5-1

Chapter 5 - Flight Instruments: Clocks, Tops, and Toys

1. [5-1/Figure 1] Label the six main flight instru- 3. [5-3/3/2]

ments: Atmospheric pressure _____ with a gain in altitude.
A. decreases
B. increases
C. equalizes

4. [5-2/3/2]
The pitot system provides impact pressure for which
instrument?
A) Altimeter.
B) Vertical-speed indicator.
C) Airspeed indicator.

5. [5-2/3/2 & 5-3/3/3]

If the pitot tube and outside static vents become
clogged, which instruments would be affected?
A. The altimeter, airspeed indicator, and turn-and-slip
Non-Gyro Instruments indicator.
B. The altimeter, airspeed indicator, and vertical
Airspeed Indicator speed indicator.
C. The altimeter, attitude indicator, and turn-and-slip
2. [5-2/Figure 3] Label the parts of the airspeed indi- indicator.
cator:
Static Pressure

6. [5-3/3/3]
In addition to the airspeed indicator, two additional
instruments also require static air pressure to function:
the _____ and the _____.
A. vertical speed indicator, altimeter
B. directional gyro, altimeter
C. attitude indicator, vertical speed indicator
 5-1
Road Machado’s Sport Pilot Workbook
7. [5-3/3/3] 12. [5-5/1/3]
Which instrument(s) will read incorrectly or become Vs1 is defined as the
inoperative if the static vents become clogged? A. stalling speed or minimum steady flight speed in
A. Airspeed only. the landing configuration.
B. Altimeter only. B. stalling speed or minimum steady flight speed in a
C. Airspeed, altimeter, and vertical speed. specified configuration.
C. stalling speed or minimum takeoff safety speed.
Pitot Tubes
13. [5-4/Figure 8] Refer to the figure above. What is
8. [5-4/1/2] the full flap operating range for the airplane?
Which instrument will become inoperative if the pitot A. 53 to 107 knots.
tube becomes clogged? B. 60 to 132 knots.
A. Altimeter. C. 132 to 157 knots.
B. Vertical speed indicator.
C. Airspeed indicator. 14. [5-4/Figure 8] Refer to the figure at the top/left of
this page.
The Airspeed Indicator’s Face What is the maximum flaps-extended speed?
A. 53 knots.
B. 107 knots.
C. 132 knots.

15. [5-5/1/2] Refer to the figure to the left on this

page.
Which color identifies the normal flap operating
range?
A. The lower limit of the white arc to the upper limit
of the green arc.
B. The green arc.
C. The white arc.
9. [5-4/3/1]
The white arc of the airspeed indicator represents the
16. [5-5/1/2]
airplane’s flap operating range. The beginning or low-
Which V speed represents maximum flap extended
speed end of the white arc is the _____ stall speed in
speed?
the landing configuration (i.e., with flaps fully extended
A. Vfe
and gear down). This is called ____.
B. Vlof
A. power-on, Vs1
C. Vfc
B. power-off, Vso
C. power-off, Vs1
17. [5-5/1/3] Refer to the figure at the top/left of this
page.
10. [5-4/3/1&2]
Vs1 is the beginning of the green arc represents the
Vso is defined as the
power-off stalling speed or _____ flight speed in a
A. stalling speed or minimum steady flight speed in
_____ configuration.
the landing configuration.
A. maximum steady, specified
B. stalling speed or minimum steady flight speed in a
B. minimum steady, specified
specified configuration.
C. minimum steady, variable
C. stalling speed or minimum takeoff safety speed.
18. [5-5/1/3] Refer to the figure at the top/left of this
11. [5-5/1/2]
page.
The high-speed end of the airspeed indicator’s white
Which color identifies the power-off stalling speed
arc is called the _____ speed, or _____.
with wing flaps and landing gear in the landing con-
A. maximum flap retraction, Vfe
figuration?
B. minimum flap retraction, Vfe
A. Upper limit of the green arc.
C. maximum flap extended, Vfe
B. Upper limit of the white arc.
C. Lower limit of the white arc.
 5-1
Chapter 5 - Flight Instruments: Clocks, Tops, and Toys
19. [5-5/1/3] Refer to the figure at the top/left of this
page. 27. [5-5/2/3] Refer to the figure at the top/left of the
Which color identifies the power-off stalling speed in a previous page. Which color identifies the never-
specified configuration? exceed speed?
A. Upper limit of the green arc. A. Lower limit of the yellow arc.
B. Upper limit of the white arc. B. Upper limit of the white arc.
C. Lower limit of the green arc. C. The red line.

