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NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Maths Exercise 5.1 Chapter 5 - Introduction to Euclid's Geometry

The document provides NCERT solutions for Class 9 Maths, specifically focusing on Euclid's Geometry. It includes exercises that address the truth of various geometric statements, definitions of terms like parallel lines and radius, and proofs related to midpoints and line segments. Additionally, it discusses the nature of Euclid's axioms, particularly emphasizing the universal truth of the axiom stating that the whole is greater than the part.

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25 views8 pages

NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Maths Exercise 5.1 Chapter 5 - Introduction to Euclid's Geometry

The document provides NCERT solutions for Class 9 Maths, specifically focusing on Euclid's Geometry. It includes exercises that address the truth of various geometric statements, definitions of terms like parallel lines and radius, and proofs related to midpoints and line segments. Additionally, it discusses the nature of Euclid's axioms, particularly emphasizing the universal truth of the axiom stating that the whole is greater than the part.

Uploaded by

funwithhonyandrani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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NCERT Solutions for Class 9

Maths
Chapter – 5 Introduction To Euclid's Geometry

Exercise 5.1

1. Which o the following statements are true and which are false ? give reasons
for your answers.
(i) Only one line can pass through a single point.
Ans: False
Because an endless number of lines can pass through a single point ' P ' below.
There exists an infinite number of lines travelling through a single point P , as
shown in the diagram below.

(ii) There are an infinite number of lines which pass through two distinct
points
Ans: False
Only one line can pass through two points. There is only one single line that can
travel between two separate points P and Q , as shown in the following diagram.

(iii) A terminated line can be produced indefinitely on both the sides


Ans: True
• On both the sides, a terminated line can be produced indefinitely.
 Assume that AB is a terminated line. It can be seen that it can be produced
indefinitely on both the sides.

(iv) If two circles are equal, then their radii are equal.
Ans: True
If two circles are equal, then the centers and circumferences of the two circles are
the same, the radii will be equal.

(v) In the following figure, if AM=PQ and PQ=XY ,then AB=XY

Ans: True
 It is assumed that AB and XY are two terminated lines (Line segments) and
that they are both equal to PQ , a third line.
 Euclid's first axiom stats that things which are equal to the same thing are
equal to one another.
 Therefore, the lines AB=PQ and PQ=XY , hence AB  XY will be equal
to each other.

2. Give a definition for each of the following terms. Are there other terms that
need to be defined first ? what are they, and how might you define them ?
(i) Parallel lines
(ii) Perpendicular lines
(iii)Line segment
(iv) Radius of a circle
(v) Square
Ans: The following terms are required for the desired definition:
 Point:
o A point can be approximated by a little dot formed with a sharp pencil on a
sheet of paper.
o A point does not have any dimensions; it simply has a position.

 Line:
o A straight line made by folding a piece of paper, a straight string pulled at
both ends, and the edge of a ruler are all examples of geometrical lines.
o The basic concept about a line is that it should be straight and that it should
extend in definitely in both the direction

 Plane:
o Close examples of planes include the smooth surface of a wall or the smooth
surface of a piece of paper.

 Ray:
o A ray AB is a segment of line l that has only one end point A and contains
the point B .
o A point can be approximated by a little dot formed with a sharp pencil on a
sheet of paper.
o A point does not have any dimensions; it simply has a position.
o A straight line made by folding a piece of paper, a straight string pulled at
both ends, and the edge of a ruler are all examples of geometrical lines.
o The fundamental principle of a line is that it should be straight and continue
indefinitely in both directions.
o Close examples of planes include the smooth surface of a wall or the smooth
surface of a piece of paper.
o A ray is a segment of line l that has only one end point and contains the point.
o The union of two non-collinear rays with a common beginning point is called
an angle .

 Circle:
o In a plane, a circle is the collection of all points whose distance from a fixed
point is constant.
o The fixed point is called the centre of the circle

 Quadrilateral:
o A closed figure made of four lines segment is called quadrilateral.
(i) Parallel lines
Ans:
o Parallel lines are those in which the perpendicular distance between two lines
is always the same.
o To put it another way, parallel lines are lines that never cross one other.
o To define parallel lines, we need to know about the point, the lines, and the
distance between the lines and the intersection point.

