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Unit 1:

Lesson 1
Lesson 1: Determining the Effect of Textual Aids on the Understanding of a Text

Texual Aids
What are Text Features? Text Features and Comprehension

Text features are similar to the elements of a Text features are closely linked to comprehension. If an
story in fiction. They assist the reader in author wants readers to understand a country's location,
comprehending the text and serve as the for example, providing a map helps them visualize and
foundation for its structure. grasp the significance of that country's position.
Similarly, if understanding the anatomy of an animal is
crucial to comprehending a text, a detailed photograph
with labels provides the necessary support.
Textual Aids
Text features also help readers identify important
Text aids are visual elements that stand out from information in the text. Without a table of contents or an
the main text on a page. index, readers would waste time searching through the
book for specific information.
Text aids are also referred to as text features.
Print
Graphic Print Features
Organizational
Title
Examples: titles, bold or italic print, diagrams, The name of a text found on the front cover or at the
maps, tables, charts, graphic organizers, and beginning of a chapter.
maps.
Non-examples: Linear texts like novels, poems, Bold Print
textbooks, letters, etc. Words written in a dark and thick print within the
main body of text, often defined in the glossary.
Facts/Characteristics
Predominantly used in nonfiction text Bullets
Direct the reader's attention to specific parts of Indented and aligned text with a dot, symbol, or dash
the text in front of each idea.
Help the reader identify important ideas
Provide additional information to support the
text
Useful for previewing text
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Graphic Features

Diagram
A series of pictures with captions showing steps, stages, or the progression of events.

Map
An aerial-view picture showing the geographic location of something or someone.

Graph
Data presented in diagram form, such as bar graphs, line graphs, or pie graphs.

Graphic Organizers
Visual displays that provide key content information.

Chart/Table
Large amounts of organized and condensed information or data presented in columns and rows with headings.

Concept Maps
General organizers or textual aids that depict the central thought and its corresponding characteristics.

Organizational Features

Table of Contents
Located at the beginning of the text, it lists key topics in the book with page numbers in the order they are
presented.

Glossary
Located at the back of the book, it is an alphabetical listing of text-important words with definitions and
sometimes a pronunciation guide. Words in the glossary are usually bolded in the main body of the text.

Index
Located at the back of the book, it lists specific topics, events, names, and terms in alphabetical order with page
numbers. It is more specific than the table of contents.
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Lesson 2
Lesson 2: Intellect vs Will

Intellect vs Will
Intellect

Intellect involves recognizing an object and making a judgment about its desirability or undesirability, whether it
is good or evil.

Will

Will is like a hand that controls the direction of the spotlight.

Lesson 3
Lesson 3: Speech

Speech
News is information packaged to report new events happening elsewhere. It is typically presented in a direct and
unbiased style without editorial commentary.

Purpose: To inform readers about events occurring in their communities and around the world, shaping their
perspectives and general ideas.

Speeches

A speech is a form of spoken communication delivered by a speaker to an audience for a specific purpose.

General Purposes:
To inform
To entertain
To persuade
To inspire
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Informative Speech

An informative speech aims to educate the audience on a particular topic. It simplifies complex subjects or
presents alternative perspectives.

Purpose: To provide enlightenment about a specific topic that the audience has limited knowledge of.

Panel Discussion

It involves a conversation among a few individuals (the panel) in front of an audience. The primary purpose of a
panel discussion is to explore a subject for information rather than advocating a specific course of action.

Lesson 4
Lesson 4: Author's Purpose

Author's Purpose
Three Main Purposes: Every text serves one of these purposes.

1. To entertain Writing to Entertain

2. To inform The main purpose is to amuse readers.
3. To persuade
Examples:
Stories
Poems
Plays

While stories may provide some learning, their main objective is to entertain.
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Writing to Inform
The main purpose is to enlighten the reader.

Examples:
Expository essays
Nonfiction texts
Instructions or directions

Informational writing can also be entertaining, but its primary purpose is to inform.

Writing to Persuade
The main purpose is to convince the reader.

Examples:
Persuasive essays
Persuasive speeches
Persuasive letters or notes

Persuasive writing aims to change the reader's mind or encourage them to take action.

Identifying the Author's Purpose

1.Is the text a poem, story, or play? (If "yes," it's for entertainment.)
2.Does the text primarily provide facts and information? (If "yes," it's for information.)
3.Does the text make arguments? (If "yes," it's to persuade.)

Lesson 5
Lesson 5: Appraising the Unity of Plot, Setting, and Characterization in a Material
Viewed to Achieve the Writer's Purpose

Writer's Purpose
Elements of a Story:

Setting: The time and place where the story takes place.
Characters: The people, animals, or creatures in the story.
Plot: The series of events that make up the story.
Conflict: A problem or struggle between two individuals, things, or ideas.
Theme: The central idea of the story.
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Settings

Describes the location and time in which the story unfolds.

