Name: Ahmed Hafeez

Student ID: 0000620164

Semester: 2nd (Spring 2024)

Program: BS English

Code: 9408 Compulsory English II

Question No: 1
Define Academic Essay. What are its types and three main body parts? Write the one Cause and Effect
Essay about "Inflation in Pakistan". The essay should include an explanation of the concept of inflation, its
types, three major causes and three main effects of rising inflation in Pakistan.

Answer:

Definition of an Academic Essay:

An academic is a piece of writing that generally shows the writer’s point of view on a particular subject.
An essay discuss, describes or analyses one topic. It can in length from one paragraph to more. It can be
about anything, and written in almost any style. It can be serious or funny, analytical and argumentative.
It can describe personal opinions, or just report information. Learning to write academic essay well takes
time and practice. Essay writing is the most essential part of the academic process and essays are the
backbones of your writing.

Key Characteristics of an Academic Essay

1. Thesis Statement: An academic essay usually begins with a thesis statement that outlines the
main argument or purpose of the essay. This statement guides the entire essay and is typically
found in the introduction.

2. Logical Structure: The essay is organized into an introduction, body paragraphs, and a
conclusion. Each body paragraph focuses on a specific point that supports the thesis, with clear
transitions between ideas.

3. Evidence and Analysis: Academic essays rely on evidence from credible sources to support
claims. This includes data, research findings, and quotations from experts. The writer analyzes
and interprets this evidence to strengthen their argument.

4. Formal Tone: The writing style is formal and avoids colloquial language, using precise
vocabulary and academic conventions.
 5. Citations and References: To acknowledge the sources of information and ideas, academic
essays include citations and a bibliography or reference list, following a specific citation style
such as APA, MLA, or Chicago.

6. Objective Perspective: Academic essays aim to be objective and impartial, focusing on facts
and logical reasoning rather than personal opinions or emotional appeals.

Types of Academic Essays

1. Expository Essay: Explains a topic or idea using facts, statistics, and examples, without including the
writer's personal opinions. The goal is to inform or clarify a subject for the reader.

2. Persuasive Essay: Aims to convince the reader to accept a particular viewpoint or take a specific
action. It presents arguments and evidence to support the writer's position, often addressing opposing
views.

3. Narrative Essay: Tells a story or recounts an event from the writer's perspective, using vivid
descriptions and engaging details to entertain or make a point.

4. Descriptive Essay: Provides detailed descriptions to give the reader a vivid picture of a person, place,
object, or event, appealing to the senses and emotions.

5. Cause and Effect Essay: Examines the reasons why things happen (causes) and the results of those
happenings (effects), providing a clear analysis of the relationship between events or phenomena.

Three Main Parts of an Academic Essay

1. Introduction:
Purpose: Introduces the topic, provides background information, and presents the thesis statement.

 Components:

 Hook: A sentence or question designed to grab the reader’s attention.

 Background Information: Contextual details that help the reader understand the topic.
 Thesis Statement: A clear and concise statement of the main argument or purpose of the
essay.

2. Body:
Purpose: Contains several paragraphs, each focusing on a specific point or argument supporting the
thesis.

 Components:

 Topic Sentence: Introduces the main idea of the paragraph.

 Evidence: Facts, statistics, quotations, or examples that support the topic sentence.
 Analysis: Explanation of how the evidence supports the argument and relates to the thesis.
 Transition: A sentence that smoothly connects one paragraph to the next.

3. Conclusion:
Purpose: Summarizes the main points, restates the thesis in light of the evidence presented, and may
offer recommendations or reflections.

 Components:
  Restatement of Thesis: A rephrased version of the thesis statement.
 Summary of Main Points: Recap of the key arguments or findings discussed in the essay.
 Closing Thoughts: Final insights, implications, or calls to action that leave a lasting impression on
the reader.

Cause and Effect Essay: Inflation in Pakistan

Introduction

Inflation is a crucial economic issue that greatly influences the purchasing power and quality of life for
individuals. In Pakistan, it remains a persistent challenge, with escalating prices posing ongoing
difficulties for both the population and policymakers. This essay explores the concept of inflation, its
various types, and investigates the primary causes and consequences of the increasing inflation rates in
Pakistan.

