.

SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER 2 (2024-25)

CLASS X - SClENCE 086
Max.Marks:80 Time Allowed: 3 hours

General Instructions:
1 ~h~ice
• Of approximately 33%
• • .
1• Al1 questions would Pl«r, compulsory. However, an intema • s
would be provided. 50% marks are to be allotted to compt:tency-based queStton • .
·
2. Section A would have 16 simple/complex MCQs and 04 Assert·ion-Reasomng type
questions carrying 1 mark each. • .
3. Section B would have 6 Short Answer (SA) type questions _carrying ~2 marks each.
4. Section C would have 7 Short Answer (SA) type questions. carrying 03 marks each.
5. Section D would have 3 Long Answer (LA) type question~- carrying 05 marks each•.
6. Section E would have 3 source-based/case-based/passage-based/integrated umts of
assessment (04 marks each) with su~-parts·_ofthe values of 1/2/3 marks.

• the
SECTION~A
.·~e
Select and writ~,.,I.M. most appropriate option out of the fo_ur options given for each of the
questions 1 -20_.,r There is no negative mark for an incorrect r.esponse.
.
I
. '

1. Which of the following is the correct representation of the electron dot structure of
nitrogen? . • 1
(a)
.
=Nf'J: (b) =~ .(c) :f:JN (d) -=_NaN,.:'.
_,_..,. ..~· .. "''.~:
~-

. . ~ . ' .

2. An element A is soft and

can be cut with ll knife. This is reactive to air and cannot be
• .
tery I

kept open in ~e ~ir. It reacts vigoro1;1Sly with water. Identify the element from thefollowirig.
: \ ' " 1 ' I ' , :•

a) Mg ' •

b) Na
c) p
d) Ca

3. A solution ~ red litmus blue; its pH is likely ,,to be

1
a) 1 ·~'
b) 4
c) 5
d) 10

4. In the double displacement reaction between aqueous potassium iodid d

nitrate, a yellow precipitate of lead iodide is formed. While performi ethan a~~eous lead
· · bl hi b f th ~
nitrate ts not avat!a e, w c o e o11owmg • ng e activity if
can be used in place of lead nitra , lead
a) Lead sulphate(msoluble) te?
11
b) Lea,boc:tate ;• 1
t~aa accl 1
c) Ammo.}~JJJi_:_um.
---~~;,~!' nitrate nmnnin 11 11~, 1 ~ ~

~~ EXAM POiNT
 SCIENCE m
d) Potassiu m sulphate 1
• • • •

5. Which of the following observations is correct for the above given experimental•diagram?
1
a) Red-colo ured copper is reduced to black-coloured copper (I) oxide
Chinn dt11h ~··········· ·~~~
containing '·'-~
cuppcr power I.,, ,J;~, ,,· •.. ·, ~·~·~·-"--Wi re p.uzr.
,,;
,--Trtpo d •land

1>----+---a umcr

b) Red-colo ured copper is oxidised to red-coloured copper (I) oxide

c) Red-colo ured copper is reduced to black-coloured copper (II) oxide
d) Red-colo ured copper is oxidised to black-coloured copper (II) oxide

6. Which one of the following properties is not generally exhibited by ionic compounds?
a) Solubilit y in water 1
b) High melting and boiling points
c) Electrical conductivity in solid state
d) Electrical conductivity in molten state
.... ' l, I • •• ,' • I

. 7. The formulae of four organic compounds are shown below. 1

• •
'
I I
.
•
.
',

' .
H' > I'

-~o
..

H, H ,•
{A) • 'c=c.,,,,, ,, (B) H-C-.C ·. .
H/ • '-.. H 1·' ' • ·'-·o H
H1 -
H· H ·•-t 1·•t \ 1.1;-.,
:j \ ,. 4 ·
.
'\ ,

- • • I
~} .. , .I r, t
I ·
I I
(C) H-C- C-H
I I
(D) H-~- -o-H
H H
1
H H
Choose the correct option.
a) A and Bare saturated hydrocarbons.
b) C and D are unsaturated hydrocarbons.
c) The addition of hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst changes A to C.
d) The addition of potassium permanganate changes B to D.

