Amazon Web Services

Amazon Web Services, Inc. (AWS) is a subsidiary of

Amazon Web Services, Inc.
Amazon that provides on-demand cloud computing
platforms and APIs to individuals, companies, and
governments, on a metered, pay-as-you-go basis.
Clients will often use this in combination with
autoscaling (a process that allows a client to use more
computing in times of high application usage, and then Subsidiary
Company type
scale down to reduce costs when there is less traffic).
Industry Web services, cloud
These cloud computing web services provide various
computing
services related to networking, compute, storage,
middleware, IoT and other processing capacity, as well Founded July 2002[a] (Web services)
as software tools via AWS server farms. This frees March 2006[b] (Cloud
clients from managing, scaling, and patching hardware computing)
and operating systems. One of the foundational Key people Matt Garman (CEO)[3]
services is Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), C.J. Moses (CISO)[4]
which allows users to have at their disposal a virtual
Revenue US$90.8 billion (2023)[5]
cluster of computers, with extremely high availability,
Operating US$24.6 billion (2023)[5]
which can be interacted with over the internet via
income
REST APIs, a CLI or the AWS console. AWS's virtual
Parent Amazon
computers emulate most of the attributes of a real
computer, including hardware central processing units Subsidiaries Annapurna Labs
(CPUs) and graphics processing units (GPUs) for AWS Elemental
processing; local/RAM memory; hard-disk NICE Software[6]
(HDD)/SSD storage; a choice of operating systems; Wickr
networking; and pre-loaded application software such
ASN 16509 (https://bgp.tools/as/1
as web servers, databases, and customer relationship
6509)
management (CRM).
Website aws.amazon.com (https://aw
AWS services are delivered to customers via a network s.amazon.com/)
of AWS server farms located throughout the world.
Fees are based on a combination of usage (known as a "Pay-as-you-go" model), hardware, operating
system, software, and networking features chosen by the subscriber requiring various degrees of
availability, redundancy, security, and service options. Subscribers can pay for a single virtual AWS
computer, a dedicated physical computer, or clusters of either.[7] Amazon provides select portions of
security for subscribers (e.g. physical security of the data centers) while other aspects of security are the
responsibility of the subscriber (e.g. account management, vulnerability scanning, patching). AWS
operates from many global geographical regions including seven in North America.[8]

Amazon markets AWS to subscribers as a way of obtaining large-scale computing capacity more quickly
and cheaply than building an actual physical server farm.[9] All services are billed based on usage, but
each service measures usage in varying ways. As of 2023 Q1, AWS has 31% market share for cloud
infrastructure while the next two competitors Microsoft Azure and Google Cloud have 25%, and 11%
respectively, according to Synergy Research Group.[10][11]

Services
As of 2021, AWS comprises over 200[12] products and services including computing, storage,
networking, database, analytics, application services, deployment, management, machine learning,[13]
mobile, developer tools, RobOps and tools for the Internet of Things. The most popular include Amazon
Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3), Amazon Connect, and
AWS Lambda (a serverless function that can perform arbitrary code written in any language that can be
configured to be triggered by hundreds of events, including HTTP calls).[14]

Services expose functionality through APIs for clients to use in their applications. These APIs are
accessed over HTTP, using the REST architectural style and SOAP protocol for older APIs and
exclusively JSON for newer ones. Clients can interact with these APIs in various ways, including from
the AWS console (a website), by using SDKs written in various languages (such as Python, Java, and
JavaScript), or by making direct REST calls.

