NCERT Solutions Class 11 Maths Chapter 1ȕ Exercise 1ȕ.

3
Question 1:
Which of the following cannot be valid assignment of probabilities for outcomes of sample
space

Assignment
(a) 0.1 0.01 0.05 0.03 0.01 0.2 0.6

(b)

(c) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

(d) -0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 -0.2 0.1 0.3

(e)

Solution:
(a)

0.1 0.01 0.05 0.03 0.01 0.2 0.6

Here, each of the numbers is positive and less than 1.

Sum of probabilities

Thus, the assignment is valid.

(b)

Here, each of the numbers is positive and less than 1.

Sum of probabilities
Thus, the assignment is valid.

(c)

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

Here, each of the numbers is positive and less than 1.

Sum of probabilities

Thus, the assignment is not valid.

(d)

– 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 – 0.2 0.1 0.3

Here, and are negative.

Hence, the assignment is not valid.

(e)

Here, >
Hence, the assignment is not valid.

Question 2:
A coin is tossed twice, what is the probability that at least one tail occurs?
Solution:
When a coin is tossed twice, the sample space is given by

Let A be the event of the occurrence of the least one tail.

Accordingly,
Therefore,

Question 3:
A die is thrown, find the probability of following events:
(i) A prime number will appear,
(ii) A number greater than or equal to will appear,
(iii) A number less than or equal to one will appear,
(iv) A number more than will appear,
(v) A number less than will appear.

Solution:
The sample space of the given experiment is given by

(i) Let A be the event of the occurrence of a prime number.

Accordingly,

Therefore,

(ii) Let B be the event of the occurrence of a number greater than or equal to 3.
Accordingly,
 Therefore,

(iii) Let C be the event of the occurrence of a number less than or equal to one. Accordingly,

Therefore,

(iv) Let D be the event of the occurrence of a number greater than .

Accordingly,

Therefore,

(v) Let E be the event of the occurrence of a number less than 6.

Accordingly,
 Therefore,

Question 4:
A card is selected from a pack of 52 cards.
(a) How many points are there in the sample space?
(b) Calculate the probability that the card is an ace of spades.
(c) Calculate the probability that the card is (i) an ace (ii) black card.

Solution:
(a) When a card is selected from a pack of 52 cards, the number of possible outcomes is 52.
i.e., 52 sample space contains 52 elements.
Therefore, there are 52 points in the sample space.

(b) Let A be the event in which the card drawn is an ace of spades.
Accordingly,

(c) (i) Let E be the event in which the card drawn is an ace.
Since there are 4 ace in a pack of 52 cards,
 (ii) Let F be the event in which the card drawn is black.
Since there are black cards in a pack of 52 cards,

Question 5:
A fair coin with marked on one face and on the other and a fair die are both tossed. Find
the probability that the sum of numbers that turn up is (i) (ii)

Solution:
Since the fair coin has 1 marked on one face and 6 on the other, and the die has six faces that
are numbered and , the sample space is given by

Accordingly,
(i) Let A be the event in which the sum of numbers that turn up is .
Accordingly,

(ii) Let B be the event in which the sum of numbers that turn up is
Accordingly,
Question 6:
There are four men and six women on the city council. If one council member is selected for a
committee at random, how likely is it that it is a women?

Solution:
There are four men and six women on the city council.
As one council member is to be selected for a committee at random, the sample space
contains elements. i.e.,

Let W be the event in which the selected council member is a woman.

Accordingly,

Question 7:
A fair coin is tossed four times, and a person win ₹ 1 for each head and loss ₹ for each
tail that turns up. From the sample space calculate how many different amounts of money you
can have after four tosses and the probability of having each of these amounts.

Solution:
Since the coin is tossed four time, there can be a maximum of heads and tails.
When 4 heads turn up, ₹ , i.e., ₹ 4 is the gain.

When 3 heads and 1 tail turn up, ₹ , i.e., ₹ is the gain.

When 2 heads and 2 tail turn up, ₹ , ₹ 1 is the loss.

When 1 heads and 3 tail turn up, ₹ , i.e., ₹ is the loss.

When 4 tails turn up, ₹ , i.e., ₹6 is the loss.

There are elements in the sample space S, which is given by:

Therefore,

The person wins Rs when heads turn up, i.e., when the event occurs.
Hence,

Probability (winning ₹ 4)

The person wins ₹ when 3 heads and 1 tail turns up, i.e., when the event
occurs.
Hence,

Probability (winning ₹ )

The person loses ₹ 1 when 2 heads and 2 tails turns up, i.e., when the event
occurs.
Hence,

Probability (losing ₹1)

The person losses ₹ when 1 head and 3 tails turn up, i.e., when the event
occurs.
Hence,

Probability (losing ₹ )

The person losses ₹ 6 when 4 tails turn up, i.e., when the event occurs.
Hence,

Probability (losing ₹ 6)
Question 8:
Three coins are tossed once. Find the probability of getting
(i) 3 heads (ii) 2 heads (iii) atleast 2 heads
(iv) atmost 2 heads (v) no head (vi) 3 tails
(vii) exactly two tails (vii) no tail (ix) atmost two tails.

