EXPERIMENT NO.

1 DATE

Aim
To perform and observe the following reactions and classify them into:
(a) Combination reaction (b) Decomposition reaction
(c) Displacement reaction (d) Double displacement reaction.

1. Action of water on quick lime.

2. Action of heat on ferrous sulphate crystals.
3. Iron nails kept in copper sulphate solution.
4. Reaction between sodium sulphate and barium chloride solutions.

Materials Required
A beaker, four test tubes, test tube holder, tongs, test tube stand, a dropper, a piece of sand
paper and bunsen burner. Chemicals required: A small piece of quick lime, ferrous sulphate
crystals, iron nails (clean and unrusted), copper sulphate solution, sodium sulphate solution,
barium chloride solution and distilled water.

Precautions

1. Do not touch quick lime with hands, use tongs.

2. Mixing of quick lime and water releases large amount of heat, so add water drop by drop
and use borosil beaker.
3. For heating, use hard glass tubes.
4. Never inhale any gas, just waft the gas.
 5. Do not touch any chemical with hands.
6. Keep the mouth of the test tube away from your face while heating.
7. The iron nails must be cleaned properly by using sand paper before dipping them in
copper

sulphate solution.

EXPERIMENT NO. 2 DATE

(A)Aim
To find the pH of the following samples by using pH paper/universal indicator.

(a) Dilute hydrochloric acid

(b) Dilute NaOH solution
(c) Dilute ethanoic acid solution
(d) Lemon juice
(e) Water
(f) Dilute sodium bicarbonate solution

Materials Required
Six test tubes, six droppers, white tile, pH paper (with coloured chart strip of pH scale) and test
tube stand.
Chemicals required: Dilute hydrochloric acid, dilute solution of sodium hydroxide, dilute
ethanoic acid, lemon juice, distilled water and dilute solution of sodium bicarbonate.
Procedure
1. Take six test tubes, wash them with distilled water and place them on test tube stand.
2. Mark these test tubes as A, B, C, D, E and F.
3. Take 2 mL each of the above chemicals and add them to the test tubes marked.
Test tube A – add 2 mL of dil. HCI acid Test tube B – add 2 mL of dil. NaOH solution
Test tube C – add 2 mL of dil-. ethanoic acid Test tube D – add 2 mL of lemon juice
Test tube E – add 2 mL of distilled water Test tube F – add 2 mL of dil. sodium bicarbonate
solution
4. Take a white tile and place small strips of pH paper on it, mark them as A to F.
5. Take clean droppers rinsed with distilled water.
6. Use each dropper to suck the contents present in the test tubes A to F and pour a drop of each
content on marked pH paper respectively.
E.g., the contents of test tube A to be placed on the pH paper with label A.
7. Observe the colour change in the pH paper and match it with the colour pH chart given.
Record your observations.

Observations

Test tube Sample Colour of pH Paper Approximate pH Nature

A Dil. HCI Red colour 1 Strong acid

B Dil. NaOH Dark blue colour 14 Strong base

C Dil. CH,COOH Orange colour 3 Weak acid

D Lemon juice Pink colour 2 Weak acid

E Water Green colour 7 Neutral

F Dil. NaHCO3
Light blue colour 9 Weak base

Conclusion

Test tube Sample

 A Hydrochloric acid

B Sodium hydroxide

C Ethanoic acid

D Lemon juice

E Water (distilled)

F Sodium bicarbonate

Precautions

1. The test sample solutions should be freshly prepared and the firuit juice samples should
also be fresh.
2. Use clean and rinsed droppers.
3. Use clean test tubes and mark them carefully.
4. Rinse the test tubes and droppers with distilled water only.

(B) Aim
To study the properties of acids and bases (dilute HCl and dilute NaOH) by their reaction
with
(a) Litmus solution (Blue/Red) (b) Zinc metal (c) Solid sodium carbonate

Materials Required
A test tube stand, test tubes, match box, test tube holder, droppers, a bent delivery tube, burner
and cork.
Chemicals required: Dilute hydrochloric acid, dilute sodium hydroxide, blue litmus solution,
red litmus solution, zinc metal granules or powdered zinc, solid sodium carbonate and freshly
prepared lime water.

Procedure
(A) Properties of Hydrochloric Acid (A) Properties of Hydrochloric Acid

Experiment Observation Inference

Litmus Test

Take two clean test tubes. Pour 1 Blue litmus solution turns

mL of dilute HCl solution in each red in first test tube.

Dil. HCl shows acidic
1. test tube. Pour a drop of blue Red litmus solution shows
character.
litmus in one test tube and a drop no change in second test

of red litmus solution in the tube.

second test tube.

Reaction with Zinc Metal Zinc metal reacts with the Zinc + dil. HCl →

Take 1 mL of dilute HCl in a clean acid. Test tube becomes Zinc chloride + Hydrogen gas

test tube. Add a small piece of zinc warm and pressure is Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) →

2. metal/ zinc powder in it. exerted on thumb due to ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)

Light a matchstick and bring it release of a gas. Hydrogen gas always bums

near the mouth of the test tube, The matchstick bums with a with a pop sound when lighted

remove the thumb and observe. pop sound. matchstick is introduced in it.