Understanding Inflation and Its Varieties

Inflation refers to the rate at which the overall price levels of goods and services increase, resulting in a
decline in the purchasing power of money. As inflation rises, each currency unit buys fewer goods and
services, affecting the cost of living and economic stability. Economists identify three primary types of
inflation:

1. Demand-Pull Inflation:
This occurs when the demand for goods and services outstrips their supply. When consumers have more
disposable income or when the economy experiences rapid growth, the heightened demand pushes
prices up. In Pakistan, demand-pull inflation may occur during economic expansions or when
government spending rises without a corresponding increase in the production of goods.
2. Cost-Push Inflation:
Cost-push inflation happens when production costs rise, prompting producers to increase prices to
maintain profitability. Contributing factors include higher wages, increased costs for raw materials, and
elevated energy prices. In Pakistan, this type of inflation is often influenced by global oil price
fluctuations and disruptions in the domestic supply chain.

3. Built-In Inflation:
Also called wage-price inflation, this type of inflation emerges when workers seek higher wages to keep
pace with rising living costs. In response, employers raise prices to offset these higher wages, creating a
cycle of increasing wages and prices. This can be intensified by inflation expectations, where people
anticipate continued price increases and adjust their behaviors accordingly.

Major Causes of Inflation in Pakistan

1. Monetary Policy and Excessive Money Supply:

One of the primary causes of inflation in Pakistan is the country's monetary policy, which sometimes
involves printing more money to finance budget deficits. When the money supply grows faster than the
economy, it leads to higher demand for goods and services, resulting in demand-pull inflation. Excessive
money supply can also weaken the currency, leading to imported inflation as the cost of imported goods
rises.

2. Supply Chain Disruptions:

Supply chain disruptions are a significant cause of inflation in Pakistan. Natural disasters, geopolitical
tensions, and inadequate infrastructure can lead to shortages of essential goods, causing prices to rise.
For example, disruptions in agricultural production due to floods or droughts can lead to increased food
prices, contributing to overall inflation.

3. Rising Import Costs:

Pakistan relies heavily on imports for essential goods, including fuel, machinery, and food items.
Fluctuations in global prices, coupled with a depreciating Pakistani rupee, increase the cost of imports,
contributing to inflation. Rising oil prices, in particular, have a cascading effect on transportation costs,
which in turn affects the prices of goods and services across the economy.
Major Effects of Rising Inflation in Pakistan

1. Reduced Purchasing Power:

One of the most immediate effects of inflation is the erosion of purchasing power. As prices rise, the
same amount of money buys fewer goods and services, making it difficult for individuals and families to
maintain their standard of living. This is particularly challenging for low-income households, who spend
a larger portion of their income on necessities.

2. Increased Poverty and Inequality:

Inflation disproportionately affects low-income and vulnerable populations, exacerbating poverty and
widening income inequality. As prices increase, those with limited financial resources struggle to afford
basic necessities, leading to a decline in their quality of life. The gap between the rich and the poor
widens as wealthier individuals and businesses are better able to absorb rising costs.

(Poverty) (Inequality)

3. Economic Uncertainty and Reduced Investment:

Persistent inflation creates uncertainty in the economy, discouraging both domestic and foreign
investment. Investors are hesitant to commit resources in an unpredictable economic environment,
leading to slower economic growth and reduced job opportunities. Inflation also complicates long-term
financial planning for businesses and households, impacting savings and investments.
In the Nut shell:
Inflation in Pakistan is a complex issue with significant causes and far-reaching effects on the economy
and society. Addressing this problem requires a comprehensive approach that includes prudent
monetary policies, improving supply chain efficiencies, and stabilizing import costs. By tackling the root
causes of inflation, Pakistan can work towards a more stable and prosperous economic future, ensuring
a better quality of life for its citizens.
Question No: 2
1. Read page no 59-70 of Unit-2. Draw a flow chart based on the process of "planting a tree".
2. Read the following paragraph demonstrating the method of Sequence Writing. After reading, write down steps
in following which paper is recycled?
What is the Process of Recycling Paper?
Paper is recycled by taking it to the recycling plant where it is separated and then the separated paper
is cleaned and washed with soap to break it down. After breaking down, it is exposed to heat and
after some time it breaks down into cellulose Recycling is an essential method to minimize waste
accumulation and reduce pollution. We can recycle old newspapers. Notebooks and used envelopes.
Paper contaminated with food, carbon paper and stickers cannot be recycled.

