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WHAT IS RESEARCH?

Research is a systematic and scientific process of

investigating a topic, problem, or phenomenon to generate
new knowledge, validate existing information, or solve
specific issues. It follows a structured methodology, involves
data collection, and uses analysis to draw conclusions.

Characteristics of Research:

1. Systematic – Follows a step-by-step process.

2. Empirical – Based on observations and evidence.

3. Logical – Follows valid reasoning.

4. Replicable – Can be repeated for verification.

5. Objective – Free from bias and subjectivity.

Types of Research:

• Basic Research – Expands knowledge without

immediate application.

• Applied Research – Solves practical problems.

• Exploratory Research – Identifies new issues and

trends.

• Descriptive Research – Details characteristics of a

population.

• Experimental Research – Tests relationships using

controlled conditions.
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Qualitative research explores human behavior, experiences,

and meanings using non-numerical data. It seeks to
understand why and how people think and act in a certain
way.

Characteristics of Qualitative Research:

• Uses open-ended questions.

• Employs small sample sizes.

• Involves descriptive and narrative analysis.

• Focuses on in-depth understanding.

• Data is collected through interviews, observations,

and documents.

Common Qualitative Research Methods:

1. Phenomenology explores lived experiences by

understanding how people perceive and interpret
specific events. It relies on in-depth interviews and
observations to uncover emotions and meanings.
For example, it can study how students cope with
stress in online learning during a pandemic.
2. Ethnography examines cultures and social
behaviors by immersing researchers in a community
for firsthand observation. Using interviews and field
notes, it provides deep insights into traditions and
interactions. For instance, it can explore the daily
 lives of indigenous artisans and their craft
practices.
3. Case Study focuses on detailed analysis of a
specific event, individual, or organization. It uses
various data sources to understand complex issues
deeply. For example, it might analyze how a small
business thrived using digital marketing
strategies.
4. Grounded Theory develops new theories from
collected data rather than relying on existing
concepts. Researchers continuously analyze
patterns to form explanations. For example, a study
on student motivation may develop a theory about
factors influencing academic performance.
5. Narrative Research studies personal stories and
life experiences to understand how people construct
meaning from events. It uses interviews and
storytelling to explore individual journeys. For
instance, it can analyze how first-generation
college students overcome challenges in
education.

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Quantitative research focuses on numerical data and

statistical analysis to identify patterns and relationships.
Characteristics of Quantitative Research:

• Uses measurable data.

• Involves larger sample sizes.

• Follows a structured research design.

• Results are statistically analyzed.

• Uses tools like surveys, experiments, and existing

datasets.

Types of Quantitative Research:

1. Descriptive Research provides an overview of

trends, behaviors, or characteristics by
systematically gathering and analyzing data without
manipulating variables. It aims to describe what
exists rather than explain why it happens. For
example, a study analyzing the most preferred
payment methods among students can reveal
usage trends but won’t determine why they prefer
certain options.
2. Correlational Research examines the relationship
between two or more variables to determine if they
are associated. It does not establish causation but
measures the strength and direction of
relationships. For instance, a study might analyze the
relationship between financial literacy and online
shopping frequency to see if higher financial
knowledge affects spending habits.
3. Experimental Research determines cause-and-
effect relationships by manipulating one variable
 (independent) and measuring its impact on
another (dependent) under controlled conditions.
Researchers use random assignment and control
groups to eliminate bias. For example, a study
testing whether a new teaching method improves
student performance would involve two groups: one
using the method and another following traditional
instruction.
4. Quasi-Experimental Research is similar to
experimental research but lacks random
assignment, making it less controlled. It is often used
when full experimental conditions aren’t possible,
such as in educational or medical settings. For
example, a study evaluating the impact of financial
literacy programs in two different schools would
be quasi-experimental since students aren’t randomly
assigned to receive the program.
5. Survey Research collects numerical data through
questionnaires, polls, or interviews to understand
opinions, behaviors, or characteristics of a population.
It allows for large-scale data collection and
statistical analysis. For instance, a survey measuring
students’ acceptance of Maya as an online
shopping payment method can reveal trends in
digital payment preferences.

WHAT IS APA? (AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL

ASSOCIATION)

APA is a widely used format for writing research papers,

ensuring clarity, proper citation, and ethical writing practices.
Key Elements of APA Format:

1. Title Page – Includes title, author name, and

institutional affiliation.

2. Abstract – A summary of the research.

3. Main Body – Includes introduction, methodology,

results, discussion, and conclusion.

4. References – Lists all sources used in the research

in proper APA format.

Basic In-Text Citation Format:

• Paraphrase: (Author, Year)

• Direct Quote: (Author, Year, p. xx)

Reference List Example:

• Book: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of the book. Publisher.

• Journal Article: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of the article.

Journal Name, Volume(Issue), page range.
https://doi.org/xxx

SAMPLING METHODS

Sampling is the process of selecting a subset of a population

to represent the whole.
Probability Sampling (Random Sampling):

1. Simple Random Sampling – Every individual has an

equal chance of selection.