3. Reaction with Sodium Carbonat Dilute HCl reacts with (i) Na2CO3 + 2HCl →

Take a clean test tube. Add 2 mL sodium carbonate to release 2NaCl + H20 + CO2

of dilute HCl. Now add lg/pinch of a colourless gas. The gas (ii)Ca(OH)2+CO2 →
 sodium carbonate in it.

Immediately close the mouth with

Lime waterCaCO3 +H2O
cork containing delivery tube. turns lime water milky.
White insoluble ppt
Hold a test tube with lime water at

the other end of the delivery tube.

(B) Properties of Sodium Hydroxide

Experiment Observation Inference

Litmus Test

Take two clean test tubes. Pour 1

Blue litmus solution shows
mL of dilute NaOH in each test
no change.
1. tube. Add a drop of blue litmus Dil. NaOH shows basic
Red litmus solution changes
solution in one test tube and a drop character.
to blue colour.
of red litmus solution in the

second test tube.

2. Reaction with Zinc Metal On heating the mixture; Zn(s) + 2NaOH(aq)

Take a clean test tube. Add zinc reaction begins, colourless Na2ZnO2(aq) + H2(g)

metal granules/zinc powder in it. gas is evolved. Hydrogen gas always bums

Pour 2 mL of NaOH solution in The burning matchstick with a pop sound.

the tube. Hold the test tube with a bums with a ‘pop’ sound.

test tube holder and heat it. Bring a

burning matchstick near the mouth

 of the test tube.

Reaction with Solid Sodium

Carbonate

Take a clean test tube. Add 2 mL

Dil. NaOH doesn’t react with
3. of NaOH solution in a tube and 1 g No change.
sodium carbonate.
of sodium carbonate. Heat the

mixture.

Precaution

1. Use clean test tubes.

2. Use very small amount of chemicals.
3. Handle hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide solutions very carefully.
4. Shake the solutions and reaction mixtures carefully without spilling.
5. Always carry out the test for hydrogen with a very small volume of gas.
6. For H2 gas test, be careful as H2 catches fire. The flame on test tube can be seen due to
H2 gas.
7. For lime water test, allow the CO2 gas to pass through lime water and shake the test tube
by placing thumb on the mouth of the tube to get quick result.
EXPERIMENT NO.3 DATE

Aim
(i) To observe the action of Zn, Fe, Cu and Al metals on the following salt solutions:
(a) ZnSO4(aq.)
(b) FeSO4(aq.)
(c) CuSO4 (aq.)
(d) Al2(SO4)3(aq.)
(ii) Arrange Zn, Fe, Cu and Al metals in the decreasing order of reactivity based on the above
result.

Materials Required
Four clean test tubes, marker, a piece of sand paper and test tube stand.
Chemicals required: Aluminium sulphate solution, copper sulphate solution, zinc sulphate
solution, iron sulphate solution, metal strips of iron, zinc; copper and aluminium.

Procedure
> Reaction with CuSO4 solution:
1. Take four clean test tubes.
2. With a marker label them as A, B, C and D.
3. Take copper sulphate solution in each test tube.
4. Dip a small, clean piece of aluminium, zinc, iron and copper metals in test tubes A, B, C and
D respectively.
5. Record your observations.

Conclusion: Al, Zn and Fe metals are more reactive than Cu. Hence, Cu is the least reactive
metal among the given four metals.
> Reaction with FeSO4 solution:
1. Take four clean test tubes, labelled as A, B, C, and D.
2. Take FeSO4 (aq) solution in each test tube.
3. Dip small, clean pieces of aluminium, zinc, iron and copper metals in test tube A, B, C and D
respectively.
4. Record your observations.

Conclusion: Al and Zn metals are more reactive than Fe and Cu.

> Reaction with ZnSO4 solution:

1. Take test tubes A, B, C, and D, clean them.
2. Add ZnSO4 solution in each test tube.
3. Dip small, clean pieces of Al, Zn, Fe and Cu metal in test tube A, B, C and D respectively.
4. Record your observations.

Conclusion: Al metal is more reactive than Zn metal.

> Reaction with Al2(SO4)3 solution:

1. Take test tubes A, B, C, and D and clean them.
2. Add Al2(SO4)3 solution in each test tube.
3. Dip small, clean pieces of Al, Zn, Fe and Cu metal in test tubes A, B, C and D respectively.
4. Record your observations.

Conclusion: Al metal is not displaced by any of the given metals i.e. Al, Zn, Fe and Cu.