8. From which structure, the free oxygen gas produced during photosynthesis is released?
a) Epiderm is 1
b) Stomata
c) Cortex
d) Guard cell
9. In humans, the life processes are controlled and regulated by: 1
a) reproductive and endocrine system
b) respiratory and nervous system
c) endocrin e and digestive system
d) nervous and endocrine system

t:::: EXAM POiNT

 :fH
SCIENCE
I
10. In pea plant s, the trait for tall plants (T) is dominant over
t
h trait for short plant s (t). If a
t what will be the phenotypic
heter ozygo us tall plant (Tt) is crossed with a short plant (rt '
• ratio of the offspring?
1
a) 3 tall: 1 short
b) 1 tall: 1 short
c) All tall
d) All short
•;r
11. Whic h type of asexual reproduction is observed in yeaSt? 1
a) Fragm entati on
b) Budd ing
c) Spore formation
d) Binar y fission

12. Whic h of the following is a recessive trait in garden peas? 1

I. Gree n seed colou r
II. Term inal flowe r position
III. Viole t flowe r
IV. Roun d seed du•
a) I and II only
b) II and III only
c) I, II and III only
d) I, Ill and IV only

13. As light trave ls from a rarer to a denser medium, it will have

1
a) Incre ased veloc ity
b) Decre ased veloc ity
c) Decre ased wave lengt h
d) both (b) and (c)

14. The least distance of distinct vision for a young adult with norm al visio n is about 1
a) 25 m
b) 2.5 cm
c) 25 cm
t d) 2.5 m

15 . The instru ment used for measuring electric current is: 1

a) Amm eter
b) Galva nome ter
c) Voltmeter
d) Poten tiome ter

• Th treng th of the magnetic field inside a long c

16 • eMs e at the ends than at the centre urrent carry ing a straig ht solenoid is:
a) or . . di
b) Mini mum in the mid e 1

p~ EXAMPOiNT
·,· ,-
 SCIENCE ~
c) Same at all points - , ••
d) Found to increase from one end to the other

Q. no 17 to 20 are Assertion - Reasoning based questions.

These consist of two statements -Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Answer these questions
by selecting the appropriate option given below:

(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(D) (A) is False, but (R) is true.

17. Assertion(A): The following are the structural isomers of butane. 1

HHHH HHH
I I I I I I I
~C-C-C-C -H ~C-C-C-H
I I I I I I I
H H H H U-c-UI j
·,,
H

Reason(R): Structural isomers have the same molecular formula, but they differ in their
structures.
18: Assertion(A): Cyton region of nerve fibre collects information for the brain. 1
Reason(R): Nerve fibres can either have or lack myelin sheath.

19. Assertion(A): The sex of the children will be determined by the chromosome s received
from the father. , 1
Reason(R): A human male has one X and one Y chromosome.

20. Assertion(A): The strength of an electromagnet can be increased by increasing the '
number of turns per unit length in a solenoid coil. 1
Reason(R): The strength of an electromagnet can be increased by increasing the current
flowing through the solenoid.

SECTID N-B
Q. no. 21 to 26 are very short answer questions.
21. a) Two solutions, X and Y, have pH values of3.0 and 9.5, respectively. Which of these will
tum litmus solution from blue to red, and which will turn phenolphthalein from colourless
to pink? • ·1
b) Arrange the following in an increasing order of their pH values: NaOH solution, blood,
lemon juice. 1
22. Which part of the human eye provides most of the refraction for the light rays entering the
eye? 2

I rt I ,

EXAMPOiNT
 SCIENLt: ft
the distance of an object
23 increase 2
• What happens to the image distance in the eye when we
from the eye?
. g potential 10 V and 5 y
24· A charge of 6C is moved between two points P and Q bavtn 2 '
respectively. Find the amount of work done.
OR
2
Why are copper wires used as connecting wires? . .
. . lar and mult1cellu1ar organisms?
25. How are the modes of reproduction different 1n unicellu 2

2
26. Which hormone regulates the concentration of sugar in the blood?
OR t ·fy
Out of a goat and a tiger, which one will have a longer small inteSt ine? JuS l your
2
answer.