20. [5-5/1/4] 28. [5-5/3/3]

Vno is defined as the What is an important airspeed limitation that is not
A. normal operating range. color coded on airspeed indicators?
B. never-exceed speed. A. Never-exceed speed.
C. maximum structural cruising speed. B. Maximum structural cruising speed.
C. Maneuvering speed.
21. [5-5/1/2]
Which V-speed represents the maximum structural 29. [5-5/3/3]
cruising speed? Which V-speed represents the maneuvering speed?
A. Vfe A. Va
B. Vno B. Vlo
C. Vcs C. Vne

22. [5-5/1/2] Refer to the figure at the top/left of this 30. [5-6/1/1]
page. Which V-speed represents the maximum landing gear
What is the maximum structural cruising speed? extended speed?
A. 107 knots. A. Vle
B. 132 knots. B. Vlo
C. 157 knots. C. Vfe

23. [5/1/4] 31. [5-6/1/1]

Vno is defined as the Which V-speed represents the maximum landing gear
A. normal operating range. operating speed?
B. never-exceed speed. A. Vle
C. maximum structural cruising speed. B. Vlo
C. Vfe
24. [5-5/2/1] Refer to the figure at the top/left of the
previous page. What is the caution range of the air- Indicated Airspeed
plane?
A. 53 to 107 knots. 32. [5-7/1/2]
B. 60 to 132 knots. The number showing on the airspeed indicator is
C. 132 to 157 knots. the _____.
A. indicated airspeed
25. [5-5/2/1] Refer to the figure at the top/left of the B. calibrated airspeed
previous page. The maximum speed at which the air- C. true airspeed
plane can be operated in smooth air is
A. 107 knots. Calibrated Airspeeds
B. 132 knots.
C. 157 knots. 33. [5-7/1/4 See Air Error]
Calibrated airspeed is _____ airspeed corrected for
26. [5-5/2/3] _____ or_____ errors.
What does the red line on an airspeed indicator A. true, installation, position
represent? B. indicated, installation, position
A. Maneuvering speed. C. indicated, temperature, coriolis
B. Turbulent or rough-air speed.
C. Never-exceed speed.
 5-1
Road Machado’s Sport Pilot Workbook
True Airspeed 40. [5-10/1/6]
An altimeter works by measuring the difference be-
34. [5-8/1/3] tween sea level _____ and pressure at the airplane’s
Airplanes flying at higher altitudes actually move present _____.
_____ through the air for a given power setting be- A. temperature, altitude
cause of the _____ in density. B. pressure, airspeed
A. faster, increase C. pressure, altitude
B. slower, decrease
C. faster, decrease 41. [5-10/Figure 18] Label the altimeter’s compo-
nents:
35. [5-9/See TAS & IAS High Altitude Airports]
As altitude increases the indicated airspeed at which
a given airplane stalls in a particular configuration will
A. decrease as the true airspeed decreases.
B. decrease as the true airspeed increases.
C. remain the same regardless of altitude.

36. [5-9/See TAS & IAS High Altitude Airports]