Answer:

1. Select a Suitable Location:

Choose a place with adequate space and proper sunlight for the type of tree you plan to plant.

2. Choose the Right Tree:

Select a tree species that is suitable for the climate and soil conditions.

3. Gather Necessary Tools:

Collect tools such as a shovel, water hose, mulch, and possibly stakes and ties.

4. Prepare the Planting Hole:

Dig a hole that is twice as wide and as deep as the root ball of the tree.

5. Plant the Tree:

Place the tree in the hole, ensuring that the top of the root ball is

level with the ground surface.

6. Backfill the Hole:

Fill the hole with soil, gently packing it around the roots to eliminate

air pockets.

7. Water the Tree:

Thoroughly water the tree to help settle the soil and provide moisture to the roots.

8. Mulch around the Base:

Apply a layer of mulch around the base of the tree to retain moisture and suppress weeds.

9. Stake the Tree:

Stake the tree to provide support if it is tall or planted in a windy area.

10. Monitor and Maintain:

Regularly check the tree's health, water as needed, and ensure it is free from pests and diseases.

Question part II:

Steps in the Process of Recycling Paper

1. Collection and Transportation to Recycling Plant

Paper waste is collected from various sources, such as homes, offices, and schools. The collected paper
is then transported to a recycling plant. This step involves the gathering of recyclable paper products like
newspapers, notebooks, and used envelopes. It's important to separate recyclable paper from non-
recyclable items like food-contaminated paper, carbon paper, and stickers before transport.
2. Separation
At the recycling plant, the collected paper is sorted to remove contaminants and to separate different
types of paper. The separation process ensures that only suitable materials are processed. This involves
removing non-paper items and sorting paper by grade or type, as different types of paper may require
different processing methods.

3. Cleaning and Washing

The separated paper is cleaned and washed with soap and water to remove ink, glue, and other
contaminants. This step involves using mechanical and chemical processes to ensure the paper is free
from impurities. Washing helps to dissolve adhesives and separate ink from the fibers, resulting in a
cleaner pulp.

4. Breaking Down into Pulp

The cleaned paper is broken down into pulp, which is a mixture of cellulose fibers, water, and other
materials. The paper fibers are mechanically or chemically broken down into a slurry-like consistency.
This is essential for reshaping the paper into new products. The use of heat aids in softening and
separating the fibers.
5. Exposure to Heat and Further Processing
The pulp is heated to further break down the fibers into cellulose and prepare them for the next stages
of recycling. Heating helps to remove any remaining contaminants and further break down the fibers.
The cellulose pulp is then ready to be formed into new paper products.

6. Pulp Formation and Refining

The cellulose pulp is refined and sometimes mixed with new fibers for strength and quality before being
formed into sheets. This involves filtering and refining the pulp to ensure uniformity and quality.
Additives may be mixed in to enhance the properties of the recycled paper.

7. Sheet Formation and Drying

The refined pulp is spread onto screens to form sheets, which are then pressed and dried to remove
excess water. The sheets are formed using a machine that presses and dries them, resulting in thin
layers of paper. This is a crucial step in determining the thickness and texture of the final product.

8. Rolling and Finishing

The dried paper sheets are rolled onto large spools, cut into desired sizes, and finished for distribution.
This final stage involves cutting, smoothing, and packaging the recycled paper for use. The paper may
also be coated or treated depending on its intended use.
Important Considerations

Recyclable Paper: Items like old newspapers, notebooks, and used envelopes are ideal for recycling as
they are easy to process and contain fewer contaminants.

Non-Recyclable Paper: Paper that has been contaminated with food, carbon paper, or stickers cannot
be recycled through standard processes because these contaminants interfere with the recycling
process.

