IPPPB

PADRE BUILU PRIVATE POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE

FAITH AND SCIENCE
VOCATIONAL TECHNICAL SECONDARY EDUCATION-CABINDA

PAP PROFESSIONAL APTITUDE TEST

AREA: ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

COURSE: ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

TOPIC: CREATION OF A TURBIDITY DETECTOR IN

WATER

FINAL PAPER OF THE COURSE, TO OBTAIN THE TITLE

OF MEDIUM TECHNICIAN IN ELECTRONICS AND
TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Cabinda, October 2022

IPPPB
 PADRE BUILU PRIVATE POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE
FAITH AND SCIENCE
VOCATIONAL TECHNICAL SECONDARY EDUCATION-CABINDA

PAP PROFESSIONAL APTITUDE TEST

AREA: ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

COURSE: ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

TOPIC: CREATION OF A TURBIDITY DETECTOR IN

WATER

FINAL PAPER OF THE COURSE, TO OBTAIN THE TITLE

OF MEDIUM TECHNICIAN IN ELECTRONICS AND
TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Prepared by:
➢ Emanuel Capita
➢ Ernesto Tati
Tutored by:
➢ João Hilário Mambiela

Cabinda, October 2022

SUMMARY
DEDICATION --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
THANKS ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6
LIST OF TABLES ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7
ABBREVIATIONS, ACRONYMS AND ACRONYMS ---------------------------------------------- 8
SUMMARY ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9
ABSTRACT ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10
INTRODUCTION -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10
Problematic situation ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11
Problem------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12
Hypothesis --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12
Research Objectives --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12
General Objective -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12
Specific Objectives-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12
Delimitation ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12
Methodological Procedures ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13
Structure of the Work ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 14
CHAPTER I. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND --------------------------------------------------- 14
I.1. Definition of terms and concepts ---------------------------------------------------------------- 14
I.2. System -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16
I.2.1. Access control ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16
I.3. Access control systems ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 17
I.3.2. Functions of the access control system------------------------------------------------ 18
I.3.3. Identification Technologies -------------------------------------------------------------- 19
I.3.4. Access control with RFID (Source: rfidfuture.com/pt/ Published 1 of 11 of 21
Accessed 9 of 11 of 22) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19
I.4. Arduino (Source: http://pt.m.wikiédia.org) -------------------------------------------------- 15
I.5. RFID reader (source arduino.cc) ------------------------------------------------------------- 22
I.6. RFID Tags ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 22
I.7. Thread ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17
I.8. Power Supply -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19
I.9. Electronic Components ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19
I.9.1. Display LCD --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19
I.9.2. Relay Module-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24
I.9.3. Potenciômetro ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25
 I.9.4. Electric Lock -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25
II. CHAPTER II. PRACTICAL APPLICATION ---------------------------------------------- 20
II.1. Bill of Materials ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20
II.2. Bloco Diagram------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21
II.3. Achievement Circuit ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21
II.4. Working Principle-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22
II.5. Application ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23
II.6. Financial Valuation ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 26
DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 24
SUGGESTIONS ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24
REFERENCES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 24
APPENDIX ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24
ATTACHMENTS --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure I.1.1OPERATION DIAGRAM OF AN ARDUINO ___________________________ 17

LIST OF TABLES
ABBREVIATIONS, ACRONYMS AND ACRONYMS
 SUMMARY

The purpose of this article is to discuss the contributions of the prototype

 ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION
Problematic situation
 Nowadays, the number of people who consume turbid water has increased,
because not all water distribution poles have done a good treatment of them so that they
can be distributed throughout the city, and many times people do not notice the turbidity
of the water when they use it, other people consume the water that is in water reservoirs
(water tanks), And the time that it is stored in these reservoirs the water becomes turbid,
there are still those who consume water coming directly from the wells without having
any idea what the state of the water is. With a turbidity detector we can know how polluted
the water is and after undergoing treatments, test it again to see if the water is still cloudy
and thus we could avoid diseases such as cholera and others from turbid water.

It is from this situation that the following scientific question was born that led us
to develop our project.

Problem
➢ How to create a cloudy water detector system?

Hypothesis
To create a cloudy water detector system it is necessary to draw up a small plan
that will contain the necessary materials, the price of each of them, the practical circuit
and of course you must have knowledge for its creation.

Research Objectives
General Objective
➢ Create a cloudy water detector system.

Specific Objectives

• Conceptualize the theoretical foundations and methodologies related to the

theme;
• Develop the prototyping of the project;
• Identify turbidity by means of the turbidity detector;
• Present the simulation of the system in practice.

Delimitation
We know that a scientific research has a theme, and it is clear that it is necessary
to delimit it, that is, to establish limits or restrictions for the development of the intended
research, therefore, the following delimitation was made in the theme according to space
and time: CREATION OF A CLOUDY WATER DETECTOR FOR THE
RESIDENTS OF CABINDA 2022/2023

Supporting

What motivated us to choose the theme is based on the fact that technology
nowadays influences the development and safety of society, as such a project provides
residents of different residences and cities in Cabinda with the possibility of knowing if
the water is consumable or not according to the result shown by the detector, helping them
to avoid making unnecessary use of water.