When making an approach at a high altitude airport,
you should:
A. approach at a lower than normal indicated air-
speed.
B. approach at a higher than normal indicated speed.
C. approach at a normal indicated speed. 42. [5-11/1/2]
For the purpose of altimeter calibration, a column of
Dense Doings mercury will change approximately ____ inch(es) in
height for every thousand-foot change in altitude.
37. [5-9/1/3] A. one
Two atmospheric factors that affect air density, which B. 10
in turn affects true airspeed, are: _____ and _____. C. one-half
A. pressure, temperature
B. pressure, air movement Pressure Variations and the Altimeter
C. temperature, engine power
43. [5-12/2/1]
Whatever pressure value you set in the Kollsman win-
dow, the altimeter assumes this is the new _____
pressure. Now the altimeter measures the difference
The Altimeter between the pressure value set in the Kollsman win-
dow and the _____ pressure to obtain your height
38. [5-10/1/4] above sea level.
What is true altitude? A. present altitude, dynamic
A. The vertical distance of the aircraft above sea level. B. sea level, outside static
B. The vertical distance of the aircraft above the sur- C. sea level, pitot tube
face.
C. The height above the standard datum plane. 44. [5-13/1/1 & 5-17/Figure 29]
Prior to takeoff, the altimeter should be set to which
39. [5-10/1/5] altitude or altimeter setting?
What is absolute altitude? A. The current local altimeter setting, if available, or
A. The altitude read directly from the altimeter. the departure airport elevation.
B. The vertical distance of the aircraft above the sur- B. The corrected density altitude of the departure air-
face. port.
C. The height above the standard datum plane. C. The corrected pressure altitude for the departure
airport.
 5-1
Chapter 5 - Flight Instruments: Clocks, Tops, and Toys
45. [5-13/1/1] 52. [5-16/2/5 & Figure 28]
The altimeter setting is the value to which the baro- Which condition would cause the altimeter to indicate
metric pressure scale of the altimeter is set so the a lower altitude than true altitude?
altimeter indicates A. Air temperature lower than standard.
A. calibrated altitude at field elevation. B. Atmospheric pressure lower than standard.
B. absolute altitude at field elevation. C. Air temperature warmer than standard.
C. true altitude at field elevation.
53. [5-16/Figure 28]
46. [5-10-5-18, All] Under what condition is indi- How do variations in temperature affect the altimeter?
cated altitude the same as true altitude? A. Pressure levels are raised on warm days and the
A. If the altimeter has no mechanical error. indicated altitude is lower than true altitude.
B. When at sea level under standard conditions. B. Higher temperatures expand the ppressure levels
C. When at 18,000 feet MSL with the altimeter set at and the indicated altitude is higher than true altitude.
29.92. C. Lower temperatures lower the pressure levels and
the indicated altitude is lower than true altitude.
47. [5-14/1/3 & 5-15/Figure 26]
If it is necessary to set the altimeter from 29.15 to Sensitive Altimeters
29.85, what change occurs?
A. 70-foot increase in indicated altitude. 54. [5-17/2/1]
B. 70-foot increase in density altitude. If an altimeter setting is not available before flight, to
C. 700-foot increase in indicated altitude. which altitude should the pilot adjust the altimeter?
A. The elevation of the nearest airport corrected to
48. [5-14/1/3 & 5-15/Figure 26] mean sea level.
If a pilot changes the altimeter setting from 30.11 to B. The elevation of the departure area.
29.96, what is the approximate change in indication? C. Pressure altitude corrected for nonstandard tem-
A. Altimeter will indicate .15" Hg higher. perature.
B. Altimeter will indicate 150 feet higher.
C. Altimeter will indicate 150 feet lower. 55. [5-17/2/1] Fill in the blank:
As you progress along your route of flight you should
49. [5-15/1/2 & Figure 27] update your altimeter setting to the nearest source
If a flight is made from an area of low pressure into an within _______________ nautical miles of your posi-
area of high pressure without the altimeter setting be- tion.
ing adjusted, the altimeter will indicate
A. the actual altitude above sea level. 56. [5-E17/Figure 29]
B. higher than the actual altitude above sea level. If an altimeter setting is not available before flight, to
C. lower than the actual altitude above sea level. which altitude should the pilot adjust the altimeter?
A. The elevation of the nearest airport corrected to
50. [5-15/2/1 & Figure 25] mean sea level.
If a flight is made from an area of high pressure into B. The elevation of the departure area.
an area of lower pressure without the altimeter setting C. Pressure altitude corrected for nonstandard tem-
being adjusted, the altimeter will indicate perature.
A. lower than the actual altitude above sea level.
B. higher than the actual altitude above sea level. 57. [5-17/2/1]
C. the actual altitude above sea level. Which of the following is an example of a time where
you might use pressure altitude?
Temperature Variation and the Altimeter A. When calculating how to lean the mixture.
B. When using an airplane’s performance chart.
51. [5-16/2/4 & Figure 28] C. When you’re planning to fly over a congested area.
Under what condition will true altitude be lower than
indicated altitude?
A. In colder than standard air temperature.
B. In warmer than standard air temperature.
C. When density altitude is higher than indicated alti-
tude.
 5-1
Road Machado’s Sport Pilot Workbook
Pressure Altitude 64. [5-17-18, All]
When true altitude and pressure altitude are equal,
58. [5-18/1/1] what conditions exist?
What is pressure altitude? A. An atmospheric pressure of 29.92" Hg.
A. The indicated altitude corrected for position and B. Standard atmospheric conditions.
installation error. C. Normal weather conditions.
B. The altitude indicated when the barometric pres-
sure 65. [5-18/3/2]
scale is set to 29.92. Pressure altitude is the height above a _____, which is
C. The indicated altitude corrected for nonstandard nothing more than a fancy phrase for _____ reference
temperature and pressure. point. This reference point is what the engineer’s al-
timeter would have read if temperature and pressure
59. [5-17-18, All] at sea level were 59°F and 29.92" Hg.
Under which condition will pressure altitude be equal A. reference point, true altitude
to true altitude? B. standard day plane, a real
A. When the atmospheric pressure is 29.92" Hg. C. standard datum plane, an imaginary
B. When standard atmospheric conditions exist.
C. When indicated altitude is equal to the pressure 66. [5-19/Figure 32] Fill in the indicated altitudes:
altitude.

