UNIT 2 - HIGH FREQUENCY TRANSMISSION LINES

PROBLEMS
1.

2.Calculate SWR and reflection coefficient on a line having the characteristic impedance
Z0=300 Ω and terminating impedance ZR = 300 + j400Ω .

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 UNIT 2 - HIGH FREQUENCY TRANSMISSION LINES
PROBLEMS

3. Find the sending end impedance of a HF line having characteristic impedance of 50Ω. The
line is of length 1.185 λ and is terminated in a load of 110+j80 Ω.

4.

(i)A lossless transmission line of electrical length l = 0.35λ is terminated in a load impedance.
Z0=100 Ω and ZL= (60+ j30) Ω. Find Reflection coefficient, SWR and Zin
(ii) A lossless transmission line has Z0=75 Ω and it is terminated a load ZL= 22.5-j30. Find
SWR and position of minimum voltage.

For (i) question first calculate reflection Coefficient, then VSWR and Zin ie Zs

K = 0.307 132.510

1+ 0.307/ 1-0.307 = 0.997

For Input impedence Zs

First find beta x s
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 UNIT 2 - HIGH FREQUENCY TRANSMISSION LINES
PROBLEMS
Βs = 2π/λ x s = 2π/λ x 0.35λ =
Then sub in Zin formula find input impedance

(ii)

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 UNIT 2 - HIGH FREQUENCY TRANSMISSION LINES
PROBLEMS
5.

Given Zo = 100Ω, ZL = 25+j50Ω , length = λ/8

For (i) question first calculate reflection Coefficient, then VSWR and Zin ie Zs

K=

SWR =

First find beta x s

Βs = 2π/λ x S = 2π/λ x λ/8 =
Then sub in Zin formula, find input impedance

Zin = Zs =

5. Define Reflection coefficient and VSWR. A 100Ω line is terminated in a load 50 + j1000 Ω.
If the line is 0.4λ find the reflection coefficient at the load, reflection coefficient at the input
and VSWR.
Given = Zo = 100Ω, ZL = 50 + j1000 Ω., S= 0.4λ

Reflection Coefficient

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 UNIT 2 - HIGH FREQUENCY TRANSMISSION LINES
PROBLEMS

6. A lossless line has a standing wave ratio of 4. The RO is 150 ohms and the maximum
voltage measured in the line is 135V. Find the power delivered to the load.

7.

8. A transmission line has a characteristic impedance of 75 Ω and VSWR is 3. Determine the

reflection coefficient and load resistance

1+|K| =3 - 3|K|

4|K| = 3-1 = 2

|K| = 2/4 = 0.5

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 UNIT 2 - HIGH FREQUENCY TRANSMISSION LINES
PROBLEMS
9. A open circuited lossless transmission line has a Z0 100 is of length λ/8. Find the input
impedance. Also, for Short circuited circuited lossless transmission line

Given = Zo = 100, length = λ/8.

Refer Theory for Formula
Given = Zo = 100, length = λ/8

For Short Circuited

Solve

Βs = 2π/λ x s
Βs = 2π/λ x 1/8λ =
Input impedance of dissipation less line when line is short circuited
Zs = jZO tan βs
= j 100tan βs
= j 100tan 2π/λ x 1/8λ =
For open circuited
Input impedance of dissipation less line when line is open circuited

Zs = -j 100 cot 2π/λ x 1/8λ =

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 UNIT 2 - HIGH FREQUENCY TRANSMISSION LINES
PROBLEMS

9. For a 50-Ω lossless transmission line terminated in a load impedance ZL = (100+ j50) Ω, determine
the fraction of the average incident power reflected by the load

10. Problem 2.26A 50-Ωlossless transmission line is connected to a load composedof a 75-Ωresistor
in series with a capacitor of unknown capacitance (Fig. P2.26). If at10 MHz the voltage standing wave
ratio on the line was measured to be 3, determine the capacitance C

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 UNIT 2 - HIGH FREQUENCY TRANSMISSION LINES
PROBLEMS

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 Transmission Lines and RF Systems
UNIT 2 - HIGH FREQUENCY TRANSMISSION LINES

