2024-25

Handouts
Introduction to AI
CLASS : VII

Objective:
To understand the basic concepts of artificial intelligence and its applications in everyday life.

What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?

Definition: AI refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines that are programmed to think and mimic
human actions.
History of AI

1950s - Birth of AI
 The term "artificial intelligence" was coined by John McCarthy in 1956, marking the official beginning of the
field.
 Early AI research focused on symbolic reasoning and problem-solving, with pioneers like Allen Newell, Herbert
A. Simon, and Marvin Minsky developing programs to perform tasks such as playing chess and solving
mathematical problems.

1960s - The Age of Symbolic AI:

Researchers developed rule-based systems and expert systems capable of reasoning and decision-making in
specific domains, such as medical diagnosis and natural language processing.

1970s - Knowledge Representation and Expert Systems:

Expert systems emerged as a prominent application of AI, using rule-based inference engines to emulate human
expertise in various domains.

1980s - Emergence of Neural Networks

Witnessed the emergence of connectionism and neural networks as an alternative approach to AI.

1990s - Renaissance of AI:

Machine learning techniques, including neural networks, support vector machines, and decision trees, gained
popularity for pattern recognition and predictive modeling tasks.

Applications such as speech recognition, handwriting recognition, and recommender systems started to
demonstrate the practical value of AI technologies

2000s to Present - Deep Learning and AI Resurgence:

 The 2000s witnessed a surge in interest and investment in AI, fueled by breakthroughs in deep learning and
big data.
 Companies like Google, Facebook, and Microsoft invested heavily in AI research and development, leading to
rapid advancements in areas such as autonomous vehicles, virtual assistants, and healthcare diagnostics.
 AI has become increasingly integrated into everyday life, powering smart devices, personalized
recommendations, and automation in various industries.
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AI in Everyday Life
 Virtual Assistants: How AI-powered virtual assistants like Siri and Alexa help with tasks such as setting
reminders, answering questions, and controlling smart devices.
 Recommendation Systems: How platforms like Netflix and Amazon use AI to recommend movies, shows,
and products based on users' preferences and behavior.
 Social Media Algorithms: Understanding how AI algorithms curate content on social media platforms based
on users' interests, engagement, and demographics.

AI Ethics and Impact

 Bias in AI: The potential for AI systems to reflect and perpetuate biases present in the data used to train them.
 Privacy Concerns: How AI technologies like facial recognition and predictive analytics raise concerns about
privacy and surveillance.
 Job Displacement: The impact of automation and AI on the workforce, including the potential for job loss and
the need for retraining and upskilling.
Types of AI
Artificial intelligence (AI) can be categorized into different types based on its capabilities, complexity, and
functionality.

Narrow AI (Weak AI):

 Narrow AI, also known as weak AI, is designed and trained for specific tasks or domains.
 It excels at performing a single task or a limited range of tasks within a defined context.
 Examples include virtual assistants like Siri and Alexa, image recognition systems, and recommendation
algorithms.
General AI (Strong AI):
 General AI, also known as strong AI or artificial general intelligence (AGI), refers to AI systems with
human-like intelligence and cognitive abilities.
 These systems can understand, learn, and apply knowledge across a wide range of tasks and domains,
similar to human intelligence.
 General AI remains largely theoretical and is the subject of ongoing research and speculation.
Artificial Superintelligence (ASI):
 Artificial superintelligence refers to AI systems that surpass human intelligence in all aspects.
 ASI would possess cognitive abilities far beyond human capabilities and could potentially solve complex
problems and make groundbreaking discoveries.
 The development of ASI is currently speculative and raises ethical and existential concerns.
AI Around Us
Although AI may sound futuristic, it's already a part of our daily lives in various forms. Here are some examples
of AI around us.
Virtual Assistants: Virtual assistants like Siri, Alexa, and Google Assistant are AI-powered programs that
respond to voice commands, answer questions, and perform tasks like setting reminders, playing music, or
providing weather updates. They use natural language processing (NLP) to understand and interpret human
speech.

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Recommendation Systems: Have you ever noticed how streaming platforms like Netflix or YouTube suggest
videos or movies you might like? That's AI at work! Recommendation systems analyze your viewing history,
preferences, and behavior to recommend content tailored to your interests.

Autonomous Vehicles: Self-driving cars and drones are examples of AI-enabled autonomous vehicles. They use
sensors, cameras, and AI algorithms to navigate their surroundings, avoid obstacles, and make decisions in real-
time, without human intervention.

