Problem and Its Background (sometimes also called The Introduction)

An Overview of the Research Problem and Research Question

This chapter includes the following:
•Introduction
•Statement of the problem
•Scope and limitation
•Significance of the study
•Definition of terms used

Think of the introduction as a mental road map that must answer for the reader these four
questions:
•What was I studying?
•Why was this topic important to investigate?
•What did we know about this topic before I did this study?
•How will this study advance our knowledge?

DEFINITION OF INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

-The background of the study establishes the context of the research.

-This section explains why this research topic is important and essential to understanding the
main aspects of the study.

Do's!
•Explain the importance of your research topic
•Talk about the main developments and missing links and gaps in your research area
• Focus on the relevant aspects of your study explaining how it will lead to the progress of
scientific knowledge.
•Engage your findings in a chronological findings
•Articulate your ideas in a clear and concise manner
• Engage the readers by building a story around the central theme of your research

Don'ts!
• Write a background that is too long or short
•Be ambiguous in your writing. disorganized and discuss unrelated subjects.
• Forget the reader may not be familiar with the details of your work.
•Elaborate on your background literature
• Forget to provide a historical perspective
• Forget to check your target journal's instruction for presenting the study background
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

•Purpose Statement and Research Questions

A statement of the problem is used in research work as a claim that outlines the problem
addressed by a study.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

(Purpose Statement and Research Questions)

•It should address a gap in knowledge.

•It should be significant enough to contribute to the existing body of research
•It should lead to further research
•The problem should render itself to investigation through collection of data
•It should be of interest to the researcher and suit his/her skills, time, and resources
•The approach towards solving the problem should be ethical

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

1. Defines the boundaries of the research study

2. Specifies what the study will investigate
3. Outlines the research questions, objectives, and hypotheses
4. Identifies the population, sample, and data collection methods
5. Determines the study's geographical, temporal, or contextual limits

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

1. Acknowledges potential weaknesses or constraints

2. Recognizes factors that may impact the study's validity, reliability, or generalizability
3. Includes methodological limitations (e.g., sample size, data collection tools)
4. Considers theoretical or conceptual limitations (e.g., assumptions, biases)
5. Affects the interpretation and applicability of the findings

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

•Sample size
•Lack of available and/or reliable data
•Lack of prior studies
•Chosen data collection method
•Nature of the information collected
•Access
•Time Period
•Bias
•Language
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
EXAMPLE OF SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

•Scope: "This study investigates the relationship between climate change and agricultural
productivity in the Philippines between 2010 and 2020."

•Limitation: "The study relies on secondary data, which may be subject to biases and limitations
in measurement accuracy."

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

•Describes the contribution of the study to the existing body of knowledge.

1. Clearly articulate the research problem's importance.

2. Explain how your study addresses knowledge gaps.
3. Describe potential benefits for stakeholders (e.g., policymakers, practitioners, communities).
4. Outline implications for future research or interventions.
5. Use concise, specific language.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

-This gives your readers an understanding of the concepts or factors that will be discussed
throughout your study, as well as contextual information as to how you will be using those
concepts in your study.

GUIDELINES IN WRITING THE DEFINITION OF TERMS

1. Clarity: Define terms concisely and clearly.
2. Relevance: Only define terms essential to understanding the research.
3. Consistency: Use defined terms consistently throughout.
4. APA 7th edition: Follow APA's guidelines for definitions.

MODULE 4 - LESSON 1 - Literature Review

•Literature - an oral or written record of man's significant experiences that are expressed in an
ordinary manner.

Examples:
-Books
-Periodic papers
-Online reading materials
-Journals
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
•Related Literature
-It is one of the main components of a research study, specifically in the second chapter. It gives
an overview of all the writings relative to a specific topic (Prieto, Naval & Carey, 2017).
-Is the process of collecting, selecting, and reading books, journals, reports, abstracts, and other
reference materials.

The following information may be collected:

1.) Background knowledge about the problem and associated ideas

2.) Theories that give details of the presence of the problem and certain variables that are
connected to the problem.
3.) Data that prove the occurrence and gravity of the problem
4.) Gaps and Recommendation or additional study specified in related studies
5.) Detailed and broad results of related studies.