1
 UNIT 2 - HIGH FREQUENCY TRANSMISSION LINES
PROBLEMS

1. A transmission line has Z O = 1.0, Z L = 0.-j0.2Ω (i) What is Z at l=λ/4 =

0.25λ? (ii) What is the VSWR on the line? (iii) How far from the load is at the
first minimum? [EC6503-NOV/DEC 2018](13 Marks)
Solution:
Given: Z O = 1.0, Z L = 0.0-j0.2Ω, s=l=0.25λ
2π
βs = × 0.25 λ = 90 
λ

The input impedance is given by,

 Z + jR O tan βs 
Z in = Z s = R O  R 
 R O + jZ R tan βs 

 ZR 
+ jR O 
tan βs  tan βs
Z in = Z s = R O  
tan βs  R O 
 tan βs + jZ R 
 

 0 + jR O 
Z in = Z s = R O  
 0 + jZ R 

R 
Z in = Z s = R O  O 
 ZR 

R2
O
Z in = Z s =
ZR

1
Z in = Z s =
− j0.2

Z in =Z s = 0.2∠-90°
Z − ZO
K= R
ZR + ZO
− j0.2 − 1
K=
− j0.2 + 1
K = 1∠-157.38°
SWR is given by,
1+ K 1+1
S = VSWR = = =∞
1− K 1 −1
2
l(V min) = =
(
φ + π − 157.38  + 180  λ )
= 0.0314 λ
2β 4 × 180 
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. A 30m long lossless transmission line with Zo = 50Ω operating at 2 MHz is
terminated with a load Z L =60+j40 Ω. If u=0.6c (c is velocity of light, u is phase
velocity) on the line, find (i) Reflection Coefficient , (ii) Standing wave ratio (iii)
Input impedance
[EC6503-NOV/DEC 2017](7 Marks), [EC2305-NOV/DEC 2012](16
Marks)[EC2305-APR/MAY 2011](6 Marks)
Solution:
Given: Z 0 =50 Ω, Z R = 60 + j40Ω

Z − ZO
K= R
ZR + ZO
60 + j40 − 50 10 + j40
K= =
60 + j40 + 50 110 + j40
= 0.1971 + j0.2920 = 0.3523 ∠55.98 

K = 0.3523∠55.98°
SWR is given by,
1+ K 1 + 0.3523 1.3523
S = VSWR = = = = 2.088
1− K 1 − 0.3523 0.6477

The velocity on the line is given by

ω
vp =
β
ω
β=
vp

But the electrical length of the line is βs.

ωs 2πfs 2π × 2 × 10 6 × 30
∴ βs = = = = 0.6666π = 120 
vp vp 8
0.6 × 3 × 10

The input impedance is given by,

 Z + jR O tan βs 
Z in = Z s = R O  R 
 R O + jZ R tan βs 

 (60 + j40) + j50 tan(120 ) 

Z in = Z s = 50  
 50 + j(60 + j40) tan(120 ) 

3
  − 26.6025 + j40 
Z in = Z s = 50  
 119.2820 − j103.923 
Z in =Z s = 15.183∠164.69°
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. Calculate SWR and reflection coefficient on a line having the characteristic
impedance Z 0 =300 Ω and terminating impedance Z R = 300 + j400Ω .
[EC6503-NOV/DEC 2016](2 Marks)
Solution:
Given: Z 0 =300 Ω, Z R = 300 + j400Ω

Z − Z O (300 + j400 ) − 300 j400

K= R = =
Z R + Z O (300 + j400 ) + 300 600 + j400

K = 0.3077 + j0.4615 = 0.5547∠56.31

K = 0.5547∠56.31°
SWR is given by,
1+ K 1 + 0.5547 1.5547
S = VSWR = = = = 3.4914
1− K 1 − 0.5547 0.4453

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. Find the sending end impedance of a HF line having characteristic
impedance of 50Ω. The line is of length 1.185 λ and is terminated in a load of
110+j80 Ω.
[EC6503-NOV/DEC 2016](8 Marks), [EC2305-NOV/DEC 2018](8 Marks)
Solution:
Given: R O = Z O = 50Ω, line length s=1.185 λ, Z R =110+j80 Ω
2π
βs = × 1.185 λ = 66.6
λ