SECT/DN-,C ..
"'I I

Q. no. 27 to 33 are short answer questions.

2 7. Explain the reactions of different metals with hot water, cold water and steam. Give one
example with a properly balanced chemical equation. Name two metals that do not react
with any fonn of water. 1 1 3

28. a) Oil and fat-containing food items are flushed with nitrogen. Why? 1
b) Which compound give~ a shiny white finish to the walls? 1
c) Potassium chlorate (KClO3), on heating, forms potassium chloride and oxygen. Write a
balanced equation for this reaction. , , 1

29. (i) State the role played by the following in the process of digestion. 2
. a) Enzyme trypsin . . • I

b) Enzyme lippe •1 ,
(ii) List two functions of finger-like projections present in the small • t . 1
OR 1n esttnei
(i) State the essential functions performed by ozone at the higher levels
atmosphere. of the
2
(ii) Why was there a. sharp
.
drop in the amount of ozone in th
e atmosphere in the 1980s?
• I •
' ,•I • , ' 1
~ . .
30. How is the equal genetic contribution of male and female '
, parents ensured in the progeny?
31 Spot the major differences between autotrophs and h 3
• . eterotroph .
32 Name and state the rule used to deternune the di·re t; s with examples 3
• . · c1onofth •
around a straight conductor carrymg current. e magnetic field produced
3
33. A convex lens ot~ocal length 15 cm fonned an i a e
How far is the obJect placed from the lens? ,),~\_n~O cm from the lens.

3
~{j EXAMPOiNT ~

1
 SCIENCE B..
1)

SECTID N-·a
Q. no. 34 to 36 are long answer questions.

34. What is the role of:

a) Saliva in the digestion of food? 1
b) Light in photosynthesis? 2
c) Bile juice and pancreatic juice in digestion? 2
n,
OR

a) List three different categories of contraceptio n methods. 2

b) Why has the Government of India prohibited prenatal sex determination by law? State
its benefits in the long run. 1
'
c) Unsafe sexual acts can lead to various infections. Name two bacterial and two viral
infections caused due to unsafe sex. 2

3 5. A convex lens forms a real and inverted image of a needle at a distance of 50 cm from it.
a) Where is the needle placed in front of the convex lens if the image is equal to the size
of objects? ~ 3
,'

b) Also, find the power of the lens. 2

' ~.
OR
Explain the following:
a) Why is tungsten used almost exclusively for filament of electric lamps? 1
b) Why are the conductors of electric heating devices, such as bread toasters and electric
irons, made of an alloy rather than a pure metal? 1
c) Why is the series arrangement not used for domestic circuits? 1
d) How does the resistance of a wire vary with its area of cross-section? 1
e) Why are copper and aluminium wires usually employed for electric transmission? 1

36. a) Name the product formed when an organic acid and alcohol react in the presence of an
acid catalyst. Write the equation and give two uses of the product formed. 2
b) 'Conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid is an oxidation reaction." Justify this statement,
giving the relevant equation for the chemical reaction involved. 2
c) What is vinegar? 1
OR
a) Define a universal indicator. Mention its one use. 1
b) Solution A gives a pink colour when a drop of phenolphthalein indicator is added to it.
Solution B gives a red colour when a drop of methyl orange is added to it. What type of
solutions are A and B, and which one of the solutions, A and B, will have higher pH values?
2
c) How is plaster of Paris chemically different from gypsum? How can they be
interconverted? Write two uses of Plaster of Paris. 2

SECTID N-E
Q.no. 37 to 39 are case-based/dat~~~a~~d questions with 2 to ·3 short.f~fi-parts. Internal
1

choice is pro'Vzded in one o"

'J
these sub-parts. r
1_r1,

-~ EXAMPOiNT
 I I I •
SCIENCE w
• •
• - . ,, ~ • .. . .d uows electnc1ty to pass
37• The electrolysis is a process in which the solution or molten l~q~I ;d the bulb glows as the
through it. The electrolysis of acid and water conducts electrtcity
circuit is complete.

9ca.1<cr

L-!===r'r---.:;;;iiii----r--Nnll
r--~t--ii-----=: Ollu le HCI
solution
~ i - - - Rubber
cork

Answer the following questions based on the above information.

