2024 1st semester final study guide

Scientific Method

1. Know steps of scientific Method/Inquiry

2. All good hypothesis must be________________
3. We test only ____________ variables at a time
4. The variable that responds to the experiment, what you are measuring are testing is the
_______________________ variable
5. The variables you manipulate or change to do your experiment are the ____________variables
6. The group you do nothing to but only use for comparison purposes is the _____________group
7. ______________________observations are measurable an example is_________________
8. ______________________observations are not measurable an example is_________________
9. All good conclusions must be supported by ______________________
10. When researching medical or scientific based info the best sites end in .____________
or .__________ and it is also beneficial to look for material that is ________________reviewed.
11. Peer reviewed means:_________________________________________________________

Intro to Earth Studies

12. Know the Main layers of the earth

13. The smallest outer layer of the earth—the rocky surface is the ___________________
14. The largest middle layer made of molten rock is the ______________________
15. The _________________ core is liquid and the __________________ core is solid. The inner
core is believed to be composed of _______________ & ______________ because of our study
of Meteors
16. We often study the earth by dividing it into spheres. ____________________looks at the areas
where and how life exists, 5 miles above to 5 miles below the earth’s surface.
17. The _______________________is of all the water on, in and around the earth(the water cycle).
18. The _______________________looks at the layers of the earth, the crust mantle and core, all
the rocks minerals and land formations. The study of it is _______________________
19. ___________________looks at the gases around the planet. The study of it is ______________
20. ______________________- is the study of the solar system and universe the earth is part of.
21. Because earth is the ultimate ______________________ life can continue here. Three of the
main cycles of necessary materials include the ________________cycle, the ____________cycle
and the ___________________ cycle.
22. The earth’s crust is mostly composed of ______________ and oxygen
23. The earth’s atmosphere is mostly composed of ______________ and oxygen
24. The two most abundant elements in space are_____________ and _____________p.39

Maps

25. __________________________is zero degrees latitude

26. Zero degrees longitude is the ________________ ______________
27. What is at 40N and 80W_________________________
28. A topographic map shows__________________ by using ______________ lines
29. The space between 2 contour lines is the ________________ ________________
 30. If one contour line says 10 ft and three lines up the line says 70ft what is the contour interval___
31. What type of map show what’s underneath i.e. mineral or ore deposits and must be laid over
another type of map______________________
32. Who might use a soil map______________ or ________________

Composition & Chemistry starts page 34

33. The periodic table of elements is ordered in rows by ____________ number or number of _____
34. The number of protons tells you _____________ an element is. It never changes or the element
is no longer that specific element. The number of ____________ in the outer or valence layer
tells you how it ______________ or forms bonds
35. The periodic table is organized in columns by the _____________ number. This number is the
number of _____________ it is willing to exchange when it bonds.
36. ________________bonds give o receive electrons. __________________ bonds share electrons
37. Elements have the ______________number of neutrons, electrons and protons.. An
______________has a different number of electrons. _________________ have a different
number of neutrons
38. The first 2 columns on the left of the periodic table are _______________ the middle is
transitional or metalloids and the right is nonmetal like halogens and noble gases
39. What is the element symbol for iron____________
40. What is the atomic number for Calcium__________
41. What is the oxidation number of Aluminum ____________________
42. Li +1 has ____________ protons, ____________neutrons and __________ electrons
43. N16 has ________protons, _____________neutrons and _________ electrons
44. Lithium and oxygen as a compound is called ___________________ ________________ and the
correct chemical formula for it would be_________________________________

Minerals

45. All minerals are rocks but not all rocks are minerals. There are 4 questions you need to ask to
determine if something is a mineral. They are:
a. Is it a _________________
b. Is it __________________ occurring
c. Is it a ________________________ (has a regular repeating arrangement of atoms and
molecules
d. Is it _______________________ (not from living things)
46. _______________is a mineral’s resistance to scratching and is measured on a __________ scale
47. ________________is how light reflects off a mineral
48. _______________________ is the color of the mineral in powdered form
49. Color of a solid mineral is not an accurate way to determine the type of mineral because
_______________can make minerals like quartz appear in various colors
50. Mineral break in 2 ways ________________ and _____________.
51. ___________________ is when a mineral breaks in specific planes the way salt breaks in cubes
52. The are about ________________ minerals and only about __________ are common.
53. Most minerals are classified as __________________ because they contain silicon
 54. If the mineral forms quickly the crystals will be__________________ but if it forms
_____________ they will be large.
55. Anything that can be mined for profit is an _____________
56. Is steel a mineral? _____ why?______________________________
57. Is coal a mineral? __________why?_______________________

Rocks

58. There are 3 types of rocks________________, _______________, _______________

59. Igneous means born of fire and forms directly from ___________________ or lava.
60. If igneous rock forms under ground directly from magma the grains or crystals will be
____________ and it is classified as an _____________ igneous rock. if it forms on the surface
from lava it has smaller grains or crystals and is ___________________.
61. ___________igneous rock is high in silicon, and light colored where ____________ is dark
colored and low in silicon.
62. Obsidian is dark shiny fine grained rock that makes it _______________ and ___________
63. Rock is often broken and moved by water, wind or friction into small pieces called
____________ by a process called ______________. The depositing or laying down of these
pieces is called, ______________
64. _______________________ is rock formed from sediment or pieces. It is formed by the
processes of _______________ or ___________________
65. the type of rock most likely to contain fossils is ___________________
66. the type of sedimentary rock the visibly looks like it contains pieces of other rock maybe even
sea shells cemented together is __________________
67. a sedimentary rock that contains a consistent mixture of organic and inorganic material is a
_________________ sedimentary rock
68. Rock that has been shoved deep into the earth and becomes changed by intense pressure and
heat is ____________________ rock.
69. Metamorphic rock that has its’ grains lined in visible bands is __________________
70. _____________--metamorphism affects a rock when heat is intense and a small area is affected.
________________________metamorphism affects large areas of rock and they are changes by
both intense pressure and heat.
 Reaction lengh
5.5

4.5

3.5

2.5
Seconds

1.5

0.5

highly acidic mildly acidic neutral mildly basic highly basic

enzyme a 4.3 5 4 1 0
enzyme b 0 1 3 5 4
no enzyme 0 2 5 2 0

71. What is the dependent variable_____________________

72. What is the independent variable________________
73. What is the control group_________________
74. What might have been the purpose of this experiment__________________________________
75. What conclusions can you make based on the data above__1. ___________________________
_____________________2________________________________________________________