Solution:
When three coins are tossed once, the sample space is given by

Hence,

It is known that the probability of an event A is given by

(i) Let B be the event of the occurrence of 3 heads.

Accordingly,

(ii) Let C be the event of the occurrence of 2 heads.

Accordingly,

(iii) Let D be the event of the occurrence of at least 2 heads.

Accordingly,
(iv) Let E be the event of the occurrence of atmost 2 heads.
Accordingly,

(v) Let F be the event of the occurrence of no head.

Accordingly,

(vi) Let G be the event of the occurrence of 3 tails.

Accordingly,

(vii) Let H be the event of the occurrence of exactly 2 tails.

Accordingly,

(viii) Let I be the event of the occurrence of no tail.

Accordingly,

(ix) Let J be the event of the occurrence of at most 2 tails.

 Accordingly,

Question 9:

If is the probability of an event, what is the probability of the event ‘not A’.

Solution:
It is given that

As we know that

Therefore,

Question 10:
A letter is chosen at random from the word ‘ASSASSINATION’. Find the probability that
letter is (i) a vowel (ii) a consonant

Solution:
There are letters in the word ‘ASSASSINATION’.

Hence,

(i) There are 6 vowels in the given word.

(ii) There are 7 consonants in the given word.

Question 11:
In a lottery, person choses six different natural numbers at random from , and if these six
numbers match with the six numbers already fixed by lottery committee, he wins the price.
What is the probability of winning the price in the games?
[Hint: order of the numbers is not important.]

Solution:
Total number of ways in which one can choose six different numbers from 1 to 20 is
Therefore,

Hence, there are combinations of numbers.

Out of these combinations, one combination is already fixed by the lottery committee.

Hence, the required probability of winning the prize in the game

Question 12:
Check whether the following probabilities P(A) and P(B) are consistently defined
(i)
(ii)

Solution:
(i)
It is known that if E and F are two events such that then
 However,
Hence, and are not consistently defined.

(ii)
It is known that if E and F are two events such that then
Here, we can see that
and
Hence, and are consistently defined.

Question 13:
Fill in the blank in the following table:

(i)

(ii)
(iii)

Solution:

(i) Here,
We know that;
Therefore,

(ii) Here,
We know that;
Therefore,
(iii) Here,
We know that;
Therefore,

Question 14:

Given and . Find , if A and B are mutually exclusive events.

Solution:

Here, and
For mutually exclusive events A and B

Question 15:

If E and F are events such that and find

(i) (ii)

Solution:

Here, and
(i) We know that

Therefore,
(ii) From (i),
By De Morgan’s law,

Therefore,

Now,

Hence,

Therefore,

Question 16:
Events E and F are such that . State whether E and F are mutually
exclusive.

Solution:
It is given that;
i.e.,

By De Morgan’s law

Therefore,
Now,

Hence,

Thus, E and F are not mutually exclusive.

Question 17:
A and B are events such that and . Determine (i)
(ii) and (iii) .

Solution:
It is given that and

(i) Wek now that

(ii) We know that

(iii) We know that

Question 18:
In class XI of a school of the students study Mathematics and study Biology
of the class study both Mathematics and Biology. If a student is selected at random from the
class, find the probability that he will be studying Mathematics or Biology.

Solution:
Let A be the event in which the selected student studies Mathematics and B be the event in
which the selected student studies Biology.
Accordingly,

We know that

Thus, the probability that the selected student will be studying Mathematics or Biology is
.

Question 19:
In an entrance test that is graded on the basis of two examinations, the probability of a randomly
chosen student passing the first examination is and the probability of passing the second
examination is .The probability of passing at least one of them is . What is the
probability of passing both?

Solution:
Let A and B be the events of passing first and second examinations respectively.
Accordingly, and
We know that

Thus, the probability of passing both the examinations is

Question 20:
The probability that a student will pass the final examination in both English and Hindi is
and the probability of passing neither is . If the probability of passing the English
examination is , what is the probability of passing the Hindi examination?

Solution:
Let A and B be the events of passing English and Hindi examination respectively.

Accordingly,

By De Morgan’s law

Therefore,

Now,

Hence,

We know that,
Thus, the probability of passing the Hindi examination is .

Question 21:
In a class of students, opted for NCC, opted for NSS and opted for both NCC
and NSS. If one of these students is selected at random, find the probability that
(i) The student opted for NCC or NSS.
(ii) The student has opted neither NCC nor NSS.
(iii) The student has opted NSS but not NCC.

Solution:
Let A be the event in which the selected student has opted for NCC and B be the event in
which the selected student has opted for NSS.
Total number of students
Number of students who have opted for NCC

Therefore,

Number of students who have opted for NSS

Therefore,

Number of students who have opted for both NCC and NSS
Therefore,

(i) We know that

 Thus, the probability that the selected student has opted for NCC or NSS is

(ii) We know that

By De Morgan’s law

Therefore,

Now,

Thus, the probability that the selected students has neither opted for NCC nor NSS is

(iii) We know that

The given information can be represented by a Venn diagram as

From the diagram It can be seen clearly that

Number of students who have opted for NSS but not NCC

Thus, the probability that the selected student has opted for NSS but not for NCC