History

Founding (2000–2005)
The genesis of AWS came in the early 2000s. After building Merchant.com,
Amazon's e-commerce-as-a-service platform that offers third-party retailers a
way to build their own web-stores, Amazon pursued service-oriented
architecture as a means to scale its engineering
operations, [15][16][17][18][19][20][21] led by then CTO Allan Vermeulen.[22]

Around the same time frame, Amazon was frustrated with the speed of its
software engineering, and sought to implement various recommendations put
Early AWS "building
forth by Matt Round, an engineering leader at the time, including
blocks" logo along a
maximization of autonomy for engineering teams, adoption of REST, sigmoid curve depicting
standardization of infrastructure, removal of gate-keeping decision-makers recession followed by
(bureaucracy), and continuous deployment. He also called for increasing the growth.
percentage of the time engineers spent building the software rather than
doing other tasks.[23] Amazon created "a shared IT platform" so its
engineering organizations, which were spending 70% of their time on "undifferentiated heavy-lifting"
such as IT and infrastructure problems, could focus on customer-facing innovation instead.[24][25]
Besides, in dealing with unusual peak traffic patterns, especially during the holiday season, by migrating
services to commodity Linux hardware and relying on open source software, Amazon's Infrastructure
team, led by Tom Killalea,[26] Amazon's first CISO,[27] had already run its data centers and associated
services in a "fast, reliable, cheap" way.[26]
In July 2002 Amazon.com Web Services, managed by Colin Bryar,[28] launched its first web services,
opening up the Amazon.com platform to all developers.[29] Over one hundred applications were built on
top of it by 2004.[30] This unexpected developer interest took Amazon by surprise and convinced them
that developers were "hungry for more".[25]

By the summer of 2003, Andy Jassy had taken over Bryar's portfolio[31] at Rick Dalzell's behest, after
Vermeulen, who was Bezos' first pick, declined the offer.[22] Jassy subsequently mapped out the vision
for an "Internet OS"[15][17][19][32] made up of foundational infrastructure primitives that alleviated key
impediments to shipping software applications faster.[15][16][17][19][21] By fall 2003,[15][17] databases,
storage, and compute were identified as the first set of infrastructure pieces that Amazon should
launch.[15][17][25]

Jeff Barr, an early AWS employee, credits Vermeulen, Jassy, Bezos himself, and a few others for coming
up with the idea that would evolve into EC2, S3, and RDS;[33] Jassy recalls the idea was the result of
brainstorming for about a week with "ten of the best technology minds and ten of the best product
management minds" on about ten different internet applications and the most primitive building blocks
required to build them.[19] Werner Vogels cites Amazon's desire to make the process of "invent, launch,
reinvent, relaunch, start over, rinse, repeat" as fast as it could was leading them to break down
organizational structures with "two-pizza teams"[c] and application structures with distributed systems;[d]
and that these changes ultimately paved way for the formation of AWS[21] and its mission "to expose all
of the atomic-level pieces of the Amazon.com platform".[36] According to Brewster Kahle, co-founder of
Alexa Internet, which was acquired by Amazon in 1999, his start-up's compute infrastructure helped
Amazon solve its big data problems and later informed the innovations that underpinned AWS.[37]

Jassy assembled a founding team of 57 employees from a mix of engineering and business backgrounds
to kick-start these initiatives,[19][18] with a majority of the hires coming from outside the company;[19]
Jeff Lawson, Twilio CEO,[38] Adam Selipsky, Tableau CEO,[39][40] and Mikhail Seregine,[41] co-founder
at Outschool among them.

In late 2003, the concept for compute,[e] which would later launch as EC2, was reformulated when Chris
Pinkham and Benjamin Black presented a paper internally describing a vision for Amazon's retail
computing infrastructure that was completely standardized, completely automated, and would rely
extensively on web services for services such as storage and would draw on internal work already
underway. Near the end of their paper, they mentioned the possibility of selling access to virtual servers
as a service, proposing the company could generate revenue from the new infrastructure investment.[43]
Thereafter Pinkham, Willem van Biljon, and lead developer Christopher Brown developed the Amazon
EC2 service, with a team in Cape Town, South Africa.[44]

In November 2004, AWS launched its first infrastructure service for public usage: Simple Queue Service
(SQS).[45]