Recycling paper is an essential practice for minimizing waste accumulation and reducing pollution,
contributing to a more sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to resource management. By
following these detailed steps, recycling plants can efficiently transform paper waste into new, usable
products.
Question No: 3
Read the Unit 3. What is classification? How to write the classification essay write the just main steps
name? Illustrate the different types of diet as a healthy food or drink to survive for the longer in age than
any other person who enjoys the Unhealthy diet in his/her life?

Answer:

Introduction to Classification:
Classification is a method of organizing or arranging items, ideas, or information into categories or
groups based on shared characteristics, properties, or attributes. It is a systematic way of sorting things
to better understand their relationships, similarities, and differences. Classification is widely used in
various fields, such as science, education, and everyday life, to facilitate analysis, communication, and
understanding.

Key Aspects of Classification

1. Categories or Classes:

Classification involves dividing items into specific groups or categories that share common features. Each
category represents a distinct class with defined criteria for membership.

2. Criteria for Classification:

The basis for classification depends on the purpose and context. Criteria can include physical
characteristics, functions, origins, or other defining attributes.

3. Hierarchy:

In some cases, classification involves a hierarchical structure, where categories are arranged in levels,
from broad to specific. This helps to illustrate relationships between groups.

4. Purpose:

The primary purpose of classification is to organize information in a way that makes it easier to analyze,
interpret, and communicate. It allows for the systematic study and comparison of different items.
Benefits of Classification

 Simplifies Complexity: Breaks down complex information into manageable parts for easier
understanding and study.
 Enhances Communication: Provides a common framework and language for discussing and
sharing information.
 Facilitates Decision Making: Helps in identifying patterns and making informed choices based
on organized data.

Main steps to write a classification essay:

1. Choose a Topic

2. Determine Categories

3. Develop a Thesis Statement

4. Organize Supporting Details

5. Write an Introduction

6. Write Body Paragraphs

7. Write a Conclusion

8. Edit and Revise

Classification Essay: Types of Diets and Their Impact on Long in age

and Health

Introduction
In today's world, diet plays a fundamental role in determining our health and longevity. The food and
drink choices we make significantly affect our physical well-being, mental health, and risk of developing
chronic diseases. Diets can be broadly classified into two main categories: healthy diets, which are
associated with increased lifespan and reduced health risks, and unhealthy diets, which can lead to
various health problems and potentially shorten life expectancy. This essay will explore the different
types of diets within these categories, emphasizing their characteristics and effects on long-term health.
 Category 1: Healthy Diets

Healthy diets focus on consuming a variety of nutrient-rich foods that provide essential vitamins,
minerals, and other nutrients necessary for maintaining optimal health. These diets are known to
promote longevity and reduce the risk of chronic diseases.

Subcategory: Balanced Diet

A balanced diet includes a variety of foods in the right proportions, ensuring the body receives all the
necessary nutrients.

Key Components:
 Fruits and Vegetables: High in vitamins, minerals, and fiber.
 Whole Grains: Provide complex carbohydrates and essential nutrients.
 Lean Proteins: Includes sources like chicken, fish, beans, and nuts.
 Healthy Fats: Found in foods such as avocados, nuts, and olive oil.

Benefits:

1. Reduced Risk of Chronic Diseases: Helps lower the risk of heart disease, diabetes, and certain cancers.
2. Weight Management: Supports maintaining a healthy weight, which is crucial for overall health.
3. Improved Energy Levels: Provides consistent energy for daily activities and mental alertness.

Subcategory: Mediterranean Diet

Inspired by the traditional eating patterns of Mediterranean countries, this diet emphasizes whole foods
and healthy fats.

Key Components:
 Plant-Based Foods: High intake of fruits, vegetables, legumes, and whole grains.
 Healthy Fats: Predominantly from olive oil and nuts.
 Moderate Protein: Includes fish and poultry, with limited red meat.
  Lifestyle Aspect: Encourages social meals and moderate wine consumption.