1
a) Infer the result if alcohol is used instead of acid.
b) If the acid is replaced by glucose, will the bulb glow? Explain.
1
1
c) Name the ions produced during the electrolysis of HCI. . d"
1
d) What will happen if you replace the above solution in the beaker with mo ten so nun
chloride? 1
OR
d) How is the concentration of hydronium ions (H30+) affected when a solution of an acid
is diluted? n, 1

38. One of nature's most splendid masterpieces is the rainbow. A rainbow is an excellent
demonstration of the dispersion of light and one more piece of evidence that visible light is
.. • composed of a spectrum of wavelengths, each associated with a distinct colour. To view a
rainbow, the sun must be at your back as you look at an approximately 40-degree angle
above the ground into a region'ofthe atmosphere with suspended droplets of water or even
a light mist. Each droplet of water acts as a tiny prism that disperses the light and reflects
it to your eye.

i) Formation of rainbow involves some natural phenomena which are in the correct order
respectively is 1
a) refraction, dispersion, internal reflection
f b) refraction, dispersion, internal reflection
c) reflection, refraction, dispersion and refraction
d) dispersion, reflection, refraction and internal reflection
ii) During the formation of a rainbow, the position of the observ d .
.
, ._a) Observer behin . d th e sun er an sun ts 1
b) sun behind the observer
c) Observer facing the sun
d) at any position
iii) During the formation of the rainbow, the dispersion of su . .
a) tiny air molecules n 1tght ts done by 1
b) dust particles in the atmosphere
c) tiny droplets of rainwater suspended in the air
d) air and water
iv) The dispersion of light into its components by ri .
• P sm 1s due to
1
, EXAMPOiNT
 SCIENCE I:
a) each component gets deviated by the same angle by refraction
b) each component gets deviated by a different angle by refraction
c) reflection of each component light by different angle
d) reflection of each component light by the same angle.

39. Regardless of the gas exchange system present, the amount of oxygen that can be carried
in solution in the blood is small. The presence of respiratory pigments enhances the
efficiency of gas exchange in animals. All respiratory pigments consist of proteins
complexed with iron or copper. They combine reversibly with oxygen and greatly increase
the capacity of blood to transport oxygen and deliver it to the tissues. For example, the
amount of oxygen dissolved in the plasma in mammals is only about 2 cm3 02 per litre.
However, the amount carried bound to haemoglobin is 100 times this. Haemoglobin is the
most .wid~ly distributed respiratory pigment and is characteristic of all vertebrates and
many invertebrate taxa.
(i) Why do small and single-celled animals, such as Amoeba, not require any respiratory
pigment? 1
(ii) What are the consequences of binding haemoglobin with carbon monoxide? 1
(iii) Why do the respiratory pigments combine reversibly with oxygen? 2
OR
tfl -

(iii) Where do you find the respiratory pigment (haemoglobin)

. in human bodies? 2

ANSWERS

The atomic number of nitrogen is 7? and the electronic co~guration is 2,5. It needs three
more electrons to complete its octFt, so it forms a triple bond.
2. b) Na
Sodium and potassium are soft metals.
3. d) 10
Basic solutions tum red litmus blue, and the pH vafue for bases is greater than 7.
4. b) Lead acetate
Lead acetate is water-soluble and can dissociate to form ions that react with potassium
iodide, resulting in the formatio~ of a yellow lead iodide pr~cipitate.
5. d) Red-coloured copper is oxidised to black-coloured copper (II) oxide.
On heating, copper undergo~s oxidation and combines with oxygen to form copper (II)
oxide.
2Cu (s) + O2(g) ~ 2CuO (s)
6, b) Electrical conductivity in solid state.
Ionic compounds can conduct electricity in a molten or aqueous state only.
7. c) The addition of hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst changes A to C.
Because alkenes on hydrogenation give alkanes.
8. b)Stomata ,i .