(ii) Perpendicular lines


Ans:
o If two lines intersect each other at 90° then these are called perpendicular lines.
o Before defining perpendicular lines, we must first define the line and the angle.

(iii) Line segment


Ans:
o A line segment is a straight line drawn from one point to another point.
o To define a line segment, we must first understand what a point and a line
segment are.

(iv) Radius of a circle


Ans:
o It is distance between the center of a circle to any point lying on the circle.
o We must understand point and circle in order to define the radius of a circle.

(v) Square
Ans:
o A square is a quadrilateral with all sides equal in length and all angles
measuring 90° .
o To define square, we must know about quadrilateral, side, and angle.

3. Consider the two 'postulates' given below:


(i) Given any two distinct points A and B , there exists a third point C ,
which is between A and B
(ii) There exists at least three points that are not on the same line.
Do these postulates contain any undefined terms ? Are these postulates consists ?
Do they follow from Euclid's postulates ? Explain.
Ans:
 In the given postulates, there are several undefined terms.
 Because the above postulates pertain to two different situations, they are
consistent.
 Furthermore, any assertion that contradicts a well-known axiom or postulate is
impossible to infer.
 The postulates of Euclid do not lead to these conclusions.
 They follow from the axiom, "Given two distinct points, there is a unique line
that passes through them"

4. If a point C lies between two points A and B such that AC=BC then prove
1
that AC= AB Explain by drawing the figure.
2
Ans: From the Figure,

Given that AC=BC


And point C lies between two points A and B
Consider c
Adding AC on both sides we get
AC+AC=BC+AC
 2AC=BC+AC
Here we have BC+AC=AB
 2AC=AB
1
 AC= AB
2

5. In above question, point C is called a midpoint of line segment AB , prove


that every line segment has one and only mid point
Ans: From the Figure,

Easier solution
Now to we will prove line AB has only one midpoint such that
Consider we have two midpoint C and D of line segment AB
Thus
AD=DB ...... 1
AC = CB ......  2 
Now subtracting equation 1 -  2  we get
AD - AC = DB - CB
Using figure we have
 CD = -DC
 2CD = 0
 CD = 0
Therefore C and D coincides.
Hence required is proved.
Lengthy solution
AC = CB ...... 1
Now adding AC on both sides of equation 1 we get
AC+AC = AC+CB ......  2 
From the figure we have
AC+CB=AB
Now from equation  2  we have
2AC = AB ......  3 
Similarly we have
2AD = AB ......  4 
Now equalizing equation  3  and  4  we get
2AC = 2AD
 AC = AD
Therefore C and D coincides.
Hence required is proved.

6. In the following figure, if AC = BD , then prove that AB = CD

Ans: We are asked to prove AB = CD


Let
AB = CD ...... 1
Now adding BC on both sides of equation 1 we have
AB+BC = CD+BC
From the figure we have
AC = BD ......  2 
Now from the figure we have
AC = AD - CD ......  3 
BD = AD - AB ......  4 
Using above equation  2  ,  3  and  4 we have
AD - CD = AD - AB
 - CD = - AB
 AB = CD
Hence required is proved

7. Why is Axiom in the list of Euclid's axioms, considered a 'universal truth' ?


(Note that the question is not about the fifth postulate.)
Ans: Axiom 5 states that the whole is greater than the part.
This axiom is known as a universal truth because it holds true because it holds true
in any field, and not just in the field of mathematics
Let us take two cases one in the field of mathematics, and one other than that
 Case one
o Let t represent a whole quantity and only a,b,c are parts of it.
o t=a+b+c
o Clearly t will be greater than all its parts a,b,c .
o As a result, it is correct to say that the whole is greater than the part
 Case two
o Let us consider the continent Asia.
o Now consider the country of India, which is located in Asia.
o Although India is a part of Asia, it is also true that Asia is larger than India.
o As a result, we might conclude that the whole is greater than the part.
o This holds true in any corner of the world, making it a universal truth.

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