IMPORTANCE OF LITERATURE REVIEW

-Provides the interpretation of existing literature in light of updated developments in the field to
help in establishing the consistency in knowledge and relevancy of existing materials
-You'll gain insight into how researchers apply the concepts you're learning in your unit to real
world problems.
-Provides information for relevancy and coherency to check the research

SELECTING THE LITERATURE FOR A STUDY

>In selecting the literature for a study, the following questions should be considered:
•Can this literature help me clearly present the delimitation of my study?
•Can this literature give me insights to present properly essential variables of my study?
•Is this literature up-to-date?
•Does this literature provide perceptive and accurate results and conclusions?
•Does this literature present contrasting ideas which can be used in Identifying research gaps?

TYPES OF RESOURCES

• General references - books, monographs, conference manuals, research articles, professional

journals and similar documents

• Primary sources - academic research and university research journals and reputable
organizations

• Secondary sources - articles, analyses, essays, newspaper, single or multiple authored

textbooks

• Tertiary resources - books based on secondary sources that interprets the work of others.
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
MODULE 4 - LESSON 2 - Criteria in selecting, citing, & synthesizing
related literature

STEP 1: SEARCH FOR LITERATURE

1. In gathering sources, have focus, a clearly indicated scope and purpose of the review.
2. Isolate and centre your research on key themes or issues related to your own research
interests.
3. Choose studies conducted by experts and authorities in that same field of knowledge with
your study.
4. Peer-reviewed materials are much preferable than general sources of ideas

STEP 2: Reading and Citing Source of Material

1. Acknowledgment- It identifies individuals who have contributed to the making of the

manuscript.
2. References or Bibliography- A whole list of literary materials including all books, journal,
theses, and dissertations along with other sources mentioned above. References are arranged
alphabetically in some papers or in order of sequence as it comes out in the paper.

Information needed in making the referencing list involves the following:

a. Author's name
b. Date of the publication of the source.
C. Page number where you found the information.
d. Publisher
e. Place of Publishing
f. Volume
g. Edition
h. Other relevant information -date of access

3. Citation, or In-text-citation-Referring author within the main body of the text. Citations can be
done by paraphrasing, summarizing, or through quotations.

Examples:
•Sanchez (2015) found out building food systems that are more sustainable, resilient and
responsive....
•A study by Chojnacka (2012) revealed that extracts derived from algae contain such
components as polysaccharides.

Step 3: Creating or Synthesizing your Review of Related Literature and Studies

Synthesizing a review of related literature involves combining and analyzing the findings of
multiple studies to identify patterns, themes, and relationships.
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
Step 1: Organize the Literature (categorize studies)
Step 2: Analyze and Interpret the Literature (identify patterns and themes)
Step 3: Integrate the Literature (compare and contrast studies)
Step 4: Draw Conclusions and Implications • (summarize key findings)
Step 5: Present the Synthesis (write a clear and concise narrative)

MODULE 4 - LESSON 3 - Ethical Standards in Writing

•Ethical Standards in Writing

-The ethical standards of research establish the values and expectations of a research so that
information generated is written accurately and appropriately in accordance to the highest moral
principles of research. These ethical standards are governed by core values of integrity.
confidentiality, and privacy through informed consent, voluntary participation, beneficence,
justice, and rights to review.

Scientific misconduct that may arise when ethical standards are not followed:
1. Plagiarism- This refers to fraudulent acts that entail claiming another person's ideas, work or
publication violating intellectual property rights by stealing and dishonesty.

2. Fabrication of data- It involves producing data without an actual experimentation or altering

data in recording with the intent to fit them to desired results.

3. Falsification of data- Entails faulty gathering of data due to negligence and carelessness
which lead to errors in measurement or instrument use. Error may also be caused by
inappropriate application of treatment to the subjects and poor data recording.

4. Non-publication of data- In contrast with fabrication and falsification, this involves choosing
not to include data because they do not conform to the well-established body of knowledge or
are unsupportive of the research hypothesis. Only the results that do not reject the hypothesis
are reported and published.

5. Research Plan which discusses in summary the rationale, hypotheses, methods, risk and
safety, data analysis, and references or bibliography.

6. Risk Assessment Form which evaluates the extent of hazards posed by the conduct of
research. It includes assessing safety of respondents, or sampling locale, or in the events of
scientific studies, the biosafety hazards like methods of disposing chemical and biological
agents, drug dosages, and delicate instrument use.

7. Research Abstract which is not more than 250 words that clearly and concisely state the
purpose, procedures, data collected, and conclusions of the research.

8. Research Logbook with start and end dates, pictures, documentations, notes during the
course of research that shows detailed and accurate processes.