Helps create background and mental imagery.

Details can describe:

Time of day
Time of year
Historical period
Scenery
Weather
Location

Characterization:

Refers to how an author reveals a character's personality.

Techniques used to bring characters to life.

Plot:

Refers to the events that occur in a story.

Every story requires a plot.
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Unit 2:

Lesson 1
Lesson 1: Advocacy Campaign

Advocacy Campaign
Research- Focused exploration of a specific problem, concern, or issue.

Research
^^ ^^
Again Find
Look

Campaign
Definition: The organized effort to achieve a specific goal or objective.

Advocacy
Definition: Arguing, pleading, supporting, or favoring a certain cause.

Modal Verbs
Modal verbs express the likelihood or possibility of an action happening (may, might, will, must, shall, can, could,
would, ought to).

Adjectives and Adverbs

Adjectives describe a noun or pronoun (e.g., beautiful, tall).
Adverbs indicate how often, when, or where something happens.

Research

A process of systematic inquiry, research seeks to advance understanding of a topic or problem.

Information from various sources, including experiments, observations, surveys, interviews, documents, etc., must
be gathered, arranged, analyzed, and interpreted.
Research can be done for different purposes, such as discovering new facts, testing hypotheses, solving problems,
developing theories, or applying knowledge to practical situations.
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Lesson 2
Lesson 2: Key Structural Elements of an Argumentative Text

Key Structural Eelements

What is an Argument?

A set of claims made in an attempt to convince someone of something or establish a point constitute an argument.
An argument can be used for different purposes, such as explaining, convincing, debating, or reasoning.
An argument has a conclusion, which is the main point that the arguer wants to establish, and one or more premises,
which are the reasons or evidence that support the conclusion.
An argument can be evaluated for its validity, soundness, strength, or cogency, depending on how well the premises
support the conclusion and how true the premises are.
An argument can also be analyzed for its structure, form, or type, depending on how the premises and conclusion are
related or arranged.

Statement of position: This is the part of an argument where the writer or speaker states their main point or claim
that they want to persuade the audience to accept. It is also called a thesis statement or a position statement. It
should to be concise, clear, and arguable.

Arguments: These are the reasons or evidence that the writer or speaker provides to support their position. They
should be relevant, logical, and well-organized. They should also address and refute any counterarguments or
objections that the audience might have.

Reinforcement of the statement of position: This is the part of an argument where the writer or speaker summarizes
their main points and restates their position in a convincing way. It is also called a conclusion or a closing
statement. It should reinforce the main message and leave a lasting impression on the audience.
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Lesson 3
Lesson 3: Language Features of an Argumentative Text

Language Features
Modal verbs: Used with other verbs to express ability, obligation, possibility, etc. They reflect the writer 's attitude
toward the topic.

Example: Can, Should, Could, Would, Will, Shall, Ought, Might, Must

Rhetorical Questions: Questions not intended to be answered.

Example: Is rain wet? Is that a joke? What time do you call this? Can you imagine that?

Emotive Words: Words chosen to evoke an emotional response.

Example: Blessed, Magnificent, Harsh, Vulnerable

Evaluative Language: Indicates the degree of approval or helps compare ideas.

Example: Best, Most, More Popular

Conjunctions: Link ideas in an argument.

Example: For that reason, Because of this, Therefore

Declarative Statements: Statements that relay information.

Example: I like climbing.

Passive Voice: A sentence is constructed wherein the recipient of the action becomes the subject,
serving to diminish the focus on the doer or potentially obscure their identity.

Example: The lesson has already been discussed.

Coordinating Conjunctions (FANBOYS): For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So.

Subordinating Conjunctions: Example: Because, When.

Correlative Conjunctions: Example: Neither - nor, Either - or.

Conjunctive Adverb: Example: However.

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Lesson 4
Lesson 4: Fact, Opinion, Assertions

Fact, Opinion, Assertions

Fact: A statement that can be proven.

Opinion: A personal judgment or view about an issue or topic.

Assertions: State a fact or belief without evidence to support it.

Lesson 4.2
Lesson 4.2: Formulating Claims of Fact, Policy, and Value

Fact, Policy, Value

For a speaker, a claim is the main topic of an argument where they present their ideas or actions.

For a writer, a claim is the central statement of a text that they attempt to prove by providing details, explanations,
and evidence.

Claim of Fact: Asserts the existence, occurrence, or truthfulness of something.

Claim of Policy: Suggests specific plans or courses of action to solve problems.

