Chapter # 6

Topic:
Fluid Dynamics

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 Any thing which
can flow Fluid
Liquids Gases Plasma

Q:- Which of the following is a fluid?

A. Liquid B. Plasma
C. Gas D. All of these

 Viscosity  The frictional effect present between adjacent layers of fluid in motion is called
viscosity

Units:- Pas or kgm-1s-1

 Viscosity of liquids is 1000 times greater than viscosity of gases

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 Effect of Temperature on Viscosity

Q:- When temperature increases then viscosity of fluids:

A. May increases B. May decrease
C. Remains same D. All are possible
In liquids:- Reason of viscosity  Co-hesive force
When temperature increases  Co-hesive force decreases hence decreasing
viscosity
𝟏
 We simply can say that in liquids  𝛈 ∝
𝐓
In gases:- Reason of viscosity  Rate of diffusion or intermixing of layers of fluid in motion
When temperature increases  Rate of diffusion increases, increasing viscosity of gases
 We simply can say that for gases  𝛈 ∝ 𝐓

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 Visco-static fluids:-
Some fluids do not shows appreciable change in their
viscosity on change in temperature known as visco-static fluids.

Liquids T Co-hensive force  Can easily flow on heating

Gases T Rate of diffusion  Become hard to flow for them

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 Stoke’s Law
𝐅 = 𝟔𝛑𝛈𝐫𝐯
F = drag force,  = viscosity of fluid, r = radius of sphere moving
through fluid, V = speed at which sphere moves through fluid.

 𝐅 ∝ 𝛈  means it will be tough to move sphere through more viscous fluid i.e it’s tough to
move through honey than water.
 𝐅 ∝ 𝐫  means it will be more tough for a bigger sphere to move through fluid than a
smaller one.
 𝐅 ∝ 𝐯  means at greater speeds (within critical velocities) more drag force is experienced

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 Q:- At very high speeds drag force has a relation with speed of fluid as:
A. Fv B. Fv2
1 1
C. F ∝ D. F ∝ 2
V V

Limitations of stoke’s law:-

 Only applicable for spherical objects.
 Only for applicable for speeds below critical velocities.
 Only for non-ideal fluids (for ideal fluids =0, F=0)
Critical velocity:-
 The velocity below which flow of fluid remains streamlined.

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 Def:- The maximum speed / velocity attained by a
Terminal Velocity
falling object in a fluid such that it’s weight is
balanced by the drag force is called terminal velocity.

𝐯𝟏 𝐦𝟏 𝐫𝟐
= ×
𝐯𝟐 𝐦𝟐 𝐫𝟏
Formula:- 𝐅𝐃 = 𝐖 = 𝐦𝐠 𝐦𝐠 𝐦
𝐕𝐭 = 𝐯𝐭 ∝
𝟔𝛑𝛈𝐫 𝐫
Mg = 6r vt
If mass = constant
𝟐𝛒𝐠𝐫 𝟐
𝐯𝐭 = vtr2
𝟗𝛈

𝟏
Q:- Two droplets fall having their radii in a ratio of 2:1 falls through 𝐯𝐭 ∝
𝐫
air. What will be the ratio of their terminal velocities:
A. 2:1 B. 1:4
C. 4:1 D. 1:2
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 Key word:- Droplets  same density  so use relation Vt  r2 𝟐
𝐕𝟏 𝐫𝟏
=
𝐕𝟐 𝐫𝟐
𝟐
Q:- A spherical object of constant mass is moving through a 𝐕𝟏 𝟐 𝟒
= = = 𝟒: 𝟏
fluid with a terminal velocity of 2 ms-1. How will it’s velocity 𝐕𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
be affected if radius is doubled keeping mass constant?
A. 4 ms-1 B. 1 ms-1
C. 2 ms-1 D. Cannot be predicted
m 1
Key word:- Constant mass vt ∝ as m = constant, so vt ∝ hence when “r” is doubled “vt” becomes half.
r r

Q:- Which of the following graphs is a possible one between “Vt” and time for a spherical object falling
in a fluid?