The oxygen gas produced during the.splitting of water in photosynthesis is released through
stomata. . It ..
9. d) nervous and endocrine systyffiq v,

~ EXAMPOiNT
 SCIENCE

10. b) 1 tall: 1 short

• I ~
Tt short
Parents
Tall

Gametes

tt
Tt short
Ofr-sprlng
Tall

11. b) budding
12. a:) I and II only
13. b) Decreased velocity . ) light will travel slower
Hence, in a medium of greater optical density (optically de;r ' £ e when light travels
than in a medium of lower optical density (optically rarer). ere or '
from a rarer to a denser medium, its velocity decreases.
14.c)25cm . • · b t25
•
The least distance . .
of distinct . . for 3: young•adu1t wt'th nonnal v1s1on 1s a ou
vision cm.
15. a)Ammeter
The instrument used (or measuring electric current is an ammeter.
1
16. c) Same at all poin~!, • . .. . . . .
The strength of the magnetic field inside a· 1ong current-carrying straight solenoid ts the
same at all points.
17. (A) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
18. (D) (A) is False, but (R) is true.
The Cyton region of nerve fibre collects information from dendrites.
19. (A) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
A child who inherits an X chromosome from the father will be a girl, and a Y chromosome
will be a boy.
20. (B) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
While both statements are correct, the reason (R) does not directly explain the assertion
(A). They are related to the strength of an electromagnet but describe two different methods
of increasing it.
21 . a) x has a pH value of 3; therefore, it is an acid and turns blue litmus t d th ther
. . b o re . On e o
hand, y has a pH value of 9•5; hence, it ts a ase and turns phenolphthalein from colourless
to pink.
b) Lemonjuice (pH= 2.2) < Bloo~ (pH= 7.4) <NaOH (pH= ).
14
22. Cornea and aqueous humour provide most of the refraction for th . h . th
eye. e 11g t rays entenng e
23 . When the distance of an object from the eye is increased, the ima . .
same, and the image is formed on the retina of the eye. ge distance remains the
24. The amount of work done, W = q(V2 - V1 )
6(10 - 5) =
30 joule =
OR
Copper wires are used as connecting wires because in th
resistivity is low. ' e case of copper, the electrical

EXAMPOiNT
 SCIENCE fl
25. Unicellular organisms consist o( a single cell that carries out all essential life tasks.
Reproduction occurs in simple, asexual ways, while in multicellular organisms, different
cells carry out various functions. Production of specialised cells is necessary in
multicellular organisms, and simple techniques for reproduction are useless. Thus, they
reproduce through sexual reproduction.

26. Insulin is the hormone that regulates the concentration of sugar (glucose) in the blood. It
helps lower blood glucose levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells, especially
in the liver, muscle, and fat tissue.
OR
Being herbivores, the goat has a plant-based diet, which mainly includes cellulose.
Cellulose is hard for the enzyme to act on. So, to make the digestion of cellulose more
efficient and almost complete, the goat has a longer, smaller intestine than the tiger. This
ensures that the food for digestion stays inside th~ small intestine for longer periods.

27. i. Metals like potassium and sodium react violently with cold water.
2K(s) + 2H2O(1) ~ 2KOH(aq) + H2(g) + heat energy
2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) ~ 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g) + heat energy
o1,
ii. Magnesium reacts with hot water to form magnesium hydroxide and hydrogen. .
. f!.
Mg(s) + 2H2O(l) ~ Mg(OH)2 (aq)_tJI2 (g)

iii. Iron reacts with steam to form the metal oxide and hydrogen.
3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g) ~ Fe3O4 (s) + 4H2 (g)
Gold and silver do not react with any form of water.

28. a) Oil and fat in food items oxidise when exposed to air or oxygen, causing the food to
become rancid. Nitrogen gas is used for packing food items to prevent food spoilage since
it is inert and prevents reactions with oxygen.
b) Calcium carbonate, CaCO3
c) 2KC1O3 (s) ~ 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)

29. (i)
a) Trypsin converts proteins into smaller subunits called peptides.
b) Enzyme lipase present in the small intestine digests emulsified fats into fatty acids and
glycerol. •
(ii) Villi present in the small intestine increase the surface area available for absorption of
digest food. It is rich in minute blood vessels that ensure maximum absorption of digested
food into the blood for its transport.
OR
i) Ozone at higher levels of the atmosphere acts as a shield of the Earth against harmful
Ultraviolet rays from the sun. UV rays that fall on Earth may cause skin cancer in
humans.
ii) The production of Chlorofluorocarbons and their use as refrigerants in industries was
the reason behind the sharp drop ~~ the amount of ozone in the at~~sphere. ,
• I
• ' I

