Chapter: Light Rellection and Refraction

Tonis Coversd: Relection, Laws of Reflection, lypes of Mirror, Kay diagrams of Concave mirror andC
mirror.
us to see the object.
Light: It is aform of energy, which enable

is called ray of light.

Ray of Light: Aline drawn in the direction of propagation of light
It is of three types.
Beam of light: Agroupof rays of light emitted from the source of light.
parallel to each other.
1. Parallel beam of light: If the group of rays are

the source of light.

2 Divergent beam lf the group of rays spreadjng out from

3. Convergent beam: If the group of rays is meeting at a point.

most of the light

Reflection of Light When the light is allowed to fall on highly polished surface,
e returned back after striking the surface.
ait
en Laws of Reflection
het
ure
. The angle of incidence is always equal to angle of reflection
Angle i Angler
2
The incident ray, reflected ray and the normal to the reflecting surface at the point of incidence
lie in the same plane.

Properties of an image formed by the plane mirror:

"The mage oo
The image is erect.
The size of the imag is the sane as the size of the oblect. obiect fronm he mim
The distance between the image obtained is the same as the distance between the
Types of Mirror
 Plane Mirror The mirror whose reflecting surface is plane is known as plane mitor
or
Spherical Mirrorss Mirrors, whose reflecting surface are curved inward outward spherically are
called spherical mirror. For
examplepr () convex mirror
Spherical Mirror has two typecohe outer surtace ts polished and inner surface is reflecting
a
Itis aleo B spherical
mirror.

Conves imr tis spherical mirror whose outer surtace s reflecting and inner surface is polished.
Itis also known as diverging mirror.

Retcing

Cive
tencave
Spherical Mirror
Few Basic terms related to
Radius of curvature

Principal Concave
Axis Mirror
focal length

Radius of curvature
R
Principal
Axis C
Tength
Convex
Mirror

1. Pole: Thegeometrical central point cf the reflecting spherical surface. Denoted by (P)
2 Centre of curvature The centre of the sphere of which the mirror is a part. Denoted by (9)
3. Prinpal axiss Line joining the pole and centre of curvature of the spherical mirror.
4 Aperturee The part which is exposed to incident light.
5. Radius of curvature: The distance between the pole and the centre of curvature. ie. PC-R
6. Focus point The point on the principal axis, where ail parallel rays meet after reflection, denoted
by (F). It is the midpoint between Pand C
7. Focal lengt: The length between the pole and focus point e. PF =f.
Asubstance that reduces another substance and self-gets oxidised
Exampless
1Fe) CusO,(aq)PsO,(ag) Culn)
(Slue) ee
(Gree
(oxtution) Ve -reducintageot.
Cu) (reduetion) C oxidisint nen

no edices to Zo11iction
idises to cCO07cation
ONidiingt aent
Reiucint astet
Neutralisation Reaction : When an acid and a base react togete to Torm salt and water
HCI (ag) + NaOH (ag) - H20 () + NaCi (aq)
(acid) (base) (Water) (Salt)
Hydrochloric acid +Sodium hydroxide - Sodium Chloride+Warer
" ldentification:
Combustion AB+O,-- Oxide of A&B.
Combination A+BC
Decomposition AB-A+B
Displacement: A+ BC (ag)AC (aq) + B
Double bisplacement: AB (aq) +CD (aq) -AD (aq) +CB
Corrosion The process of siow conversion of metals into their undesirable compounds by the action
of moisture, air or chemicals(like, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon dioxide and acids) in the
Surrounding environment is called corrosion
Rusting: when iron and iron articles are exposed to atrmosphere, they are attacked by Oxygen
and moisture of air, a reddish brown colour layer is formed on the surface it is caled
(Corrosion of iron is called rusting.) 4Fe(s)+30;(from air)xHolmoisture)-’2Fe,O,.xH,otrust
hydrated lron (Iljoxide
Prevention:
Painting, Galvanization, oiling greasing
*Corrosion of Aluminium has advantage, since Al0, formed as a resut of corrosion act as
protective layer.
Rancidity
It refers to the oxidation of fats and oils in food that is kept for a long time. It gives foul
and bad taste to food. Rancid food causes stomach infection on consumption. smell
Prevention:
) Vacuum Packing or Use of air-tight containers : many food items are packed in
Container from which air has been removed that i.e in absence of oxygen food items does
not become rancid.