Hence, Al metal is the most reactive metal among the given metals.
1. Al is not displaced by any of the four metals from its salt solution, hence, Al is at the top of
the reactivity series.
2. Al can displace Zn from its salt solution but no other metal could displace it. Hence, the
reactivity order is Al > Zn.
3. Al and Zn metals can displace Fe metal from its salt solution but Cu cannot.
Hence, the arrangement of metals in decreasing reactivity order is
Al > Zn > Fe > Cu.

EXPERIMENT NO.4 DATE

Aim

To study the following properties of acetic acid (ethanoic acid):

(i) odour (smell)
(ii) solubility in water
(iii) effect on litmus
(iv) reaction with sodium bicarbonate

Materials Required
Test tubes, water, litmus paper, test tube stand, a dropper, a beaker, a cork fit in a test tube with
bent tube fixed in it.
Chemicals Required: Acetic acid (ethanoic acid), Distilled water, Sodium bicarbonate and
Freshly prepared lime water.

Procedure
1. Dilute the given acetic acid with distilled water in a beaker.
2. Pour 5 ml of acetic acid in a test tube and perform the following tests:

S.No. Test Experiment Observation Inference

Take 5 mL of acetic acid It has a peculiar

Acetic acid has a vinegar like
1. Odour in a test tube and smell it pungent smell,
smell.
by wafting. (vinegar like smell)

2. Solubility Take 2 mL of acetic acid It dissolves in water Acetic acid is soluble in water

in a test tube, add 10-15 to form

 homogeneous
in water mL of water and shake. in all proportions.
solution.

Use clean dropper and

Effect on Blue litmus paper Acetic acid turns blue litmus
3. pour 1-2 drops of acetic
Litmus turns red. red.
acid on blue-litmus paper.

Take a pinch of sodium

Reaction begins,
Sodium bicarbonate in a clean test Acetic acid and sodium
4. brisk effervescence
bicarbonate tube and add 1 mL of bicarbonate react to liberate
is seen, a colourless
dilute acetic acid in the CO2 gas.
gas is evolved.
test tube.

CO2 gas evolved above reacts

with calcium hydroxide to

Fix a cork with bent form calcium carbonate which

delivery tube in the mouth is insoluble in water.

of above test tube. Dip the The gas turns lime Ca(OH)2 + CO2 —> CaCO3 +

other end of delivery tube water milky. H20

to a test tube containing

(White
lime water.

precipitate)

Reactions
Precautions
1. Acetic acid should be handled with care.
2. The vapours of the chemicals should not be inhaled.
3. Add only small amount of NaHCO3 to ethanoic acid to control the intensity of CO2 evolved.
4. Use freshly prepared lime water for CO2 test.

EXPERIMENT NO.5 DATE

Aim
To study the comparative cleaning capacity of a sample of soap in soft and hard water.

Materials Required
Two test tubes, test tube stand and measuring cylinder.
Chemical required: Samples of hard and soft water, soap solution and cooking oil.

Procedure (Part A)

1. Take 10 mL of distilled water (soft water) in a test tube. Label it as ‘A’.

2. Take 10 mL of hard water (water from hand-pump, underground water) in another test tube.
Label it as ‘B’.
3. In both the test tubes, add few drops of soap solution.
4. Shake the test tubes ‘A’ and ‘B’ vigorously for an equal period of time. Keep them in the test
tube stand and record your observations.

Observations
1. In test tube A, soap formed lather or foam.
2. In test tube B, white precipitate was formed with no lather or foam.
Conclusion
Soaps are effective cleaner only in soft water because the soap molecules form lather in soft
water. But in case of hard water, the soap molecules do not remain as soap molecules but the
ionic end of soap reacts with the salts present in hard water to form curdy white precipitate
called scum.

Precautions
1. Use same sample of soap solution for soft water and hard water.
2. Same quantity of soap solution must be added to both the test tubes containing soft water and
hard water.
3. The concentration of all test solutions must be same.
4. Shake every test tube for equal number of times and in a similar manner.
Note: If hard water is not available prepare some hard water by dissolving hydrogen
carbonate/sulphates/chloride salt of calcium or magnesium in water.

Procedure (Part B)

1. Take 10 mL of distilled water/soft water and add a drop of cooking oil in it. Label this test
tube as ‘A’.
2. Take 10 mL of hard water and add a drop of cooking oil in it. Label this test tube as ‘B’. 3.
Now, add a few drops of soap solution in both the test tubes ‘A’ and ‘B’.
4. Shake both the test tubes vigorously for the same period of time.
5. Keep them on the test tube stand and record your observations.

Observations
1. The test tube ‘A’ with soft water showed the oil emulsified due to soap solution.
2. The test tube ‘B’ showed no emulsification due to soap solution.

Conclusion
1. The formation of emulsion of oil in soft water by soap shows the effect of soap in cleaning.
2. Soaps are more effective cleaners in soft water than in hard water.

Precautions
1. Use same sample of soap solution for soft water and hard water.
2. Use same cooking oil for soft water and hard water.
3. The concentration of all test solutions must be same.
4. Shake every test tube for equal number of times and in a similar manner.
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