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Distance Relay Power SYstems 1

The document discusses distance relay settings for power systems, particularly for voltages above 33kV, focusing on impedance measurement and fault detection. It outlines the configuration of different zones (Zone 1, Zone 2, and Zone 3) for effective fault coordination and clearance times, emphasizing the importance of adjusting settings to account for measurement errors and ensuring complete line coverage. Additionally, it addresses challenges and solutions for short lines, suggesting alternatives like high-speed protection methods when traditional distance settings are inadequate.

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thiyagusuper
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15 views5 pages

Distance Relay Power SYstems 1

The document discusses distance relay settings for power systems, particularly for voltages above 33kV, focusing on impedance measurement and fault detection. It outlines the configuration of different zones (Zone 1, Zone 2, and Zone 3) for effective fault coordination and clearance times, emphasizing the importance of adjusting settings to account for measurement errors and ensuring complete line coverage. Additionally, it addresses challenges and solutions for short lines, suggesting alternatives like high-speed protection methods when traditional distance settings are inadequate.

Uploaded by

thiyagusuper
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DISTANCE RELAY SETTINGS Introduction * Commonly used >33kV © Determine whether impedance measured is within set characteristic. ¢ Non-unit protection (boundaries not defined) © During normal operation impedance is combination of line, transformers and load ( >> line impedance) o Determine fault location by impedance measured © Measured impedance < line impedance > fault o Example A B Z= 30 ohms LOAD 100MVA 132kV © Load Impedance = V" / P = 1320007/100x10°=174.20 Relay Measures = 30+174 = 204. Q o Equivalent Circuit ° B A130 ohms | [174.24 ohms | Source © If have fault at B load impedance shorted out and relay measures 30ohm: A <8 —___ 30 ohms. 174.24 ohms Source o Above is oversimplification (no errors, angle differences) Time Stepped Distance General: e Relays have errors as do CTs and VTs — allow 5 to 10%. e Line impedance calculation errors — allow 10%. o > total errors 20%. © To ensure whole line covered set to 120% > but sees past end and could operate for fault on next line. o Solution 1: time delay A B c D relay A Reach relay C reach 1 | relay B reach * A to grade with B which grades with C ... > similar to overcurrent end up with slowest operation at the source. o Solution 2: set another zone which cant see past end © Set to 80% of line impedance, instantaneous « Set Zone 1 to 80%, inst; Zone 2 to 120%, time delayed. Zone 2 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 2 © Slowest clearance on any line is Zone 2 time. * Zone 3 to provide backup to remote lines, time delayed to grade with Zone 2. Time Stepped Distance Settings Major requirements: Fault detection: faulted plant is tripped © Coordination: only faulted plant is tripped General comment: Impedance generally refers to PPS impedance (covers different fault combinations and earth return via measurement quantities — see last week). Zone | Settings: ¢ So can be set instantaneous (no intentional delay), set as far as possible whilst ensuring doesn’t see remote end © Zone 1 =0.8xZiine - a) Zone 2 Settings ¢ Set to ensure whole line length covered and time delayed to grade with next line protection. « Time delay > Remote Zone | (say 50msec) + remote CB (say 80msec) + remote trip relay (say 10msec) + local Zone 2 timing errors (say 50msec) + safety margin (say 50 to 100msec). © 300msec is common. ¢ So can use 300msec, require no Z2 overlap A B c Zone 2 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 2 © Z2an 1.2xZap © 1.2xZap $0.8(Zap + 0.8XZpc) © Zac 2 0.625xZ an © if remote line < 62.5% of protected line impedance no Z2 that satisfies both equations 2 and 3 © generally set Zone 2 as long as possible Zone 3 settings © Time delay > Remote Zone 2 (say 50msec pickup + 300msec time delay) + remote CB (say 80msec) + remote trip relay (say 10msec) + local Zone 3 timing errors (say 50msec) + safety margin (say 50 to 100msec). © 600msec is common. « Assuming wanting to coordinate Z3, and set 600msec, require no Z3 overlap: © Z3ap < Zap tZ2pc_ ignoring errors © 1.1xZ3,p < 0.9(Zap + Z2pc) with errors * Z3an<0.8(Zan + Z2nc) "Zan <0.8(Zap + 0.8(Zpc + 0.8xZcp)) as Z24p $0.8(Zap + 0.8xZ pc) © Z3ay $0.8XZay + 0.64xZyc + 0.512xZep « Assuming wanting to backup line B-C: Z3 4 > 1.2(Zan + Zxc) ° 1.2(Zap + Zpc) ¥ 0.8XZ au + 0.64xZ gc + 0.512XZep © 0.4xZ ap +0.56xZpc < 0.512xZcep © Zap t+ 1A4xZpc $ 1.28xZcp o Only satisfy if CD much longer than AB or BC. = Not generally the case > difficult to achieve backup and coordination. If backup preferred Z3TD >> 600msec. Short Line Considerations © What if Zyc <0.625xZay_ ie cant set Z2 to cover line and not overlap next Z2 (on a ‘short’ line) © Only a problem if short line protected by TSD. © Three solutions o Time delay Z2p¢ to grade with Z2 qx (ie set 600msec) © Slow clearance for remote end faults © Set Z2y¢ (300msec) so it doesn’t see past Z1,3 and then set Z3gc to protect 120% of line and to grade with Z2 4p (ie set 600msec) Only worthwhile if 120% reach only just overlaps Z\ap © Slow clearance for remote end faults under worse case errors. © Use whole line high speed protection (eg differential, pilot, distance signalling, etc) e Expensive as requires comms © Short lines often protect by differential as distance doesn’t achieve enough fault resistance coverage.

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