Another reason to choose the topic is to demonstrate how simple and efficient this
technology is and talk about its relevance in society.

It is of great importance to help water industries control the amount of medicines

that should be used to purify water taking into account the level of impurities found in it.

For example, if people who can't afford to buy products needed to purify water,
they end up using homemade methods of doing so, and with the help of this contraption
they will be able to filter the water and know whether or not it is pure.

Methodological Procedures
From an etymological point of view, the word method comes from Greek origin,
it is formed by goal (in addition to, then, offshore) and odos, which means path, logos
means discourse, study. Which means a path to an end, to reach a goal.

Methods, understood as a set of rules useful for investigation, is a carefully

elaborated procedure, aiming to provoke responses in nature and society, and gradually,
to discover its logic and laws. In its most general sense, method is the order that must be
imposed on the different processes necessary to achieve a given end or a desired result.

To carry out this work, it was necessary to use data collection methodologies. In
this way, it was decided to work with the following method:

➢ Experimental method

Regarding the types of research, we worked with the following:

➢ As for its nature, we have done applied research;

➢ As for the procedures, we did an experimental and laboratory research;
➢ As for the models, a qualitative and quantitative research was carried out.
 Structure of the Work

CHAPTER I. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

I.1. Definition of terms and concepts

At this point of the work, some concepts and terms will be addressed for better
clarification of the chosen topic, where we will explain in minute detail what it is, how
it works and what are the steps for the construction of a turbidity detector in water.

I.2. Detector (fonte pt.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detector)

Detectors are devices or machines whose purpose is to signal the presence of a
substance or a body in a given environment. In other words, it is a device that changes
the state in the presence of an element or a situation for which it was specifically designed.

There are different types of sub-detectors used in physics, three more of them are the
most used, of which we have:
 • Motion Detectors – detect and reveal movement the trace left by the particle;
• Calorimeters – stop, absorb and measure the energy of the particle.
• Identification detectors – identify the type of particle using various
techniques.

I.2.1. Cloudiness
Turbidity, or Turbidity, is a physical property of fluids that translates into a reduction
in their transparency due to the presence of suspended materials that interfere with the
passage of light through the fluid.

Turbidity can be caused by a huge variety of suspended materials, of organic or

inorganic origin, ranging in size from colloidal particles to solids of macroscopic
dimensions.

The treatment of water for human consumption includes techniques for the removal
of suspended or colloidal particles. Treatment techniques include coagulation,
flocculation, decantation, filtration, disinfection and fluoridation that ensure
ineffectiveness in water clarification and disinfection. Membrane filtration, specifically,
is considered a highly effective treatment process for the removal of various dissolved
organic compounds, such as pesticides and pathogenic microorganisms

I.3. Water

I.4. Water Turbidity Detector

I.5. Arduíno (fonte: http://pt.m.wikiédia.org)

Arduino is a free-of-the-art, single-board electronic prototyping platform designed

with an Atmel AVR microcontroller with built-in input/output support, a standard
programming language, which originates from Wiring, and is essentially C/C++. The goal
of the project is to create tools that are accessible, low-cost, flexible and easy to use by
beginners and professionals alike.

Below we can observe through the block diagram the operation of an Arduino.
FIGURE 1: ARDUINO OPERATING DIAGRAM (SOURCE : A RDUINO M INI C OURSE B OOK P .2)

There are different types of arduino but it will only be covered about the arduino
used in the project whose name is Arduino Uno.

The Arduino Uno is one of the most used in Electronics, it has analog and digital
inputs and outputs, current inputs, USB type AB connector in order to be used in different
ways. It can acquire information about the environment through its input pins, for which
a full range of sensors can be used. On the other hand, the Arduino can act in the
environment by controlling lights, motors, or other actuators.

Below we can see a hardware demonstration of the Arduino.

Digital Inputs / Digital Outputs

PWM Pines (3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11)

USB
connecto
r

Current
Input
(9Volts)
 Running Analog
Pines Inputs
(Power) (Analog In)
FIGURE 2: HARDWARE AND AN ARDUINO

I.6. Turbidity Sensor

I.7. Thread
A conductive wire is formed by a single wire, with a constant metal section in
which there is no difference in relation to the current carrying capacity in installations

Conductive Wire, made of metallic materials with effective conduction properties

to conduct electric current in a circuit, whether electrical or electronic.

The electrical resistance of conductors depends on the following parameters: length

of the wire (l), area of its cross-section (A), temperature and material of which it is
made (figure 3), that is, it depends on the intensity of the current in Amperes (A) that
runs through it, its cross-section in meter squared (and its resistivity Rho in Ohm times
meter𝒎𝟐 )(𝜌).

