CS – 5 Earth and Life Science Reviewer • Energy - Life on Earth primarily relies on the

energy from the Sun. Solar energy drives

Lesson 1
photosynthesis, the process by which plants and
6 Things that makes life on Earth possible. some microorganisms convert sunlight into
chemical energy stored in glucose. This process
1. Our location is far from many hazards - Earth is forms the base of the food chain, supporting life
located in the Goldilocks Zone or on the habitable at all levels.
zone. It means, the location where Earth is neither
• Nutrients - Nutrients are chemical elements and
too hot or too cold, allowing for liquid water to exist
compound that organisms need to live, grow and
on the surface, this is crucial because water is
reproduce. The continuous flow and recycling of
essential for all known forms of life.
nutrients through ecosystems are fundamental
2. Our sun is stable and long-lasting - The sun is on its
for maintaining the health and stability of the
right ‘age’ meaning it is not too young nor not too
planet’s biosphere.
old. Because we all know that the heat as well as the
• Magnetic Field - A magnetic field protects a
size of the sun is based on its ‘age’.
planet’s atmosphere from being stripped away
3. We are at just the right distance from the sun - It
by solar winds and cosmic radiation. This
also means that the amount of Solar Radiation Earth
protection helps maintain surface conditions
receives is sufficient to provide energy for
conducive to life.
photosynthesis and warmth for life, without being
too intense to cause widespread harm. The ozone Solar System Planets
layer in the atmosphere further protects life from
• Terrestrial Planets - Planets that are primarily
harmful UV rays.
composed of rocky materials and are solid.
4. We have the right stuff to host a dynamic core -
1. Mercury - Planet closest to the sun.
Having dynamic core is significant because it
2. Venus - Hottest planet on our Solar
contributes to many of Earth’s unique features that
System because of the trapped carbon
support life, including a stable magnetic field,
dioxide on its atmosphere. Considered as
geological activity that recycles essential elements.
the Earth’s twin.
These factors are critical for maintaining conditions
3. Earth - Our home planet. Only planet
that can support a diverse range of life.
known to harbor life.
5. We have a big moon to stabilize our axial wobble -
4. Mars - The red planet. It appears red
Axial wobble refers to the slow, cyclic change in the
because of the large amount of rust or
orientation of Earth’s rotational axis. The moon’s
iron dioxide on its surface.
gravitational pull also helps to stabilize Earth’s axial
tilt, without this stabilization, the tilt could lead to • Jovian Planets - The gas giants. Primarily
extreme variations in climates and seasons. composed of hydrogen and helium, it lacks solid
6. We have an ozone layer to block harmful ray - surfaces.
Earth’s atmosphere is composed of a mixture of 1. Jupiter - The largest planet on our Solar
gases, including oxygen (21%) and nitrogen (70%), System.
The atmosphere also protects life by blocking 2. Saturn - Known as the ringed jewel.
harmful solar radiation and helps regulate 3. Uranus - Known as the tilted planet.
temperature through the greenhouse effect, keeping 4. Neptune - A stormy blue planet.
the planet warm enough to support life. Lesson 2
Factors that make the planet habitable Earth’s Subsystems
• Temperature - We are not too close neither too ➢ System - A group of related things working together.
far from the sun. ➢ Atmosphere - This is the gaseous layer surrounding
• Water - We are on the Goldilocks Zone where the earth and held to its surface by gravity. It helps
temperature is just enough to have liquid H2O on life possible by providing us with air to breathe,
its surface. shield us from harmful UV rays and preventing
• Atmosphere - We have OZONE Layer that extreme temp differences between day and night.
protects us from harmful rays coming from the ➢ Geosphere - It is the layer of Earth that is made up of
sun. rock or any other rocky materials.
➢ Hydrosphere - This consists of those parts of the o Density - Describes the amount of
earth system composed of water in its liquid, matter present in a certain amount of
gaseous and solid phases. It is the combined mass of space or volume.
water found on, under and above the surface of the o Specific Gravity - Measure of a mineral’s
Earth. density as compared to water.
➢ Biosphere - It consist of all living organism and non- 7. Diaphaneity - Also known as transparency, it
living factors from which the organisms derive is the degree by which the mineral transmit
energy and nutrients. light.
➢ Events - Changes that take place within an
Lesson 4
ecosystem.
Rocks
Interaction in the Earth’s Spheres
Types of Rocks

