4 FRICTION

Learning objectives:-
1.Interpret various types of units and their conversion from one to another.
2.Analyze different types of forces acting on a body and draw free body diagrams.
3.Determine the resultant of coplanar concurrent forces.
4.Use the principle of movement in various applications.
5.Calculate the co-efficient of friction for different types of surfaces.
6.Calculate the least force required to maintain equilibrium on an inclined plane.

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"The opposing force, which acts in the opposite direction of the movement of the upper Body ,is called "FRICTION FORCE",
or simply “ FRICTION ".

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 Types of Friction

Generally we classify the friction in two categories –

Static friction
Dynamic friction
(1) Static friction : - when the body is in rest condition then the friction force exerted by the body is called "static
friction".

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 (2) Dynamic friction

• when the body is in moving condition then the friction force exerted by the body is called is called "Dynamic friction“.

• Dynamic friction is also classified into three categories - (i) sliding friction
(ii) Rolling friction
(iii) Pivot friction

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 1.sliding friction : -
when a body slide over another body then the friction force exerted by the body is called
"Sliding friction".

2.Rolling friction:-
A body which has balls or rollers
roles on the another body then the friction force exerted by the second body on the first body is called "Rolling friction".

3.Pivot friction:-
The friction force experienced by a
body , due to the motion of rotation as in case of foot step bearings.

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 SOME OTHER TYPES OF FRICTION

1.Dry friction - Friction between two un -lubricated or dry surface.

2.Lubricated friction - Friction between two lubricated surface.

Lubricated friction can also be classified into two categories –

(i)Greasy friction - when there is a very thin layer of lubricant between the surfaces.

(ii)Fluid friction : - when we introduce a thick layer of lubricant between two moving surfaces

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WHERE FRICTION IS DESIRABLE

• During walking on the road.

• In writing on the paper.
• To hold or grabbing something.

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 WHERE FRICTION IS NOT DESIRABLE

• During walking we have to put extra effort.

• Due to friction the life of the machine part reduced.
• it is not required in mechanical parts where two
parts of
machine meet. A large effort required to move this
block than on
a smoother one.

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 LIMITING FRICTION FORCE

• The maximum value of the friction force at which the body resting on the another body start to slide.
If Limiting friction force is “F” and applied force is “P”, then
(i) If F > P (no motion between two bodies)
(ii) If F = P (no motion between bodies)
(iii) If F = P (motion will be there)

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 NORMALREACTION/FORCE

• It is the net force compressing two parallel surface

together and the direction of the reaction force will
be perpendicular to the surface on which its act.

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 COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION

- "It is defined as the ratio of the ratio of the limiting friction force to the normal reaction force".

- It is represented by the "µ".

- it is given by -> µ = F / Fn

(limiting friction/normal reaction)

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 STATIC FRICTION

• "When friction occurs between two bodies which are not in motion then the friction is known as STATIC FRICTION“, and
it is represented by "µs".
• It is given by
F {max} = µs * Fn

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 DYNAMIC FRICTION

“ When the friction occurs between two bodies which

have relative motion to each other, then the friction
is known as the DYNAMIC FRICTION“, and it is
represented by "µ"or "µd".
F {max} = µ * Fn.

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 ANGLE OF REPOSE

"The minimum inclination of any plane to the horizontal is

such that the body resting on the inclined plane tend to
move down the plane, then this minimum inclination of
the plane is known as ANGLE OF REPOSE".

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LAWS OF STATIC FRICTION

i. The applied force will be equal in magnitude with friction force.

ii. The ratio of the limiting friction force to the normal reaction force is called coefficient of static friction.
iii. The force of friction is dependent on the roughness of the surface but independent on the area of contact.

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 LAWS OF DYNAMIC FRICTION

i. The direction of the friction force will be opposite to the direction of motion of the body.

ii. The ratio of the dynamic friction to the normal reaction is a constant.

iii. As we increase the speed of the moving body then the friction force decrease.

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 LAWS OF SOLID FRICTION

i. The force of friction is dependent on the material of the surface but independent on the relative velocity of the sliding body
and area of contact surface.
ii. The friction force is directly proportional to the normal reaction force.

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 LAWS OF FLUID FRICTION

i. The friction force is different for different lubricants.

ii. The friction force is independent on the load as well as substances of the bearing surfaces.
iii. The friction force reduce with increasing in the temperature of the lubricant.

Questions:-

Q1.Define friction and classification of friction?

Q2.how can you define angle of friction?

Q3.Define angle of repose?
Q4.Derive friction of a block on inclined rough surface.

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