~ EXAMPOiNT
 SCIENCE

ts in an equal manner,
30. The p~ogeny inherit chromosomes from both male and female pare:. possess 23 pairs
of
, ensunn g equal genetic contribution from each paren~. Hutn~ chromo somes)
fuses
chromosomes. During the process of fertilisation, a haploid spe~ 23 .d zygote( 23 pairs of
with a haploid ovum (23 chromosomes) to produce. a dip
chromosomes). Zygote receives an equal amount of genetic maten 1
?;
trom each parent and,

thus, retains the diploid nature on fertilisation

31. The major differences
Autotro hs , Heterotro bs
",,,
• Autotrophs make ilieir food from • Heterot rophs cannot synthes ise
CO2 and water in the presence of their food. They depen~ on
• I
sunlight and chlorophyll autotrophs directly or drrectly for
their food.
• They consum e simple organic • They take comple x food like
constituents and convert them to starch, proteins, etc. and br~ak
comple x organic food such as them down into simple nutnen ts
starch like amino acids, glucose , etc.
• All green plants and some bacteria • Ex~mples are all animals , fungi,
cuscuta.
YL
32. Right-h and thumb rule is used to determine the direction of the magnet ic field produc
ed
around a straight conduc tor carry~g current. It states that· if we hold the current -carryin
g
conduc tor in our right hand such that the thumb points the direction of the current , then
the
direction in which the fingers encircle gives the direction of magnet ic lines.
, .

Electric current t

33. Given the focal length of the lens, f ..: 1S cm.

The image distance from the converging lens is given to be IO cm.
• Thus,
.,
=> v = -10 cm
We observe that the image distance is less than the focal length. h
would be virtual and erect. ' ence, the image formed
From the lens formula, we have:
I 'I

• I

i EXAM POiNT • • t
 SCIENCE

1 1 1
==>-==-- -
! V U
1 1 1
==>-== ----
15 -10 u
1 1 1
==>-== ----
u 10 15
==> u = -6 cm ,,
34. a) Saliva contains an enzyme called salivary amylase, which converts starch in food to
maltose. Saliva also acts as an anti-microbial agent whic4 kills microbes present in the
food.
b) Light is the primary energy source for photosynthesis. It excites chlorophyll. The green
pigment in plants captures light energy and drives the conversion of water and carbon
dioxide into glucose (sugar) and oxygen.
c) Bile juice and pancreatic juice are essential for the breakdown of food in the small •
intestine. Bile juice prepares fats for digestion, while pancreatic juice provides the enzymes
to break down all major food components.
Bile juice:
• Produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder.
• Emulsifies fats: Breaking them down into smaller droplets, increasing the enzyme
1
action on fats. •

1L
Pancreatic juice:
• Produced by the pancreas.
• Contains enzymes:
o Amylase: Breaks down carbohydrates.
o Lipase: Breaks down fats.
o Trypsin: Break down proteins.
• Neutralizes stomach acid: Creating an optimal pH for enzyme activity.
OR I •

a) Three categories of contraception methods are:

• Chemical Method
• Barrier Method
• Surgical Method
b) Prenatal sex determination is prohibited in India because of the increase in female
foeticide and, thereby, the declining sex ratio. The male-female sex ratio for a healthy
society can maintain the benefits of prohibition in the long run.
c) Bacterial infections --+ Gonorrhoea, Syphilis
Viral infections --+ Warts, AIDS
35. a) Image distance, v = 5 0 cm
We know that, m = !, in the case of lens
m = -1 As the ima;e is real, inverted and equal to the size of the object I,

so
-1=-
u
EXAMPOiNT
 SCIENCE

=
Thus, u -SO cm
Object distance, u = -SO cm
focal length= f
According to the lens formula,
u = -SO cm
V = +SO cm
f =?
1 1 1
-=---
[ V U
1 1 1
7=50+50
1 (1 + 1) 2
--
f so - so
-
f = +25 cm