S3, EC2, and other first generation services (2006–2010)

On March 14, 2006, AWS launched Amazon S3 cloud storage[46] followed by EC2 in August
2006.[47][48] Pi Corporation, a startup Paul Maritz co-founded, was the first beta-user of EC2 outside of
Amazon,[19] while Microsoft was among EC2's first enterprise customers.[49] Later that year, SmugMug,
one of the early AWS adopters, attributed savings of around US$400,000 in storage costs to S3.[50]
According to Vogels, S3 was built with 8 microservices when it launched in 2006, but had over 300
microservices by 2022.[51]

In September 2007, AWS announced its annual Start-up Challenge, a contest with prizes worth $100,000
for entrepreneurs and software developers based in the US using AWS services such as S3 and EC2 to
build their businesses.[52] The first edition saw participation from Justin.tv,[53] which Amazon would later
acquire in 2014.[54] Ooyala, an online media company,[55] was the eventual winner.[53]

Additional AWS services from this period include SimpleDB, Mechanical Turk, Elastic Block Store,
Elastic Beanstalk, Relational Database Service, DynamoDB, CloudWatch, Simple Workflow, CloudFront,
and Availability Zones.

Growth (2010–2015)
In November 2010, it was reported that all of Amazon.com's retail
sites had migrated to AWS.[56] Prior to 2012, AWS was considered
a part of Amazon.com and so its revenue was not delineated in
Amazon financial statements. In that year industry watchers for
the first time estimated AWS revenue to be over $1.5 billion.[57]

On November 27, 2012, AWS hosted its first major annual

conference, re:Invent with a focus on AWS's partners and
AWS Summit 2013 event in NYC.
ecosystem,[58] with over 150 sessions.[59] The three-day event was
held in Las Vegas because of its relatively cheaper connectivity
with locations across the United States and the rest of the world.[60] Andy Jassy and Werner Vogels
presented keynotes, with Jeff Bezos joining Vogels for a fireside chat.[61] AWS opened early registrations
at US$1,099 per head for their customers[59] from over 190 countries.[62] On stage with Andy Jassy at the
event which saw around 6000 attendees, Reed Hastings, CEO at Netflix, announced plans to migrate
100% of Netflix's infrastructure to AWS.[61]

To support industry-wide training and skills standardization, AWS began offering a certification program
for computer engineers, on April 30, 2013, to highlight expertise in cloud computing.[63] Later that year,
in October, AWS launched Activate, a program for start-ups worldwide to leverage AWS credits, third-
party integrations, and free access to AWS experts to help build their business.[64]

In 2014, AWS launched its partner network, AWS Partner Network (APN), which is focused on helping
AWS-based companies grow and scale the success of their business with close collaboration and best
practices.[65][66]

In January 2015, Amazon Web Services acquired Annapurna Labs, an Israel-based microelectronics
company for a reported US$350–370M.[67][68]

In April 2015, Amazon.com reported AWS was profitable, with sales of $1.57 billion in the first quarter
of the year and $265 million of operating income. Founder Jeff Bezos described it as a fast-growing $5
billion business; analysts described it as "surprisingly more profitable than forecast".[69] In October,
Amazon.com said in its Q3 earnings report that AWS's operating income was $521 million, with
operating margins at 25 percent. AWS's 2015 Q3 revenue was $2.1 billion, a 78% increase from 2014's
Q3 revenue of $1.17 billion.[70] 2015 Q4 revenue for the AWS segment increased 69.5% y/y to $2.4
billion with a 28.5% operating margin, giving AWS a $9.6 billion run rate. In 2015, Gartner estimated
that AWS customers are deploying 10x more infrastructure on AWS than the combined adoption of the
next 14 providers.[71]

Current era (2016–present)