Claim of Value: Attempts to prove the desirability or worthiness of something, whether it is good, bad, or wrong.
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Lesson 5
Lesson 5: Multimodal and its Elements

Multimodal and its Elements

Communication

Communication extends beyond voice and letters, encompassing various forms of expression.

Multimodal communication employs multiple modes.

Definition of Key Terms

Modes: Written language, spoken language, and patterns of meaning conveyed through visual, audio, gestural,
tactile, and spatial elements.
Multimodal Texts: Combinations of visual (still images), written language, and spatial modes conveying meaning,
such as picture books, textbooks, graphic novels, comics, and posters.
Digital Multimodal Texts: Digital formats utilizing written and spoken language, visual (still and moving images),
audio, gestural, and spatial modes, such as film animation, slide shows, e-posters, digital stories, and web pages.
Live Multimodal Texts: Live presentations, including dance, performance, and oral storytelling, employing modes
like gestural, spatial, spoken language, and audio.
Visual Texts: Representations of people, objects, and places conveyed through visual semiotic resources like line,
shape, size, and symbols, while written language presents this meaning through sentences using noun groups and
adjectives written on paper or a screen.

Elements of Multimodal Text

Linguistic: Vocabulary, structure, and grammar of oral/written language.

Visual: Color, vectors, viewpoints in still and moving images.
Audio or Aural: Volume, pitch, rhythm of music, sound effects.
Gestural: Movement, facial expressions, body language.
Spatial: Proximity, direction, position, organization of objects in space.
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Lesson 6
Lesson 6: Delivering a Prepared or Impromptu Talk Using Public Speaking Techniques

Public Spekaking Techniques

Impromptu Speech: Speaking with minimal preparation on a specific subject for a few minutes.

Prepared Extemporaneous Speech: Speaker prepares ideas but delivers them from memory using an outline.

Public Speaking: Live presentations to an audience, aiming to educate, entertain, or influence.

Delivering a prepared or spontaneous speech can effectively communicate your ideas and engage your audience.
Utilizing public speaking techniques can enhance your delivery and make your presentation impactful. Whether you
have time to prepare or need to speak on the spot, the following tips will assist you in delivering a successful talk.

1. Understand your audience: Familiarize yourself with your audience's interests, knowledge level, and expectations.
This knowledge will help you tailor your message and language to resonate with them.
2. Establish a clear objective: Define the purpose of your talk and what you aim to achieve or convey. This will guide
your content and ensure your message remains focused and effective.
3. Structure your talk: Create a well-organized presentation with an attention-grabbing introduction, a clear body
supporting your main points, and a strong summary or call to action.
4. Develop engaging content: Craft content that is interesting, relevant, and captivating. Incorporate storytelling
techniques, personal anecdotes, or impactful statistics to convey your message effectively.
5. Use visual aids: Utilize visual aids such as slides, props, or handouts to enhance your presentation. Keep them
simple, uncluttered, and aligned with your main points.
6. Practice, practice, practice: Rehearse your talk multiple times to improve your delivery, build confidence, and
reduce anxiety. Time yourself to ensure you stay within the allocated timeframe.
7. Use effective body language: Employ good posture, maintain eye contact, and use natural gestures to emphasize
key points. Vary your tone of voice and speak clearly to keep the audience engaged.
8. Connect with the audience: Engage your listeners by acknowledging their presence and encouraging interaction
through questions, pauses, or activities. This involvement fosters engagement.
9. Be adaptable: When delivering an impromptu talk, remain calm, organize your thoughts, and use a structured
approach of introduction, body, and conclusion.
10. Seek feedback: After your talk, ask for constructive criticism from trusted individuals or audience members. Use
this feedback to improve your public speaking skills.
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Unit 3:

Lesson 1
Lesson 1: Argumentative Composition - Terms in Agreement in Writing

Argumentative Composition
Argument: Conduct research and provide evidence.

Argumentative Essay: Presents evidence supporting a claim to explain its favorability.

Terms in Argumentative Writing

Pro: Arguments in favor of a claim or its advantages.

Con: Arguments against a claim or its disadvantages.

Issue: A topic on which opinions differ.

Claim: A statement expressing a position, stance, or point of view.

Argument: An idea supporting the claim.

Evidence: Facts from the real world used to support an argument.

Counterargument: An opposing idea presented against the claim in an argumentative essay.

Rebuttal: A response to the counterargument.

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Lesson 2
Lesson 2: Informative Writing Techniques

Informative Writing Techniques

1.Begin with an attention-grabbing introduction and end with a summary of the main points.
2.Use appropriate transitional words to ensure a logical flow of ideas.
3.Maintain a formal tone.

Persuasive Writing Techniques:

Rhetorical Questions: Questions not intended to be answered.