2. Stratified Sampling – Population divided into groups,

and samples are drawn from each group.

3. Systematic Sampling – Every nth member is

selected from a list.

4. Cluster Sampling – The population is divided into

clusters, and entire clusters are selected.

Non-Probability Sampling (Non-Random Sampling):

1. Convenience Sampling – Selecting individuals who

are easily accessible.

2. Purposive Sampling – Selecting participants based

on specific criteria.

3. Snowball Sampling – Existing participants refer new

participants.

4. Quota Sampling – Selecting a set number of

participants from different subgroups.

STEPS IN CONDUCTING RESEARCH

1. Identify the Research Problem – Define the issue to

be studied.

2. Review Related Literature – Gather existing studies

on the topic.
 3. Formulate Research Questions/Hypothesis –
Develop specific inquiries.

4. Choose Research Design and Methodology –

Select qualitative or quantitative methods.

5. Collect Data – Use surveys, interviews, or

experiments.

6. Analyze Data – Interpret results using appropriate

methods.

7. Draw Conclusions and Make Recommendations –

Summarize findings.

8. Write and Present the Report – Document the

research in APA format.

IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH

• Advances knowledge in various fields.

• Helps in problem-solving and decision-making.

• Enhances critical thinking and analytical skills.

• Supports innovation and development.

• Provides evidence for policies and practices.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN QUALITATIVE AND
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Feature Qualitative Quantitative

Non-numerical Numerical
Data Type (text, images, (statistics,
videos) percentages)
Understand Measure and
Objective meanings and analyze
experiences relationships
Sample Size Small Large
Flexible and Structured and
Research Design
open-ended standardized
Thematic, Statistical,
Analysis
interpretative mathematical
Common Interviews, Surveys,
Methods observations experiments

Traditional Format

Chapter 1: The Problem and Its Background

This chapter introduces the research topic, explains its

importance, and outlines the study’s objectives.

• Background of the Study – Provides context about

the research problem and explains why the study is
important.

• Statement of the Problem (SOP) – Clearly states

the main research problem and specific questions the
study aims to answer.
 • Significance of the Study – Explains who will benefit
from the research (students, teachers, businesses,
etc.).

• Scope and Delimitations – Defines the coverage of

the study (who, what, where, and when) and its
limitations (factors not included).

• Definition of Terms – Provides operational

definitions of key terms used in the study.

Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature (RRL)

This chapter presents past research and theories related to

the topic.

• Related Studies – Summarizes previous research

papers that support the study.

• Theoretical Framework – Discusses existing

theories relevant to the research.

• Conceptual Framework – Presents the variables of

the study and how they are connected (often shown in
a diagram).

Chapter 3: Methodology

This chapter explains how the research was conducted.

• Research Design – Describes whether the study is

qualitative, quantitative, or mixed-method.

• Respondents and Sampling Method – Explains

who the participants are and how they were selected.
 • Data Collection Method – Details how data was
gathered (e.g., surveys, interviews, or
experiments).

• Data Analysis Techniques – Describes the methods

used to process and interpret the data.

• Ethical Considerations – Discusses confidentiality,

informed consent, and other ethical guidelines
followed.

Chapter 4: Results and Discussion

This chapter presents the findings and explains their

meaning.

• Presentation of Data – Includes tables, graphs, and

statistical analyses (for quantitative studies).

• Interpretation of Results – Explains patterns,

relationships, and trends found in the data.

• Comparison with Previous Studies – Relates the

findings to past research to highlight similarities or
differences.

Chapter 5: Summary, Conclusions, and

Recommendations

This chapter summarizes the study and provides

conclusions and suggestions.

• Summary of Findings – A brief recap of the key

results.
 • Conclusion – Answers the research questions based
on findings.

• Recommendations – Suggests possible actions

based on results (e.g., policy changes, improvements,
or further research).

IMRAD Format

Introduction

• States the background, research problem,

objectives, and significance.

• Includes a brief literature review relevant to the

study.

Methodology

• Explains the research design, participants, data

collection, and analysis techniques.

• Includes ethical considerations and study limitations.

Results

• Presents the findings using tables, graphs, and

statistics.

• No interpretation—only raw data.

Discussion
 • Interprets and explains the results.

• Compares findings with previous research and

discusses implications.

Additional Sections

• Abstract: A summary of the research (usually 150-

250 words).

• References: Lists all sources cited in the study.

• Appendices: Includes questionnaires, raw data, or

supporting documents.

DIFFERENT VARIANBES

• Independent Variable: The factor that is manipulated

or changed to observe its effect on another variable.
• Dependent Variable: The factor that is measured in
the study. It responds to changes in the independent
variable.
• Control Variable: These are factors that are kept
constant to ensure that the effect of the independent
variable on the dependent variable is not influenced
by other variables.
• Extraneous Variable: Any variable that is not
intentionally studied but could affect the dependent
variable. Researchers try to control these variables.
• Mediator Variable: A variable that explains the
relationship between the independent and dependent
variables.
• Moderator Variable: A variable that affects the
strength or direction of the relationship between the
independent and dependent variables.

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