In 2016 Q1, revenue was $2.57 billion with net income of $604 million, a 64% increase over 2015 Q1
that resulted in AWS being more profitable than Amazon's North American retail business for the first
time.[72] Jassy was thereafter promoted to CEO of the division.[73] Around the same time, Amazon
experienced a 42% rise in stock value as a result of increased earnings, of which AWS contributed 56% to
corporate profits.[74]

AWS had $17.46 billion in annual revenue in 2017.[75] By the end of 2020, the number had grown to $46
billion.[76] Reflecting the success of AWS, Jassy's annual compensation in 2017 hit nearly $36
million.[77]

In January 2018, Amazon launched an autoscaling service on AWS.[78][79]

In November 2018, AWS announced customized ARM cores for use in its servers.[80] Also in November
2018, AWS is developing ground stations to communicate with customers' satellites.[81]

In 2019, AWS reported 37% yearly growth and accounted for 12% of Amazon's revenue (up from 11% in
2018).[82]

In April 2021, AWS reported 32% yearly growth and accounted for 32% of $41.8 billion cloud market in
Q1 2021.[83]

In January 2022, AWS joined the MACH Alliance, a non-profit enterprise technology advocacy group.[84]

In June 2022, it was reported that in 2019 Capital One had not secured their AWS resources properly, and
was subject to a data breach by a former AWS employee. The employee was convicted of hacking into
the company's cloud servers to steal customer data and use computer power to mine cryptocurrency. The
ex-employee was able to download the personal information of more than 100 million Capital One
customers.[85]

In June 2022, AWS announced they had launched the AWS Snowcone, a small computing device, to the
International Space Station on the Axiom Mission 1.[86]

In September 2023, AWS announced it would become AI startup Anthropic's primary cloud provider.
Amazon has committed to investing up to $4 billion in Anthropic and will have a minority ownership
position in the company.[87] AWS also announced the GA of Amazon Bedrock, a fully managed service
that makes foundation models (FMs) from leading AI companies available through a single application
programming interface (API)[88]

In April 2024, AWS announced a new service called Deadline Cloud, which lets customers set up, deploy
and scale up graphics and visual effects rendering pipelines on AWS cloud infrastructure.[89]
In December 2024, AWS announced Amazon Nova, its own family of foundation models. These models,
offered through Amazon Bedrock, are designed for various tasks including content generation, video
understanding, and building agentic applications. They are available in six different sizes.[90]

Customer base
Notable customers include NASA,[91] and the Obama presidential campaign of 2012.[92]

In October 2013, AWS was awarded a $600M contract with the CIA.[93]

In 2019, it was reported that more than 80% of Germany's listed DAX companies use AWS.[94]

In August 2019, the U.S. Navy said it moved 72,000 users from six commands to an AWS cloud system
as a first step toward pushing all of its data and analytics onto the cloud.[95]

In 2021, DISH Network announced it will develop and launch its 5G network on AWS.[96]

In October 2021, it was reported that spy agencies and government departments in the UK such as
GCHQ, MI5, MI6, and the Ministry of Defence, have contracted AWS to host their classified
materials.[97]

In 2022 Amazon shared a $9 billion contract from the United States Department of Defense for cloud
computing with Google, Microsoft, and Oracle.[98]

Multiple financial services firms have shifted to AWS in some form.[99][100][101]

Significant service outages

On April 20, 2011, AWS suffered a major outage. Parts of the Elastic Block Store service
became "stuck" and could not fulfill read/write requests. It took at least two days for the
service to be fully restored.[102]
On June 29, 2012, several websites that rely on Amazon Web Services were taken offline
due to a severe storm in Northern Virginia, where AWS's largest data center cluster is
located.[103]
On October 22, 2012, a major outage occurred, affecting many sites including Reddit,
Foursquare, Pinterest. The cause was a memory leak bug in an operational data collection
agent.[104]
On December 24, 2012, AWS suffered another outage causing websites such as Netflix to
be unavailable for customers in the Northeastern United States.[105] AWS cited their Elastic
Load Balancing service as the cause.[106]
On February 28, 2017, AWS experienced a massive outage of S3 services in its Northern
Virginia region. A majority of websites that relied on AWS S3 either hung or stalled, and
Amazon reported within five hours that AWS was fully online again.[107] No data has been
reported to have been lost due to the outage. The outage was caused by a human error
made while debugging, that resulted in removing more server capacity than intended, which
caused a domino effect of outages.[108]
On November 25, 2020, AWS experienced several hours of outage on the Kinesis service in
North Virginia (US-East-1) region. Other services relying on Kinesis were also
impacted.[109][110]
 On December 7, 2021, an outage mainly affected the Eastern United States, disrupting
delivery service and streaming.[111]