A. B. C. D. None of these

Vt
Vt Vt

t
t t

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 Q:- Eight droplets are falling downwards each of same size and with
same terminal velocity as 4 ms-1. What will be the new terminal velocity
if these all droplets combine to give a single droplet?
A. 32 ms-1 B. 16 ms-1
C. 4 ms-1 D. None of these

Solution:-

𝐕𝐭 = 𝟒𝐦𝐬−𝟏
Combined

Formula:- 𝟐
𝐕′ 𝐭 = 𝐍 𝟑 × 𝐕𝐭

Where N=number of droplets to be combined

𝟐 𝐕𝐭 =?
𝟐 𝟑 𝟑 𝟐
= 𝟖 𝟑 ×𝟒= 𝟐 × 𝟒 = 𝟐 × 𝟒 = 𝟒 × 𝟒 = 𝟏𝟔 𝐦𝐬−𝟏
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 Stream-lined / laminar / steady /
regular

Types of fluid flow

Turbulent / Non-laminar / unsteady /

irregular

B Turbulent flow
A C  If at any of these points all the particles
passing that particular point has different
velocity then at that point flow will be
turbulent.

 If at A, B & C velocities are different as 10 ms-1,

11 ms-1 or 12 ms-1 but every particle which passes
through “A” has velocity as 10 ms-1, at “B” has
velocity 11 ms-1 and at “C” is 12 ms-1 then flow at
all these pts will be streamlined.
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 Regular flow
Equation of continuity:-
Statement:-
“When an ideal fluid passes through a pipe of
Ideal Fluid Non-viscous (=0)
non-uniform cross sectional-area then it’s speed
change as area change but the flow rate or
product of area and speed at each point remains Incompressible (density =
same.” constant)

Formula:-
1
A1 v1 =A2 v2 ⇒ Av=constant ⇒ A ∝
v
 Speed will be more at constricted part
(where area is less or where streamline
are closer).
Constricted part
 Area less
More area less  more speed
speed
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 Flow rate:- Av = constant

𝐦
m2 
𝐬

𝐦𝟑 𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐟𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠
→ → 𝐤𝐧𝐨𝐰𝐧 𝐚𝐬 𝐟𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞
𝐬 𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞

𝐕𝟏 𝐀𝟐 𝐫𝟐 𝟐
Important relations:- A1 v1 =A2 v2 ⇒ = =
𝐕𝟐 𝐀𝟏 𝐫𝟏
 If ratio of areas are given then to find ratio of speeds simply take inverse
of area ratio. i.e if A1 : A2 = 2: 1 then V1 : V2 = 1: 2
 If ratio of radii diameter is given then to find ratio of speeds first take
inverse of radii ratio and then take square : V1 : V2 = r2 2 : r1 2

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  As in equation of continuity  Mass flowing in = Mass flowing out m1 = m2
 Equation of continuity is a manifestation of law of conservation of mass

Bernoulli’s equation:-
Statement:- “When an ideal fluid passes through a pipe of non-uniform cross sectional
1
then from point to point “P”, “ ρv 2 ” and “ρgh” changes but their sum remains same at
2
each point”.
1 1
Formula:- P1 + ρv12 + ρgh1 = P2 + ρv22 + ρgh2
2 2

1
P + ρv 2 + ρgh = constant
2
1 K.E
Where P = static pressure (side-wise pressure on the walls of the pipe), ρv 2 = =dynamic
2 volume
P.E
pressure (forward pressure along the path of flow of fluid), ρgh = = P. E density = pressure with
volume
depth

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 P (Static Pressure)

Area patch on side of pipe

 As when area (A) increases, streamlines expand side-wise, creating
𝐹
𝑃 = on sides of pipe, known as static pressure.
𝐴

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 1
ρV 2 (Dynamic Pressure)
2

1 2

 At point “1” only 2 streamlines are exerting F/A = pressure on Area

element, this pressure is known as dynamic pressure.
 It is clear that at point 2 all stream-line apply F/A so dynamic
pressure at “2” is more than “1”.
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 ρgh (Pressure with depth)

h1
h2

 Pressure with depth is P = ρgh which

increases as object goes deeper in a
fluid. It is clear that for “h2” ρgh is
greater than “h1”.