()Packaging with nitrogen : many food items can be protected by flushing the air out of
plastic bag and renlacir
beinnogen gas, eg packets oof potato chips are flushed with
ntrogen before 5ealed
 ron copper sulohate ->ferrous
sulphate copper
Double displac ement reaction exchange of ions between the reactants takes place to give new
Drodvcts OR AgUeoUs solution Anof two ionic compounds react by exchange of their ions is called
double displacement Reaction
Bac, (aq) Na;SO, (ag)- BaS0,(s) +2 NaCi (aq)
Pb(NO) +2 KI(ag) -Pls ()+2 KNOs
YAO take about 3 ml of sodium sulohate (aqlsolution in a test tube. In another test tube
take about 3 ml of barium chloride mix the two
We observe white precipitate of barium solution
sulohate are
Bacl, (ag) Na S0, (ao) -- BaSO, (s)+2 formedhand following reaction take place.
NaCi (aq)
Precipitation reaction An insolble compound called precipitate forms when two
OR
Containing soluble salts are combined
solutions
It is a reaction
n hich solid substanoe is formed when solution of two or more
mixed(t is a double displacement oaetion, is one of the product is precipitate) substances
are

Activity
We
1.11 Heat a China dish
ncontaining about 1 gram copper powder.
If observe on heating, the surface of copper become coated with black CuO is formed.
hydrogen gas is passed o
Brown reverse reaction over this hated material (CuO) the black coating onthe surfaceturn
2 Cu+ 0 takes place and copper is obtained.
2Cuo (Black ) (Copper Il Oxide)
During this reaction, the copper oxide is losing Oxvoen and being reduced.
Oxvoe
ygen and is being oxidised Hydrogen is gaining
Suchhreactions are called oxidation -reduction
roaction redox reaction.

Oxidation Reaction: In oxidation reaction, addition of oxyaen or rermoval of hydrogen (or loss
of electron) takes place.
2 Mals)+ O, (g) 2MgO (s)
2 Cu + O, 2 CuO (Black ) (Copper Il Oxide)
Reduction Reaction: In reduction Reaction addition of hydrogen, removal of oxygen (gain of
electron )takes place.
CuO(s) +H; (g)Cu(s) + H. O 0)
Reduction is reverse of oxidation.
Redox Reaction: Reaction involving both oxidation and reducion simultaneously.
Cuo(s) H -- Cu(s) +H; O()
Oxidising agent - Asubstance which causes addition of oxygen removal of hydrogen from
other 5u6StanCe is called oxidising agent. (Substance loses electrons) eg. Oxygen, ozone
nitric acid, sulphuric acid. potassium permanganate. potassium dichromate.
Or
A substance that oxídises another substance and self-gets reduced

Reducing agent-A substance which causes addition of hydrogen or removal of oxygen from
other substances is called reducing agent. (Substance gains electrons) eg. Hydrogen, sulphur
dioxide, hydrogen sulphide.
Or
 e) INIOgrn ICxvgen)
b) Electrolytie decomposition(requires electricity)
CH0 Electric current 2Ha(g) +0a(9)
2NaCi lectric current - 2Na +Cl9)
c)
Photolytic
decomposi
22C)
tion(require light)
407lisgli