Availability and topology

As of March 2024, AWS has distinct operations in 33 geographical "regions":[8] eight in North America,
one in South America, eight in Europe, three in the Middle East, one in Africa, and twelve in Asia Pacific.

Most AWS regions are enabled by default for AWS accounts. Regions introduced after 20 March 2019 are
considered to be opt-in regions, requiring a user to explicitly enable them in order for the region to be
usable in the account. For opt-in regions, Identity and Access Management (IAM) resources such as users
and roles are only propagated to the regions that are enabled.[112]

Each region is wholly contained within a single country and all of its data and services stay within the
designated region.[7] Each region has multiple "Availability Zones",[113] which consist of one or more
discrete data centers, each with redundant power, networking, and connectivity, housed in separate
facilities. Availability Zones do not automatically provide additional scalability or redundancy within a
region, since they are intentionally isolated from each other to prevent outages from spreading between
zones. Several services can operate across Availability Zones (e.g., S3, DynamoDB) while others can be
configured to replicate across zones to spread demand and avoid downtime from failures.

As of December 2014, Amazon Web Services operated an estimated 1.4 million servers across 11 regions
and 28 availability zones.[114] The global network of AWS Edge locations consists of over 300 points of
presence worldwide, including locations in North America, Europe, Asia, Australia, Africa, and South
America.[115]

As of March 2024, AWS has announced the planned launch of six additional regions in Malaysia,
Mexico, New Zealand, Thailand, Saudi Arabia, and the European Union.[8] In mid March 2023, Amazon
Web Services signed a cooperation agreement with the New Zealand Government to build large data
centers in New Zealand.[116]

In 2014, AWS claimed its aim was to achieve 100% renewable energy usage in the future.[117] In the
United States, AWS's partnerships with renewable energy providers include Community Energy of
Virginia, to support the US East region;[118] Pattern Development, in January 2015, to construct and
operate Amazon Wind Farm Fowler Ridge;[119] Iberdrola Renewables, LLC, in July 2015, to construct
and operate Amazon Wind Farm US East; EDP Renewables North America, in November 2015, to
construct and operate Amazon Wind Farm US Central;[120] and Tesla Motors, to apply battery storage
technology to address power needs in the US West (Northern California) region.[118]

Pop-up lofts
AWS also has "pop-up lofts" in different locations around the world.[121] These market AWS to
entrepreneurs and startups in different tech industries in a physical location. Visitors can work or relax
inside the loft, or learn more about what they can do with AWS. In June 2014, AWS opened their first
temporary pop-up loft in San Francisco.[122] In May 2015 they expanded to New York City,[123][124] and
in September 2015 expanded to Berlin.[125] AWS opened its fourth location, in Tel Aviv from March 1,
2016, to March 22, 2016.[126] A pop-up loft was open in London
from September 10 to October 29, 2015.[127] The pop-up lofts in
New York[128] and San Francisco[129] are indefinitely closed due
to the COVID-19 pandemic while Tokyo has remained open in a
limited capacity.[130]