Benefits:

1. Cardiovascular Health: Associated with reduced risk of heart disease and stroke.
2. Longevity: Linked to increased lifespan and improved quality of life.
3. Cognitive Benefits: Promotes better cognitive function and lowers the risk of neurodegenerative
diseases.

Subcategory: Vegetarian/Vegan Diet

Vegetarian and vegan diets focus on plant-based foods, with vegetarians excluding meat and fish, and
vegans avoiding all animal products.

Key Components:
 Fruits and Vegetables: High consumption of a variety of produce.
 Whole Grains: Essential for providing energy and nutrients.
 Plant-Based Proteins: Includes beans, lentils, tofu, and nuts.

Benefits:

1. Lower Cholesterol: Reduces levels of LDL cholesterol and improves heart health.
2. Reduced Risk of Chronic Diseases: Linked to lower rates of hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and certain
cancers.
3. Environmental Impact: Generally has a lower environmental footprint compared to diets high in animal
products.

Category 2: Unhealthy Diets

Unhealthy diets are characterized by high consumption of processed foods, sugars, and unhealthy fats,
often lacking essential nutrients. These diets can lead to numerous health issues and potentially shorten
life expectancy.
 Description: Typically high in calories and low in nutritional value, these diets include fast food, sugary
drinks, snacks, and processed meats.

Key Characteristics:
 High Sugar and Fat Content: Includes large amounts of added sugars, Tran’s fats, and saturated
fats.
 Low Nutrient Density: Provides excessive calories with minimal essential nutrients.
 Highly processed: Consists of foods that are heavily processed and contain artificial ingredients.

Risks:
1. Obesity: Contributes to weight gain and obesity, increasing the risk of various health issues.
2. Chronic Diseases: Elevates the risk of heart disease, diabetes, and certain cancers due to poor
nutritional quality.
3. Mental Health Impact: Linked to increased rates of depression and anxiety.

The type of diet one adopts can significantly impact health, longevity, and quality of life. Healthy diets,
such as balanced, Mediterranean, and vegetarian/vegan diets, provide essential nutrients, promote
long-term health, and reduce the risk of chronic diseases, contributing to a longer lifespan. In contrast,
unhealthy diets high in processed foods and sugar can lead to numerous health problems and
potentially shorten life expectancy. By making informed dietary choices and prioritizing nutrient-rich
foods, individuals can enhance their overall well-being and increase their chances of living a healthier,
longer life. Understanding the importance of diet and making conscious decisions about what we
consume is a vital step toward achieving optimal health and longevity.
Question No: 4
Complete the following cause and effect sentences:

1. Lack of student’s attention to their studies leads to_____________________.

2. The cotton industry in the city consumes a lot of energy which results
in__________________________.
3. My kids go to school on motorbike in such cold weather which is resulting
into_________________________.
4. Tobacco consumption by our youth is a major cause of _________________.
5. Since I was up all night with my sick child, __________________________.
6. Because I forgot to set the alarm last night, ___________________________.
7. I need to go to the bank since______________________________________.
8. There is a forecast of heavy storm, so_______________________________.
9. When you complete writing your book, ______________________________.
10. Because the cat was frightened, ____________________________________.

Answer:

Introduction to Cause and Effect:

Cause and effect shows the relationship between two things when one thing makes something else
happen. A cause makes a thing happen, an effect is what results when the thing happens.

Some of example given in the question are following:

1. Lack of students' attention to their studies leads to poor academic performance.

2. The cotton industry in the city consumes a lot of energy, which results in increased
environmental pollution and high operational costs.

3. My kids go to school on a motorbike in such cold weather, which is resulting in frequent colds
and respiratory issues.

4. Tobacco consumption by our youth is a major cause of serious health problems, including lung
cancer and heart disease.
5. Since I was up all night with my sick child, I am feeling extremely tired and unable to
concentrate at work.

6. Because I forgot to set the alarm last night, I overslept and was late for my morning meeting.

7. I need to go to the bank since I have to deposit a check and withdraw some cash for bills.

8. There is a forecast of a heavy storm, so we need to prepare by securing outdoor furniture and
stocking up on essentials.