𝑺
𝝆=𝑹
𝒍
Where:
A: Lead wire resistance in Ohm (Ω)
S: Conductor wire cross-section in square meter (𝑚2 )
L: Conductor length in meter (m)
𝝆: Resistivity of lead wire in ohm times meter (Ω.m)

Ohm studied their influence on resistance with experiments in which he varied one
parameter at a time, keeping the others constant.
 FIGURE 3:P PARAMETERS AFFECTING OHMIC RESISTANCE

Material Influence: Resistivity

The German scientist analysed various materials, measuring the strength of a
conductor 1 m long, 1 mm2 cross-sectional and fixed ambient temperature at around 20
°C.

The value of the resistance of a conductor under these conditions, measured for
various materials (table 1), is a constant called electrical resistivity (symbol: R; read "ró").
Resistivity is a property of each material that defines how much it opposes the passage of
an electric current.

The unit of resistivity is:

𝑚𝑚2
Ω𝑚 = 106 Ω
𝑚
.

However, there are several types of conductive wires. But we will mention only the two
main ones, which are:
✓ Aluminum conductive wire;
✓ Copper conductive wire;

PAGES 110.10-81
Materiais r (W.m) a 20ºC
Prata 1,6.10-8
Cobre 1,7.10-8
Ouro 2,3.10-8
 Alumínio 2,8.10-8
Tungsténio 4,9.10-8
Platina 10,8.10-8
Ferro 11.10-8
Nicromo 110.10-8

I.8. Power Supply

The power supply is a component of electronic devices that serves to transform the
electrical energy (AC high current) that arrives through the outlets into a DC direct
electric current. That is, it receives the 220v energy and transforms it into the appropriate
voltage for the operation of the device, which is 12V, the voltage that will be used to
power the electric lock.

I.9. Electronic Components

Electronic components are divided into two classes: passive and active.

I.9.1. Resistor

Its function is to limit the flow of current in a circuit, that is, to hinder the passage
of the electrical current.

The unit of measurement of electrical resistance is the Ohm, symbolized by Ω.

The most common resistors are carbon resistors, used in electronic devices, such as
radios, DVDs, televisions, they are small, with powers from 1/8W to 5 W, typically. In
an electronic diagram we identify the resistor by its symbol, regardless of its power,
material or size, remembering that the resistor has no polarity.

I.9.2. Display LCD

A liquid crystal display, or LCD, is a thin panel used to display information

electronically, such as text, images, and videos.
An LCD consists of an electrically controlled, light-polarizing liquid that is
compressed inside cells between two polarizing transparent blades. Its main
characteristics are lightness and portability. Its low electricity consumption allows it to
be used in portable equipment, powered by electronic batteries.
An LCD display can vary the number of lines and characters per line, the color of
the characters, and the color of the background, as well as whether or not it has a
backlight. Models with backlights have better visualization.
 We can see below image of an LCD display.

FIGURE 4: LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY

I.9.3. Trimpots

Trimpots are used to adjust the resistance in a circuit semi-permanently, i.e.,

adjustments that do not need to be adjusted every time. Adjustment of calibrations such
as gains, sensitivity, etc.

II. CHAPTER II. PRACTICAL APPLICATION

II.1. Bill of Materials

62 - BILL OF MATERIALS

Componentes Quantidade Custo

Arduino Uno 1
Sensor de Turvação 1 $14.76
Display de Cristal Líquido 1
Trimpot 1
Resistor 1
Placa de Circuito Impresso 1
Total 6
II.2. Bloco Diagram

Turbidity
sensor

Processing ATMEGA 328 Signage

(Driver)
ARDUINO UNO (LCD)

Power Supply
9V

FIGURE 5: B LOCOS DIAGRAM

II.3. Achievement Circuit

FIGURE 6: SCHEMATIC CIRCUIT

 II.4. Project Software
#include<LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7);
#define sensor_pin A0
int read_ADC;
int ntu;
void setup() {
pinMode(sensor_pin, INPUT);
lcd.begin (16, 2);
lcd.clear ();
lcd.setCursor (0,0);
lcd.print ("Welcome to the ");
lcd.setCursor (0,1);
lcd.print ("Turbidity Sensor");
delay (2000);
lcd.clear ();
}
void loop () {
read_ADC = analogRead (sensor_pin);
if (read_ADC>208) read_ADC=208 ;
block = map (read_ADC, 0, 208, 300, 0);
lcd.setCursor (0,0);
lcd.print("Turbidity: ");
lcd.print;ntu);
lcd.print(" ");
lcd.setCursor (0,1);
if (ntu<10) lcd.print ("Very Clean Water");
if (ntu>=10 &amp<30) lcd.print ("Água Limpa");
if (ntu>=30) lcd.print ("Very Dirty Water");
delay(200);
}
II.5. Working Principle
II.5.1. Proteus Simulation

II.6. Application
 DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED

SUGGESTIONS

REFERENCES
MARCONDE, José Sérgio (February 18, 2020). Access Control System: What it's Settings and
how it works.

Available on Private Security Management Blog:

https://gestaodesegurancaprivada.com.br/sistema-controle-de-acesso-como-funciona/ -
accessed November 09, 2022

APPENDIX

ATTACHMENTS