Charitable work
AWS Loft in SoHo, New York City
In 2017, AWS launched AWS re/Start in the United Kingdom to
help young adults and military veterans retrain in technology-
related skills. In partnership with the Prince's Trust and the Ministry of Defence (MoD), AWS will help to
provide re-training opportunities for young people from disadvantaged backgrounds and former military
personnel. AWS is working alongside a number of partner companies including Cloudreach, Sage Group,
EDF Energy, and Tesco Bank.[131]

In April 2022, AWS announced the organization has committed more than $30 million over three years to
early-stage start-ups led by Black, Latino, LGBTQIA+, and Women founders as part of its AWS impact
Accelerator. The Initiative offers qualifying start-ups up to $225,000 in cash, credits, extensive training,
mentoring, technical guidance and includes up to $100,000 in AWS service credits.[132]

Reception

Environmental impact
In 2016, Greenpeace assessed major tech companies—including cloud services providers like AWS,
Microsoft, Oracle, Google, IBM, Salesforce and Rackspace—based on their level of "clean energy"
usage. Greenpeace evaluated companies on their mix of renewable-energy sources; transparency;
renewable-energy commitment and policies; energy efficiency and greenhouse-gas mitigation;
renewable-energy procurement; and advocacy. The group gave AWS an overall "C" grade. Greenpeace
credited AWS for its advances toward greener computing in recent years and its plans to launch multiple
wind and solar farms across the United States. The organization stated that Amazon is opaque about its
carbon footprint.[133]

In January 2021, AWS joined an industry pledge to achieve climate neutrality of data centers by 2030, the
Climate Neutral Data Centre Pact.[134] As of 2023, Amazon as a whole is the largest corporate purchaser
of renewable energy in the world, a position it has held since 2020, and has a global portfolio of over 20
GW of renewable energy capacity.[135] In 2022, 90% of all Amazon operations, including data centers,
were powered by renewables.[136]

Denaturalization protest
US Department of Homeland Security has employed the software ATLAS, which runs on Amazon Cloud.
It scanned more than 16.5 million records of naturalized Americans and flagged approximately 124,000
of them for manual analysis and review by USCIS officers regarding denaturalization.[137][138] Some of
the scanned data came from the Terrorist Screening Database and the National Crime Information Center.
The algorithm and the criteria for the algorithm were secret. Amazon faced protests from its own
employees and activists for the anti-migrant collaboration with authorities.[139]

Israeli–Palestinian conflict
The contract for Project Nimbus drew rebuke and condemnation from the companies' shareholders as
well as their employees, over concerns that the project would lead to abuses of Palestinians' human rights
in the context of the ongoing occupation and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.[140][141][142][143]
Specifically, they voice concern over how the technology will enable further surveillance of Palestinians
and unlawful data collection on them as well as facilitate the expansion of Israel's illegal settlements on
Palestinian land.[142] A government procurement document featuring 'obligatory customers' of Nimbus,
including "two of Israel’s leading state-owned weapons manufacturers" Israel Aerospace Industries and
Rafael Advanced Defense Systems, was published in 2021 with periodic updates since (up to Oct
2023).[144]

Issues
Some AWS customers have complained about receiving unexpectedly large bills, commonly referred to
as "surprise bills." This can occur due to various reasons, including but not limited to misconfigurations,
security breaches, complex pricing—especially when multiple AWS services are used together—and
unexpected data transfer charges.[145][146][147]

See also
Tim Bray
Cloud-computing comparison
Comparison of file hosting services
James Gosling

Explanatory notes
a. Launched in July 2002, the Amazon Web Services platform exposes technology and
product data from Amazon and its affiliates, enabling developers to build innovative and
entrepreneurial applications on their own.[1]
b. In 2006, Amazon Web Services (AWS) began offering IT infrastructure services to
businesses in the form of web services -- now commonly known as cloud computing.[2]
c. A team should not be any bigger than could be fed with two pizzas.[34]
d. Larger software applications broken down in to smaller services.[35]
e. code-named Amazon Execution Service in the pre-launch phase.[42]

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External links
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