The input impedance is given by,

 Z + jR O tan βs 
Z in = Z s = R O  R 
 R O + jZ R tan βs 

 (110 + j80) + j50 tan(66.6) 

Z in = Z s = 50  
 50 + j(110 + j80) tan(66.6) 
 110 + j195.54 
Z in = Z s = 50  
 − 134.87 + j254.195 
Z in =Z s = 5530.036∠-0.165° Ω
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4
5. A lossless transmission line has a shunt capacitance of 100pF/m and a
series inductance of 4µH /m. Determine the characteristic impedance.
[EC6503-NOV/DEC 2015](2 Marks), [EC2305-NOV/DEC 2015](2 Marks),
[EC2305-NOV/DEC 2013](2 Marks), [EC2305-APR/MAY 2016](2 Marks)
Solution:
Given: C=100 pF/m, L=4µH/m
The characteristic impedance is given by,

L 4 × 10 − 6
RO = = = 200 Ω
C 100 × 10 −12
R O = 200 Ω
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. A lossless line in air having a characteristic impedance of 300Ω is
terminated in unknown impedance. The first voltage minimum is located at
15cm from the load. The distance between successive voltage minima is 15cm.
The standing wave ratio is 3.3. Calculate the wavelength and terminated
impedance.
[EC6503-NOV/DEC 2015](6 Marks), [EC2305-NOV/DEC 2015](6 Marks),
[EC2305-NOV/DEC 2013](6 Marks)
Solution:
Given: Z O = R O = 300 Ω, l (Vmin)= 15cm, S=3.3
The distance between two successive minima, 0.5λ =15cm
∴λ = 30cm = 0.3m
φ + π (φ + π )λ
l(V min) = = = 0.15
2β 4π
0.15 × 4π
φ= −π
λ

0.15 × 4 × 180 
φ= − 180 
0.3
φ=180°
S − 1 3.3 − 1 2.3
| K |= = = = 0.5349
S + 1 3.3 + 1 4.3

Hence the reflection coefficient is given by,

K = |K|∠φ = 0.5349∠180°
Hence the terminating impedance is given by,

5
 1 + K 
Z R = Ro  
1 − K 
1 + 0.5349∠180  
Z R = 300  
1 − 0.5349∠180  

Z R = 90.905 Ω
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7. A line with zero dissipation has R=0.006 ohm per m, C=4.45 pF per m,
L=2.5µH per m. If the line is operated at 10MHz, find R O , α, β, λ, v.
[EC6503-MAY/JUN 2016](8 Marks), [EC6503-APR/MAY 2015](8 Marks)
[EC2305-NOV/DEC 2018](8 Marks)
Solution:
Given: R=0.006 ohm/m, C=4.45 pF/m, L=2.5µH/m, f=10MHz
The characteristic impedance is given by,

L 2.5 × 10 − 6
RO = = = 749.53 Ω
C 4.45 × 10 −12
R O = 749.53 Ω
The propagation constant is given by
γ = α + jβ = jω LC

γ = α + jβ = j(2π × 10 × 10 6 ) 2.5 × 10 − 6 × 4.45 × 10 −12

γ = α + jβ = 0 + j0.2095

The attenuation constant, α=0 NP/m

The phase constant, β= 0.2095 rad/m
the velocity of propagation is given by,

ω 2π × 10 × 10 6
vp = = = 2.998 × 10 8 m / sec
β 0.2095
v p = 2.998x108 m/sec
The wavelength is given by,
2π 2π
λ= = = 29.98 m
β 0.2095
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

6
8. A lossless line has a standing wave ratio of 4. The R O is 150 ohms and the
maximum voltage measured in the line is 135V. Find the power delivered to
the load.
[EC6503-MAY/JUN 2016](6 Marks), [EC6503-APR/MAY 2015](6 Marks)
Solution:
Given: S=4, V max = 135V, R O = 150Ω
The power delivered to the load is given by,

E2max E2
max 135 2
P= = = = 30.375 W
R max R OS 150 × 4

P=30.375W
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9. A lossless line has a characteristic impedance of 400 Ω. Determine the
standing wave ratio if the receiving end impedance is 800+j0 Ω.
[EC6503-APR/MAY 2017](2 Marks), [EC2305-NOV/DEC 2010](2 Marks)