60. [5-18/2/1]
When you set a barometric pressure value of 29.92
into the Kollsman window, the altimeter
A. always reads true altitude.
B. reads pressure altitude.
C. density altitude.

61. [5-18/Figure 30]

If it is necessary to change the setting in the altime-
ter’s Kollsman window from 29.00 to 29.85, what
change occurs?
A. 85 foot increase in indicated altitude.
B. 850 foot increase in density altitude.
C. 850 foot increase in indicated altitude.

62. [5-18/Figure 30]

If it is necessary to change the setting in the altime- 67. [5-19/Figure 32] Refer to the figures in question
ter’s Kollsman window from 30.30 to 30.00, what 65. Which altimeter(s) indicate(s) more than 10,000
change occurs? feet?
A. 30 foot decrease in indicated altitude. A. 1, 2, and 3.
B. 30 foot increase in density altitude. B. 2 and 4 only.
C. 300 foot decrease in indicated altitude. C. 4 only.

63. [5-18/Figure 30] The Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI)

If it is necessary to change the setting in the altime-
ter’s Kollsman window from 29.35 to 29.85, what 68. [5-20/1/4]
change occurs? The VSI’s needle swings upward or downward reflect-
A. 50 foot increase in indicated altitude. ing the airplane’s rate of climb or descent. The VSI is
B. 50 foot increase in density altitude. calibrated to read in _____.
C. 500 foot increase in indicated altitude. A. feet per minute
B. miles per hour
C. knots per minute
 5-1
Chapter 5 - Flight Instruments: Clocks, Tops, and Toys
69. [5-20/Figure 34] Label the VSI’s components: 74. [5
[5-23/Figure 39]
How should a pilot determine the direction of bank
from an attitude indicator such as the one illustrated in
question 76?
A. By the direction of deflection of the banking scale.
B. By the direction of deflection of the horizon bar.
C. By the relationship of the miniature airplane to the
deflected horizon bar.

75. [5-24/1/2]
The attitude indicator shows
A. climbs and descents.
B. pitch and yaw.
C. bank and pitch.
The Alternate Static Source
76. [5-25/1/1]
70. [5-21/2/1] The attitude indicator is able to display the airplane’s
A plugged static port will prevent any static air pres- attitude because of a gyroscopic principle known as
sure change, causing the altimeter to freeze at its last A. torque.
indication and the VSI to read _____, regardless of B. rigidity in space.
altitude change. C. precession.
A. a climb
B. zero 77. [5-22/Figure 38] Label the attitude indicator’s
C. a descent components.