9. When you complete writing your book, you should start the process of editing and finding a
publisher.

10. Because the cat was frightened, it ran under the bed and refused to come out.
Question No: 5
Read Unit 5. Using appropriate transition words, compare and contrast a cell phone and a laptop. How are
both similar to each other, and how are they different?

Answer:
Introduction to Compare and Contrast:
Comparing and contrasting is something all of us frequently do. When you decide for instance whether
to buy your friends used motorcycle or a new one, whether to attend the university in Karachi or the
one in Islamabad or whether to rent the flat near the market or the one the outskirts of the city. You are
actually comparing and contrasting different elements to help make a decision.

Comparing means thinking or writing about the similarities between two things or people. A
comparison shows how two subjects are similar.

Contrasting means thinking or writing about their difference between two things, people or ideas. A
contrast shows how two subjects are different.

When delving into a detailed comparison and contrast of cell phones and laptops, it’s crucial to examine
various aspects such as design, functionality, performance, and usability. These elements help highlight
both the similarities and the differences between these two popular types of electronic devices.

Similarities:

1. Portability and Convenience:

Both cell phones and laptops are designed for portability, allowing users to carry them and use them in
different locations. This makes them essential tools for work, education, and personal use in today’s
mobile society.
2. Connectivity:

Cell phones and laptops provide connectivity to the internet via Wi-Fi, enabling access to online
resources, email, social media, and cloud-based services. Additionally, they both support Bluetooth
connectivity for wireless communication with other devices such as headphones, printers, and external
speakers.

3. Multimedia Capabilities:

Both devices are equipped with cameras and microphones, allowing users to capture photos and videos,
participate in video calls, and create multimedia content. They also have built-in speakers and can play
music, videos, and other forms of media.

4. Applications and Software:

Laptops and cell phones can run a variety of applications, from productivity tools like Microsoft Office
and Google Workspace to entertainment apps like Netflix and Spotify. This versatility enables users to
customize their devices according to their needs and preferences.
5. Data Storage and Management:

Both devices offer storage solutions, either through built-in storage or expandable options like SD cards
or cloud services. This allows users to store documents, media files, and applications.

Differences:

1. Design and Size:

Cell Phones: Typically, cell phones are compact and can fit in a pocket or purse. They have a smaller
screen size, usually ranging from 4 to 7 inches, and are designed for single-handed use.

Laptops: Laptops are larger, with screen sizes ranging from 11 to 17 inches. They have a clamshell design
with a built-in keyboard and trackpad, requiring a flat surface for optimal use. Their size makes them less
convenient to carry around casually compared to cell phones.
2. Performance and Processing Power:

Cell Phones: While modern smartphones are powerful, they are generally less capable than laptops in
terms of processing power and multitasking capabilities. They are designed for efficiency in
communication and quick access to apps and services rather than intensive computing tasks.

Laptops: Equipped with more powerful processors, larger RAM, and enhanced graphics capabilities,
laptops are suitable for demanding tasks like graphic design, video editing, and running complex
software. They can handle multitasking more effectively, making them ideal for professional and
academic use.

3. User Interface:

Cell Phones: Utilize touchscreens as the primary input method, with virtual keyboards and gestures
facilitating navigation. This interface is optimized for mobile use, focusing on ease and speed.

Laptops: Offer a more traditional interface with a physical keyboard and trackpad or mouse. This setup
is more conducive to tasks that require precise input, such as typing lengthy documents or detailed
graphic work.

4. Battery Life:

Cell Phones: Generally, cell phones have longer battery life for typical use because they consume less
power. They are designed to last a full day on a single charge under normal conditions.
Laptops: Due to their larger screens and more powerful components, laptops tend to have shorter
battery life, especially during resource-intensive tasks. However, they usually have larger batteries and
offer the option to replace or upgrade them.

5. Primary Functions:

Cell Phones: Primarily designed for communication, including calls, texting, and mobile apps. They focus
on quick access to information and connectivity.

Laptops: Primarily focused on productivity and content creation. They are suitable for complex tasks
such as programming, data analysis, and creative work that benefit from a larger screen and more
robust hardware.