Activity 1,5 hydrated ferrous sulphate

become anhydrous, colour crystals which is green in uour loose
became dity white and following reaction taxe pplacethere water and
FeSO.7H,
On strong O(s).FeSO, ($) + 7H, 0
heatinganhydrous ferrous sulphate decompose and give ferric oxide which is
reddish brown in colour,
2FeSO sulphur dioxíc
O, (s) + SO,oxide and trioxide also formed.
Ferrous
(s).Fe, (9)+ SOs(9)
Sulphate --Ferric oxide ++Sulphur dioxide Sulphur trioxide (green)
(brown)
Activity 1.6 on heating lead
out. Yellow solid is left in the nitrate
it breaks up with cracking
test tube, brown colour nitrogen sound. An irritating smell comes
dioxide gas and oxygen is
31btNO) 4NO,0,(a)
release oxcle (OXwvn)
Activity 1,7
when we pass electric
hydrogen and oxygen we will observecurrent through acidified water it
the formation of bubbles at bothdecomposes
to produce
bubbles displace water in the test tubes. Volume of gas the electrodes. These
collected
Hydrogen will collect in test tube at cathode whereas Oxygen in test is not same in the both tubes
ratio 2:1 tube at anode always in
2H,0 Electric current 2Ha(g) +0:(g)
Activity 1,8 we will observe that white silver chloride turns grey in
decomposition of silver chloride into silver and chlorine by light. This sunlight. This is due to
reaction is used in black and
white photography.
Displacement reaction Those reaction in which most reactive element
displaces a less reactive
element from its compound or solution is known as displacement reaction.
Znis) t Cuso a ) nSO,(aq) + Culs)
(Copper alpliate) 12Anc sulphatel
Pils) + CuCl,anc) PbCLn) Cu(s)
(Copper chloide) end cblaride)
Activity 1.9. when we compare the intensity of blue colour in test tube Aand
B.the blue
colour copper sulphate in test tube b faids and solution turns pale green.
when we compare iron nail dipped in copper sulphate solution with one kept aside the iron nail.
get covered with reddish brown layer of copper metai. the displacement reaction
occur because
iron is more reactive than copper.
Fe(s) + CuSO (aq)FeSO4 (aq) + Cu (s)
(Blue). (Pale green)
 Formation of water from hydrogen and
formed
2Ha(9)+Oa(g)-2H;O(0)
Activity 1.4. In this
activity observe
we
oxygen
hissing sOund and beaker become very hot suspension is
quicklime+CaO(s)+H
0 (1>ca(0
water>lime Hhs Hhe at
water+ heat
Q.Write the
A solution of reactions involved in white washing.
calcium hydroxide is used a Bolution of
walls, calcium hydroxide is used for
CaO(s +H whitewashing
quicklime + water0()>Ca(0H)hs )she at
>lime water heat
Calcium hydroxide react with carbon dioxide in the air to form
walls. Calcium carbonate is formed after two or three days of a thin layer of calcium carbonate on t
walls. whitewashing and gives a shiny finish to
Ca(OH):+ CO;-CaCO,+H0.
Calciun hy°roxide+ carbon dioxide
Endothermic and exothermic reactioncalcium carbonate + water
Sxothermic reaction The reaction is called exothermic when heat is
Teaction. Most of the combination reactions evolved during a
release of heat. are exothermic. Temperature increases on the
Example t
83 Burning of natural gas
CHe(g) + 20, (g) -CO, (g) + 2H,0 (g)
Z Respiration
Durinn diant
igestion, food
fo is broken down into simpler
substances. For example rica potato
and bread oh n ncarbohydrate that is broken down to form glucose.
combine with
Does this glucose
cell of our body and provides energy.
eO (aq)
CoH;Os (aq) +602 (an) 6CO.(ao) + 6H;0 () +
(Glucose) ener9y
y Decomposition of vegetable matter into compost
Endothermic -Heat is required to carry out he
the reaction
6CO,+6H,0+Sunlight--CHO,+60,
"Most of the decomposition reactions are endothermic
Decomposition reaction
Asingle reactant decomposes on the application of heat or light or electricity to give two or
more products
Types of decomposition reactions:
a) Thermolytic decomposition or thermolysis (requires heat)
2Fe52()
ero lphatek