71. [5-21/3/1]
If the primary static source becomes plugged, the
_____ can be opened. The _____ now becomes the
alternate source of static air pressure.
A. alternate static source, cabin
B. primary static source, cabin
C. pitot tube, cabin

The Gyroscopic Instruments

The Attitude Indicator

72. [5-22/1/2]
The attitude indicator helps you determine the air-
plane’s _____ and _____ condition.
A. yaw, turn
B. pitch, bank
C. roll, speed

73. [5-22/2/2]
The attitude indicator’s symbolic wings are attached
to the instrument’s case, while the airplane _____
about a horizon card that’s attached to a stabilized
gyro.
A. vibrates
B. rotates
C. remains stationary
 5-1
Road Machado’s Sport Pilot Workbook
78. [5-23/Figure 39] Label the attitude indicators
below by indicating the amount and direction of bank
and pitch:

84. [5-28/1/3]
If you’re instructed to turn to a particular heading, sim-
ply look for the number on the instrument and turn in
the _____ direction toward it.
A. longest
79. [5-25/2/3] B. most scenic
Most light airplane attitude gyros are powered by a C. shortest
_____ pump.
A. vacuum The Turn Coordinator
B. water
C. fuel 85. [5-29/1/1]
The turn coordinator is actually a _____ instrument
80. [5-26/Figure 47] that provides information on your airplane’s direction
The proper adjustment to make on the attitude indica- of _____, rate of heading change and whether the
tor during level flight is to align the airplane is _____ or _____ in the turns.
A. horizon bar to the level-flight indication. A. magnetic, turn, slipping, skidding
B. horizon bar to the miniature airplane. B. gyro, roll, slipping, skidding
C. miniature airplane to the horizon bar. C. gyro, pitch, climbing, descending
The Heading Indicator 86. [5-29/2/2]
Unlike the spinning gyros in the attitude indicator and
81. [5-27/2/2] heading indicator, the turn coordinator’s gyro is usu-
To receive accurate indications during flight from a ally spun by _____.
heading indicator, the instrument must be A. electricity
A. set prior to flight on a known heading. B. vacuum power
B. calibrated on a compass rose at regular intervals. C. air pressure
C. periodically realigned with the magnetic compass
as 87. [5-29/2/2]
the gyro precesses. The turn coordinator’s gyro is electrically powered to
keep at least one gyro instrument operating during a
82. [5-E27/2/1] rare failure of the airplane’s _____.
The heading indicator must be periodically reset to a A. gear
known heading because of something known as B. mechanical fuel pump
A. gyroscopic drift. C. vacuum pump
B. acceleration errors.
C. turning errors.

83. [5-E27/Figure 50] Label the parts of the heading

indicator:
 5-1
Chapter 5 - Flight Instruments: Clocks, Tops, and Toys
87. [5-29/Figure 54] Label the parts of the turn coor- The Magnetic Compass Acceleration Decelera-
dinator: tion Error

92. [5-31/2/3]
A magnetic compass responds to that phenomenon
of the earth’s magnetic pole, otherwise known as
its _____.
A. flux magneto
B. magnetic field
C. magnetic dip

93. [5-31/Figure 60] Label the parts of the compass:

88. [5-30/1/2]
Even though it may appear to, the turn coordinator
doesn’t show _____ angle. Don’t be fooled by this.
Only direction of _____ and _____ are derivable from
the turn coordinator.
A. pitch, climb descent
B. bank, pitch, yaw
C. bank, roll or yaw, rate of turn

89. [5-30/Figure 57]

A turn coordinator provides an indication of the
A. movement of the aircraft about the yaw and roll
axes.
B. angle of bank up to but not exceeding 30 degrees.
C. attitude of the aircraft with reference to the 94. [5-32/2/1]
longitudinal axis. One side of the needle is called the _____ and it al-
ways points towards the earth’s magnetic north pole.
90. [5-29/Figure 55] Label the parts of the turn coor- A. north-seeking end
dinator: B. south-seeking end
C. east-west seeking end

