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Distance Relay Power SYstems 5

The document outlines the timing and coordination settings for protection zones in electrical systems, emphasizing the importance of avoiding overlaps between Zone 1, Zone 2, and Zone 3. It discusses specific timing errors, safety margins, and equations to ensure proper coverage and coordination, especially in short line scenarios and interconnected systems. Additionally, it highlights considerations for transformers, load effects, and settings for teed lines to maintain effective protection strategies.

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thiyagusuper
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9 views6 pages

Distance Relay Power SYstems 5

The document outlines the timing and coordination settings for protection zones in electrical systems, emphasizing the importance of avoiding overlaps between Zone 1, Zone 2, and Zone 3. It discusses specific timing errors, safety margins, and equations to ensure proper coverage and coordination, especially in short line scenarios and interconnected systems. Additionally, it highlights considerations for transformers, load effects, and settings for teed lines to maintain effective protection strategies.

Uploaded by

thiyagusuper
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
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2 timing errors (say 50msec) + safety margin (say 50 to 100msec). © 300msec is common. ¢ So can use 300msec, require no Z2 overlap A B c Zone 2 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 2 © Z2an 1.2xZap © 1.2xZap $0.8(Zap + 0.8XZpc) © Zac 2 0.625xZ an © if remote line < 62.5% of protected line impedance no Z2 that satisfies both equations 2 and 3 © generally set Zone 2 as long as possible Zone 3 settings © Time delay > Remote Zone 2 (say 50msec pickup + 300msec time delay) + remote CB (say 80msec) + remote trip relay (say 10msec) + local Zone 3 timing errors (say 50msec) + safety margin (say 50 to 100msec). © 600msec is common. « Assuming wanting to coordinate Z3, and set 600msec, require no Z3 overlap: © Z3ap < Zap tZ2pc_ ignoring errors © 1.1xZ3,p < 0.9(Zap + Z2pc) with errors * Z3an<0.8(Zan + Z2nc) "Zan <0.8(Zap + 0.8(Zpc + 0.8xZcp)) as Z24p $0.8(Zap + 0.8xZ pc) © Z3ay $0.8XZay + 0.64xZyc + 0.512xZep « Assuming wanting to backup line B-C: Z3 4 > 1.2(Zan + Zxc) ° 1.2(Zap + Zpc) ¥ 0.8XZ au + 0.64xZ gc + 0.512XZep © 0.4xZ ap +0.56xZpc < 0.512xZcep © Zap t+ 1A4xZpc $ 1.28xZcp o Only satisfy if CD much longer than AB or BC. = Not generally the case > difficult to achieve backup and coordination. If backup preferred Z3TD >> 600msec. Short Line Considerations © What if Zyc <0.625xZay_ ie cant set Z2 to cover line and not overlap next Z2 (on a ‘short’ line) © Only a problem if short line protected by TSD. © Three solutions o Time delay Z2p¢ to grade with Z2 qx (ie set 600msec) © Slow clearance for remote end faults © Set Z2y¢ (300msec) so it doesn’t see past Z1,3 and then set Z3gc to protect 120% of line and to grade with Z2 4p (ie set 600msec) Only worthwhile if 120% reach only just overlaps Z\ap © Slow clearance for remote end faults under worse case errors. © Use whole line high speed protection (eg differential, pilot, distance signalling, etc) e Expensive as requires comms © Short lines often protect by differential as distance doesn’t achieve enough fault resistance coverage. short line with high speed protection Zone 1 Zone 2 © Need to ensure that the zone 2 of line AB does not see into the zone 2 of line CD. L1xZ2an <0.9(Zau + Zuc + Zlep) > Zap <0.8(Zan + Zuc +Zlcp) This can be satisfied provided: 1.2xZay <0.8(Zau + Zuc + 0.8xZep) => — 04xZap $0.8(Zpc + 0.8XZcp) 2xZpc . 1.6xZcp) ¢ Inan interconnected system this becomes easier due to throttling (infeeds from other lines cause adjacent lines to appear to have larger impedances). Affects of Power Transformers ¢ Transformers > 33kV generally use high speed protection > grade with Z2 OK. o Check Z2 and Z3 don’t see through TX to plant protected by slow protections: 22. Lrine + Zax L.1xZ2 <0.9(Ztine+Zrx) with errors => 22 <0.8(Ziine + Zrx) o What TX impedance to use due to tap position effecting impedance (nominal, worse case) Also consider TXs run in parallel. © Ifno TX high speed protection or have to set Z2/3 so can see through, grade Z2 and Z3 with these slower protections. ° Considerations of Load © Load appears as an impedance to a distance relay. © Line angle 70-80 deg, load impedance +/- 40 deg (ie pf of 0.8). © On heavily loaded, long lines load impedance will approach line impedance > load encroachment. « Worse case is minimum voltage conditions and maximum load on line (Z = V/I). x Throttling © Change in relay measured impedance due to multiple remote infeeds to fault Fault (zu2 Zu © With no infeed Zr = ZL1 + ZL2. © With infeed at B: Va = hZu+h+h)Z2 => Va ZutZi2 + InZr2 I L © Potentially large increase in measured impedance; © need to allow for this if setting Z3 to give remote backup, ie extend Z3 but then need to be careful with grading if remote infeeds removed/reduced o Can assist with grading between lines (eg short lines ‘look’ longer). o Need to be careful of parallel paths and effects of ends opening before others. o Can show we can set Z2,4, so doesn’t see past ZI pc Zan < (1+ ly/ly)1.6xZgc (compared with Zc > 0.625xZan or Zap < 1.6xZpc previously) Settings for Teed Lines B c T Throttling at tee point reduces effectiveness of distance. Zone | set to 80% of shortest distance to remote ends — ignore throttling here as one end could be open. © If external low impedance connection between remote ends may need to pull back Z1. Zone 2 has to protect whole line and thus set to 120% of largest distance to remote ends, plus consider throttling. o Eg Z2 at A= 120% x Zar + Zrce max Where Zrce max is the max of: (1 + Icp/Ian)Zrp For the impedance from T to B (1 + Igc/Iac)Z tc For the impedance from T to C where Ixy is the current from x to y © When checking coordination, assume one end open o Effected by changes to system. © Ifcoordination not possible, use differential or distance signalling.

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