Repetition: Repeating key words or phrases.
Bandwagon: Convincing readers to believe in an idea because others do.
Appeal to Emotion: Using emotive language to elicit a response.
Appeal to Authority: Establishing the writer as an authority by using facts and evidence to support opinions or
claims.

Lesson 3
Lesson 3: Argumentative Writing Techniques

Argumentative Writing Techniques

1. Make your thesis statement clear.
2. Use evidence to support your side of the argument.
3. Show weaknesses in the opposing side.
4. Utilize logical connections.
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Informative writing techniques are employed to effectively communicate information to readers in a manner that is
clear, concise, and engaging. Regardless of whether you are writing an article, report, or essay, the following
techniques can assist you in making your informative writing more effective:

1. Clearly state your main idea or purpose at the outset with a strong thesis statement. This statement sets the tone
for your writing and helps readers understand what to expect.
2. Organize your content in a logical and structured manner. Begin with an attention-grabbing introduction that
provides context, followed by body paragraphs that delve into specific details or subtopics, and conclude with a
succinct summary or conclusion.
3. Employ headings and subheadings to divide your content into sections. This aids readers in navigating your
writing and locating specific information easily. Headings also provide an outline of your piece, offering readers a
clear overview.
4. When presenting itemized or categorized information, utilize bullet points or lists. This format enhances
scannability and enables readers to grasp key points quickly.
5. Employ clear and concise language, avoiding jargon or unnecessary complexity. Use simple and concise sentences
to effectively convey your ideas. Steer clear of excessive repetition and wordiness.
6. Support your information with pertinent examples, anecdotes, statistics, or research findings. These lend
credibility to your writing and help readers comprehend and connect with the presented information.
7. Incorporate visual aids, such as charts, graphs, diagrams, or images, to complement your text. Visuals enhance
understanding and provide a visual representation of complex concepts or data.
8. Utilize transition words and phrases to facilitate smooth transitions between sentences, paragraphs, and sections.
These linguistic devices assist readers in following your thought process and maintaining the flow of information.
9. Craft an engaging introduction that captures the reader's attention and provides a clear overview of what will be
covered. Similarly, a concise and impactful conclusion summarizes the main points and leaves a lasting
impression on the reader.
10. Review and edit your writing to ensure clarity, coherence, and accuracy. Check for grammar, spelling, and
punctuation errors. Reading your piece aloud can help identify awkward sentences or areas that require
improvement.
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Unit 4:

Lesson 1
Lesson 1: Steps in Developing a Coherent and Cohesive Critique

Developing a Coherent and

Cohesive Critique
Introduction:

Introduce the author's name and background.

Identify the elements to be examined.
State the purpose of the critique.

Body:

Systematically assess different elements.

Provide specific details.

Conclusion:

Provide an overall assessment.

Offer recommendations.
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Lesson 2
Lesson 2: Research

Research
What is Research?

Research is the systematic application of scientific inquiry to find solutions and contribute to knowledge.

Theory/Hypothesis:

A proposed statement that is possibly true but not proven.

Sampling:

The selection of members from a population for inclusion in a study.

Qualitative vs. Quantitative:

Qualitative: Focuses on words, summarizing, and open-ended questions.

Quantitative: Focuses on numbers, statistics, and closed-ended questions.
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Lesson 3
Lessson 3: Elements of a Research Paper

Elements of a Research Paper

Chapter 1: The Problem and Its Background Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature and
Studies
Introduction/Background of the Study
Theoretical Framework Chapter 3: Research Design and
Conceptual Framework/Research Paradigm Methodology
Statement of the Problem/Research Questions
Hypothesis of the Study Research Method and Technique Used
Definition of Terms Population and Sample
Scope and Limitation of the Study Sampling Procedure
Research Instrument
Data Gathering Procedure
Data Processing and Statistical Treatment

Chapter 4: Presentation, Analysis, and

Interpretation of Data Presentation

Summary of Findings
Conclusions and Recommendations
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Lesson 4
Lesson 4: Guidelines in Making a Bibliography Using the APA Format

A Bibliography Using the APA

Format
What is Citation?

Citation is acknowledging the sources of material used in one's work, giving credit to the original author and
allowing readers to locate the source.

Why Should I Cite Sources?

Citing sources is essential to avoid plagiarism and give proper credit to the original authors.

When Do I Need to Cite?

Whenever you use words or ideas from another source, you must acknowledge their origin.

What is a Bibliography?

A bibliography is a comprehensive inventory of all the sources utilized during the research process, regardless of
whether they were directly referenced or not.

The APA (American Psychological Association) or Author-Date system is a documentation style commonly
employed by researchers in the natural sciences and social sciences. This style is preferred by many researchers,
irrespective of their area of focus, due to its efficiency in terms of space and time requirements, making it a more
economical choice.