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 Q:- Which of the following terms can be called pressure?
A. P B. ρgh
1
C. 𝜌𝑣 2 D. All of these
2
Q:- For a horizontal pipe the Bernoulli’s equation can be written as:
1 1
A. P + ρv 2 + ρgh = constant B. P + ρv 2 = constant
2 2
C. P + ρgh = constant D. None of these

h2 h1

𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
𝐏𝟏 + 𝛒𝒗 = 𝐏𝟐 + 𝛒𝐯𝟐
𝟐
𝟏 𝟐
𝟐
h1 = h2 so ρgh1 − ρgh2 = 0 so
𝐏 + 𝛒𝐯 = 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭
𝟐 Bernoulli’s equation reduces to;
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 Applications of
Bernoulli’s equation

Relation between
speed & pressure
Torricelli’s theorem Ventura's relation
Speed is low where
pressure is high

𝟏 𝟐
𝐏𝟏 − 𝐏𝟐 = 𝛒𝐯
h1 h1 -h2 𝟐 𝟐

h2

𝐕𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐥𝐮𝐱 = 𝟐𝐠 𝐡𝟏 − 𝐡𝟐
𝐡𝟏 − 𝐡𝟐 = 𝐡𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡 𝐭𝐨 𝐟𝐥𝐮𝐢𝐝 𝐚𝐛𝐨𝐯𝐞 𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐞
𝐕𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐥𝐮𝐱 ∝ 𝐇𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐥𝐢𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐝 𝐚𝐛𝐨𝐯𝐞 𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐞
𝐕𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐥𝐮𝐱 𝐝𝐨𝐞𝐬 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐝𝐞𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐝 𝐮𝐩𝐨𝐧 𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐟𝐥𝐮𝐢𝐝
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 Q:- Considering the following figure, which contained is experiencing maximum
pressure at the base area?

1 2 3
A. 1 B. 3
C. 2 D. All exert same pressure

Key-word:- All have same depth so P = ρgh as h1 = h2 = h3 so P1 = P2 = P3

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 Q:- The speed of efflux will be more for which hole?

0 1

0 2

0 3
A. 1 B. 3
C. 2 D. Cannot predict

Key-word:- Veffluxdepth or height of liquid above orifice

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 𝟏
𝐩 + 𝟐 𝛒𝐯 𝟐 = constant
A2
A1
P increases
At “A1” 1
𝟏
𝛒𝐯 𝟐 decreases
𝟐

h1 h2
P decreases
At “A2”
𝟏 𝟏
𝟐
𝛒𝐯 𝟐 Although “P & 𝛒𝐯 𝟐 ” changes but their sum (net pressure) remains
𝟐
increases same.

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 1
When stream-lines gets closer the term “ 𝜌𝑣 2 ” dynamic pressure
2
increases but side-wise pressure “P” called static pressure decreases.
Q:- When gale blows the roofs of some buildings fly-off, this is due to the fact that;
A. Outside pressure is low but speed is high C. Both “A” & “B”
B. Inside speed is low but pressure is high D. Outside and inside has no pressure difference
speed is high

pressure is low
Explanation:-

inside speed is low pressure is high

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 Stethoscope  senses pressure
Sphygmomanometer  measures pressure Blood Pressure
 density  density of water
Blood 
 Viscosity is 3 to 5 times of water  red blood cells

It is 80 Torr
more than Actual
atmospheric value=760
pressure Torr+80 Torr
Low value 80 Torr
Actual value =
840 Torr
Normal human
Actual value =
760 Torr + 120
High value 120 Torr Torr
It is 120 Torr
more than Actual value =
atmospheric 880 Torr
Conclusion:- Blood pressure in our veins is greater than pressure
atmospheric pressure.

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Thank you!