Focal length in metres= 25/100 = 0.25 m

b) Power of lens (P) = .!. = ..2:_ = +4D.
1
f 0.25
G-.-
rrr
OR

a) For the filament of electric lamps, we need a robust metal with a high melting point.
Because of its high melting point, tungsten is utilised only for electric lamp filament.
b) Electric heating device conductors are composed of an alloy because it has a higher
resistance than pure metal and a higher melting point, which prevents it from oxidising
at high temperatures.
c) As the current to all appliances remains constant despite varying resistance, each
appliance cannot be turned on or off independently.
d) As the resistance of a wire is inversely proportional to its cross-section area, the
resistance will decrease when the area of the cross-section increases.
e) As copper and aluminium ':ires are g?o~ conductors with low resistance, they are
commonly utilised for electncal transm1ss1on. They can also be drawn into thin wires
since they are ductile.

36. a) Ester is formed when an organic acid and alcohol react in the presence of an acid catalyst.

. Conc.H.. SO..
CJ-I3COOH+CH2 CH3 OH • >
Ethanoic acjd Ethanol

CH3COOCH2CH3 + 1-12 0
Ethyl ethanoate.

It is used in preparing perfumes.

It is also used as a flavouring agent.

E] EXAM POiNT •

·. 44
. .
:
 SCIENCE HJ
b) The chemical reaction for the conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid is given below:
, (i)CH3 CH20H + [O] C~CHO + 1¾0
Ethanol Ethanal

Ethanoic acid

As, in the' first reaction, H2 is given out from ethanol on oxidation, we know that the
removal of hydrogen is oxidation. So, this reaction is an oxidation reaction. Similarly, in
the second equation, an oxygen atom is added to ethanal to form ethanoic acid. As we also
know, the addition of oxygen is called oxidation. So, the second reaction is also an oxidation
reaction.
c) A 5-8% solution of acetic acid in water is called vinegar and is used widely as a
preservative in pickles.
OR
a) Universal indicator is a mixture of several indicators that show different colour changes
for solutions with different strengths. It can be used to test whether a solution is acidic or
basic.
b) Solution A turns pink on adding phenolphthalein which indicates it is a basic solution.
On adding methyl orange solution, B turns red; therefore, it is an acidic solution. Solution
A will have a higher pH value when compared with solution B.
c) Plaster of Paris is chemically CaS04 . l/2H20, but gypsum is calcium sulphate dihydrate,
CaS04.2H20. Heating gypsum at 373 K causes it to lose water molecules and turn into
plaster of Paris.
,I

373 K 1 1
CaS04.2H20 Beat ► CaS04. 2 H20 + 12 H20
Plaster of Paris is a white powder that, when mixed with water, transforms back into a hard
solid mass that is gypsum.
Uses:
• Used by doctors for providing support to fractured bones.
• Used for making fireproof materials.
37. a) The bulb will not glow.
b) Glucose will not dissociate into ions, and the bulb will not glow.
c) The hydrogen ions and chloride ions.
d) The molten sodium chloride will allow the electricity to pass as it will dissociate into
.
ions.
OR
d) When a solution of an acid is diluted, it dissociates into hydronium ions (H3Q+) and
corresponding anions. On dilution, the volume of the solution increases, but there will be a
fixed number of ions, so the concentration of hydronium ions (H3Q+) per unit volume
decreases.

38. i) a) refraction, dispersion, internal reflection.

• ii) b) sun behind the observer.

m EXAMPOiNT
 ~ii) <:) tiny droplets of rainwater suspended ~n the air- le by refraction.
1v) b) each component gets deviated by a different ang .
ba is so small that sunpte
. •
39. (1) The body volume of a single-celled organism like an amoe th •
d therefdre, no o er respiratory
diffusion is enough to carry oxygen throughout its body, an
pigment is required for the transportation of oxygen. b. 0 that haemoglobin cannot
(ii) Carbon monoxide irreversibly binds with baemoglo JJl s
carry oxygen to various parts of the body . and greatly increases the
(iii) Respiratory pigment combines reversibly ~ th ox~g::es For example, the amount
capacity of blood to transport oxygen and deliver tt to tbe tts • l(n per litre. However
of oxygen dissolved in the plasma in mammals is only a~ut 2 cm '
the amount carried bound to haemoglobin is 100 times this.
OR
(iii) Red Blood Corpuscles (RBCs) of blood contain haemoglobin in humans.