95. [5-33/2/1]
Just like skis following dipping terrain, the magnetic
compass needle wants to tilt downward with the mag-
netic field. This is called _____.
A. magnetic droop
B. magnetic dip
C. magnetic tilt
 5-1
Road Machado’s Sport Pilot Workbook
96. [5-34/1/2] Northerly Turn Errors
In the northern hemisphere, the magnetic compass
will normally indicate a turn toward the south when 100. [5-35/1/2]
A. a left turn is entered from an east heading. In the northern hemisphere, a magnetic compass will
B. a right turn is entered from a west heading. normally initially indicate a turn toward the west if
C. the aircraft is decelerated while on a west heading. A. a left turn is entered from a north heading.
B. a right turn is entered from a north heading.
97. [5-E34/1/2] C. an aircraft is accelerated while on a north heading.
In the northern hemisphere, if an aircraft is acceler-
ated or decelerated, the magnetic compass will nor- 101. [5-35/1/3]
mally indicate During flight, when are the indications of a magnetic
A. a momentary turn. compass accurate?
B. correctly when on a north or south heading. A. In straight-and-level unaccelerated flight.
C. a turn toward the south. B. As long as the airspeed is constant.
C. During turns if the bank does not exceed 18 de-
98. [5-E34/1/2] grees.
In the northern hemisphere, the magnetic compass
will normally indicate a turn toward the north when 102. [5-37 through 5-40 all]
A. a left turn is entered from an east heading. Label the figure of the PFD below.
B. a right turn is entered from a west heading.
C. the aircraft is accelerated while on a west heading.
103. [5-41/1/2]
99. [5-34/3/2] Modern PFD use ___ to determine attitude and head-
In the northern hemisphere, a magnetic compass will ing
normally initially indicate a turn toward the east if A. Spinning gyros
A. an aircraft is decelerated while on a south heading. B. Solid state gyros with no moving parts
B. an aircraft is accelerated while on a north heading. C. The pito tube
C. a left turn is entered from a north heading.

C.___

B.___

D.___
A.___ E.___
 5-1
Chapter 5 - Flight Instruments: Clocks, Tops, and Toys
104. [Bonus question]
Name the four fundamentals involved in maneuvering
an aircraft.
A) Power, pitch, bank, and trim.
B) Thrust, lift, turns, and glides.
C) Straight-and-level flight, turns, climbs, and de-
scents.
 5-1
Road Machado’s Sport Pilot Workbook
1. A/airspeed indicator, B/attitude indicator, C/ 51. A
altimeter, 52. C
D/vertical speed indicator, E/heading indicator, 53. A
F/turn coordinator 54. B
2. A/expandable capsule, B/ pitot tube, 55. 100
C/static line (or source) 56. B
3. A 57. B
4. C 58. B
5. B 59. B
6. A 60. B
7. C 61. C
8. C 62. C
9. B 63. C
10. A 64. B
11. C 65. C
12. B 66. 1/4,000 feet, 2/6,500 feet, 3/4,800 feet, 4/15,000
13. A feet
14. B 67. C
15. C 68. A
16. A 69. A/expandable capsule, B/calibrated leak, C/static
17. B source
18. C 70. B
19. C 71. A
20. C 72. B
21. B 73. B
22. B 74. C
23. C 75. C
24. C 76. B
25. C 77. A/vertical indicator, B/10 degree bank lines,
26. C C/60 degree bank line, D/horizon line,
27. C E/artificial airplane wing, F/adjustment knob,
28. C G/sky pointer, H/degree pitch line
29. A 78. A/straight & level, B/pitch up, C/pitch down,
30. A D/left turn, 30 degree bank, E/right turn, 30 degree
31. B bank
32. A F/pitch up, left turn, 30 degree bank,
33. B G/pitch up, right turn, 60 degree bank
34. C H/pitch down, right turn, 20 degree bank
35. C 79. A
36. C 80. C
37. A 81. C
38. A 82. A
39. B 83. A/gimbal, B/swivel point, C/gyro, D/face card
40. C 84. C
41. A/expandable capsule, B/static line (or source) 85. B
42. A 86. A
43. B 87. C
44. A 88. A/inclinometer, B/rate of turn needle,
45. C C/standard rate turn index
46. B 89. C
47. C 90. A
48. C 91. A/gimbal roll axis, B/gyro, C/gimbal, D/turn needle
49. C 92. B
50. B
 5-1
Chapter 5 - Flight Instruments: Clocks, Tops, and Toys
93. A/north seeking end, B/compass card, C/
compass needle
94. A
95. B
96. C
97. B
98. C
99. C
100. B
101. A
102.
A. Airspeed Indicator
B. Attitude Indicator
C. Slip-Skid Indicator
D. Heading Indicator
E. Altimeter
103. B
104. A