Social Media Algorithms: Social media platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and TikTok use AI algorithms to
personalize your feed and show you content that's relevant to your interests. These algorithms analyze your
interactions, likes, and browsing history to prioritize content you're likely to engage with.

Chatbots: Many websites and customer service platforms use AI-powered chatbots to provide instant assistance
and support to users. Chatbots can answer frequently asked questions, help with troubleshooting issues, and even
process transactions, all through natural language conversation.

Smart Home Devices: Devices like smart thermostats, lights, and security cameras use AI to learn your
preferences and adjust settings accordingly. For example, a smart thermostat can learn your schedule and adjust
the temperature to save energy when you're away.

Language Translation: AI-powered language translation tools like Google Translate use machine learning
algorithms to translate text or speech from one language to another. These tools are incredibly useful for
communicating with people who speak different languages.
Concept used in
Activities like rock-paper-scissors, semantics, and quick draw, several domains and concepts from artificial
intelligence are at play.
Rock-Paper-Scissors:
•Pattern Recognition: AI algorithms analyze patterns in player movements (rock, paper, or scissors) to predict
future moves.
•Reinforcement Learning: AI agents learn optimal strategies through trial and error and adjust their behavior
based on feedback (wins, losses, or draws).
•Game Theory: AI agents use strategies to maximize their chances of winning while considering the actions of
their opponents.
Semantics:
•Natural Language Processing (NLP): AI models analyze and understand the meaning of words, phrases, and
sentences in human languages.
•Word Embeddings: AI algorithms represent words as vectors in a high-dimensional space, capturing semantic
relationships between words.
•Sentiment Analysis: AI systems classify text data (such as reviews or social media posts) to determine the
sentiment (positive, negative, or neutral) expressed.
Quick Draw:
 Image Recognition: AI algorithms analyze and classify hand-drawn sketches to identify objects or concepts
depicted in the drawings.
 Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs): AI models designed for image recognition use CNNs to extract
features from input images and make predictions about their contents.
 Training and Fine-tuning: AI systems learn from user interactions and continuously improve their
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 performance over time through training and fine-tuning processes.
DOMAINS OF AI
Data:
Data refers to information, facts, or statistics collected for analysis or reference.
Importance of Data: Data is essential for AI because machines learn from it to make decisions or predictions.
Types of Data: Data can be structured (organized into tables, like in spreadsheets) or unstructured (not organized,
like text documents or images).
Data Collection: Data is collected from various sources such as sensors, databases, social media, and the internet.
Data Preprocessing: Before using data, it needs to be cleaned and prepared, which involves removing errors,
handling missing values, and standardizing formats.

Computer Vision (CV):

Computer vision is the field of AI that enables machines to interpret and understand visual information from
images or videos.
Applications: CV has applications in fields like healthcare (diagnosing diseases from medical images),
autonomous vehicles (recognizing traffic signs and pedestrians), and security (detecting suspicious activities from
surveillance footage).
Tasks: CV tasks include image classification (identifying objects or scenes), object detection (finding and locating
objects within images), and facial recognition (identifying and verifying faces).

Natural Language Processing (NLP):

NLP is the branch of AI that deals with the interaction between computers and human language.
Applications: NLP is used in chatbots (for customer support), language translation (translating text or speech
from one language to another), and sentiment analysis (analyzing opinions or emotions from text).
Tasks: NLP tasks include speech recognition (converting spoken language into text), named entity recognition
(identifying names or entities in text), and text generation (creating human-like text).

How They Work Together:

Example: Suppose you have a Chabot that helps you order food online.
Data: The Chabot collects data from previous conversations to understand user preferences and ordering history.
CV: If you want to order food by uploading a picture of a menu, CV helps the chatbot understand the text and
items in the image.
NLP: The Chabot uses NLP to understand your messages, suggest food options, and communicate with you in a
natural language conversation.
Impact of AI in India:
AI is transforming various aspects of life in India. It's automating tasks in industries like manufacturing and
agriculture, leading to increased efficiency but also raising concerns about job displacement. In healthcare, AI is
enabling early disease detection and personalized treatment plans, improving healthcare outcomes. AI-powered
solutions are helping Indian farmers increase crop yields and manage resources more effectively. In education, AI
is revolutionizing learning through personalized platforms and adaptive assessment tools, enhancing educational
outcomes. AI is also driving the development of smart city solutions, improving infrastructure and public services.
https://indiaai.gov.in/ can be accessed to learn more about the latest implementation in different fields