1. Igneous Rocks - Are formed when molten magma

cool and harden.
• Intrusive Igneous Rocks – Formed when magma
cools slowly under the Earth’s surface. Forms
large crystals.
Ex. Diorite, Granite
• Extrusive Igneous Rocks – Formed when lave
cools quickly on the Earth’s surface. Forms very
small crystals.
Ex. Basalt, Obsidian
2. Sedimentary Rocks - Formed from previously existing
Lesson 3 rocks that have been broken down into small
particles.
Minerals Ex. Conglomerate, Limestone
➢ Physical properties of minerals: 3. Metamorphic Rocks - Previously existing rocks that
1. Hardness - It is defined as the ability of a have been in contact with high temperature or
mineral to resist abrasion or scratching. pressure.
Mohs scale is used to determine the Ex. Quartzite, Marble
hardness of a minerals. Rock Cycle - Series of processes that create and transform
2. Color - It is the most readily identifiable the types of rocks.
physical property of minerals. But color is not
a good diagnostic property of minerals.
3. Luster – Is the way in which the surface of a
mineral reflects light.
4. Crystal Form - It is the natural shape of a
mineral before the occurrence of breakage
or cleavage.
5. Cleavage and Fracture - Refers to the
orientation of a mineral's breakage that
shows its composition's weakness or
strength.
o Cleavage - Perfectness or flatness of
breakage.
o Fracture - breakage of minerals that
does not show well-defined planes.
6. Density and Specific Gravity – Refers with
the weight, mass and volume of the
minerals.
Lesson 5 Exogenic Processes – Geological processes that occur at or
near the Earth’s surface.
Endogenic Processes – Geological processes that occur
beneath the surface of the Earth. 1. Weathering - The breaking down or dissolving of
rocks and minerals on Earth’s surface
1. Internal Heat - The heat that drives convection.
2. Erosion - Geological process in which earth materials
o Primordial Heat – Heat generated during
are worn away and transported from one place to
the formation of Earth.
another by natural forces.
o Radioactive Heat – Heat released as a
result of radioactive decay of elements. Lesson 6
2. Magmatism - The formation and movement of
Tectonic Plates
magma under the earth's crust.
3. Metamorphism - Alters the composition or 3 Types of Plate Boundaries:
structure of rocks. It occurs when rocks, are
subjected to increased temperature and 1. Divergent Plate Boundaries – These plates move
pressure. away from each other.
o Contact Metamorphism - Occurs in small Ex. Mid-Ocean ridges, Rift Valleys
region. 2. Convergent Plate Boundaries – These plates move
o Regional Metamorphism - Involves a towards each other leading to collision.
collision between continental or oceanic Ex. Volcanic Arcs, Mountain Ranges, Subduction
plates. And occurs in wider/larger area. Zones
4. Volcanism - The eruption of molten rock from 3. Transform Plate Boundaries – These plates move
inside the Earth to the surface. Surface slides past each other.
expression of magmatism. Ex. Fault lines
Precautionary measures you can do before Continental Drift Theory – It suggests that the continents
volcanic eruption: were once part of a single supercontinent called “Pangaea”.
o Make a disaster preparedness kit. Over time, this supercontinent broke apart, and the
o Create an evacuation plan. fragments drifted to their current positions.
o Stay indoors if you heard that there will be a
possibility of a volcanic eruption. Evidences:
o Stay tuned to the local news. ➢ Fit of the Continents
5. Plutonism - Magma rises through the crust and ➢ Fossil Evidence
crystallizes as an intrusive igneous rock beneath ➢ Geological Evidence
the Earth's surface ➢ Paleoclimatic Evidence
6. Deformation - Process that affects the shape,
size, or volume of an area of the Earth's crust. Sea-floor Spreading Theory - This theory states that new
Can cause folding and faulting. oceanic crust is continuously created at mid-ocean ridges,
o Normal Fault - Geological fault where the where magma from the mantle rises, cools, and solidifies. As
hanging wall has moved downward relative new crust forms, it pushes the older crust away from the
to the footwall due to extensional forces. ridge, causing the seafloor to spread.
o Reverse/Thrust Fault - Geological fault
Evidences:
where the hanging wall has moved upward
relative to the footwall due to compressional ➢ Symmetrical magnetic Stripes
forces. ➢ Age of Oceanic Crust
o Strike-slip Fault – Geological fault where two ➢ Heat Flow Data
plates slide past each other. ➢ Fit with Continental Drift Theory
7. Earthquake - Sudden shaking or vibration in the
earth's crust.
Precautionary measures to prevent landslides:
o Plant trees on hills to keep soil protected.
o Avoid piling junk on top of the hill.
o Remove loose soil and replace it with more
dense materials.