Solution:
Given: Z O = 400 Ω, Z R = 800+j0 Ω
Z − Z O 800 − 400 400
K= R = =
Z R + Z O 800 + 400 1200
K = 0.3333∠0°
SWR is given by,
1+ K 1 + 0.3333 1.3333
S = VSWR = = = = 2.0
1− K 1 − 0.3333 0.6667

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10. A radio frequency line with Z O = 70 Ω is terminated by Z L = 115-j80 Ω at
λ=2.5m. Find the VSWR and the maximum and minimum line impedances.
[EC6503-APR/MAY 2017](6 Marks)

Solution:
Given: Z O = 70 Ω, Z R = 115-j80 Ω
Z − Z O (115 − j80) − 70 45 − j80
K= R = =
Z R + Z O (115 − j80) + 70 185 − j80
K = 0.4554∠-37.26°
SWR is given by,
1+ K 1 + 0.4554 1.4554
S = VSWR = = = = 2.672
1− K 1 − 0.4554 0.54467

7
S=2.672
maximum line impedance = Z O .S = 70 x 2.672 = 187.04 Ω
minimum line impedances = Z O /S = 70 / 2.672 = 26.198 Ω
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
11. A line having characteristic impedance of 50 Ω is terminated in load
impedance (75+j75) Ω. Determine the reflection coefficient and voltage
standing wave ratio.
[EC2305-NOV/DEC 2016](4 Marks), [EC2305-NOV/DEC 2014](4 Marks)

Solution:
Given: Z O = 50 Ω, Z R = (75+j75) Ω
Z − Z O (75 + j75) − 50 25 + j75
K= R = =
Z R + Z O (75 + j75) + 50 125 + j75

K = 0.4118 + j0.3529 = 0.5423∠40.60 

K = 0.5423∠40.60°
SWR is given by,
1+ K 1 + 0.5423 1.5423
S = VSWR = = = = 3.3697
1− K 1 − 0.5423 0.4577

S=3.3697
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
12. A line having characteristic impedance of 50 Ω is terminated in load
impedance (75+j75) Ω. Determine the reflection coefficient.
[EC2305-NOV/DEC 2014](2 Marks)

Solution:
Given: Z O = 50 Ω, Z R = (75+j75) Ω
Z − Z O (75 + j75) − 50 25 + j75
K= R = =
Z R + Z O (75 + j75) + 50 125 + j75

K = 0.4118 + j0.3529 = 0.5423∠40.60 

K = 0.5423∠40.60°
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
13. characteristic impedance of a transmission line at 8 MHz is (40-2j) ohm
and the propagation constant is (0.01+j0.18) per meter. Find the primary
constants. [EC2305-NOV/DEC 2012](8 Marks)
Solution:
Given: Z o =40-j2 Ω , f=8 MHz, P=γ=0.01+j0.18

8
ω = 2πf = 2 x 3.14 x 8x106 = 50.24x106
R+jωL = Z o P = (40-j2) x (0.01+j0.18)
= 0.76+j7.18
Comparing real and imaginary terms,
R = 0.76 ohms/m
ωL = 7.18
7.18
L= = 0.1429μ H / m
50.24 × 10 6
L=0.1429 µH/m
Similarly,
γ 0.01 + j0.18
G + jωC = =
Zo 40 − j2

G + jωC = 2.494 × 10 −5 + j4.501 × 10 −3

Comparing real and imaginary terms,
G = 24.94x10-6 mho/m
ωC = 4.501x10-3
4.501 × 10 −3
C= = 0.08959 nF / m
50.24 × 10 6
C = 0.08959nF/m
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
14. A low loss transmission line of 100 ohms characteristic impedance is
connected to a load of 200 ohm. Calculate the voltage reflection coefficient and
the standing wave ratio. [EC2305-MAY/JUN 2012](6 Marks)

Solution:
Given: Z O = 100 Ω, Z R = 200 Ω
Z − Z O 200 − 100 100
K= R = =
Z R + Z O 200 + 100 300
K = 0.3333∠0°
SWR is given by,
1+ K 1 + 0.3333 1.3333
S = VSWR = = = = 2.0
1− K 1 − 0.3333 0.6667

S=2.0
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------