Mechanics of Materials – Lecture 1

Dr. Ibrahim Nabil Eldesouky

Faculty of Engineering
German International University (GIU)

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Objective

• The objective of the course is to introduce the Mechanical

Engineering students to the analysis and design of various
load bearing structures.

• Students will learn how to analyze the stresses and

deformations of various structural components subjected to
axial loading, torsion and bending as well as its application to
the design of simple structures.

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Course content
1. Introduction to the concept of
stress.
2. Axial Loading.
3. Torsion.
4. Pure Bending.
5. Analysis and Design of Beams
for Bending.
6. Shearing Stresses in Beams.
7. Transformations of Stress and
Strain
8. Buckling of Columns

Different types of loading

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Reference

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Course information

Lecturer & TA availability Grading

• Dr. Ibrahim Eldesouky • Assignments: 10%
• Office: S1.310
• Project and Quizzes: 20%
• Office hours: Tuesday 3rd slot, or by
appointment • Midterm Exam: 30%
• Email: [email protected]
• Final Exam: 40%

• Eng. Mariam Mamdouh. Contact hours

• Email: [email protected] • Credit points: 4 ECTS
• Lectures:
• Eng. Abdelrahman Khaled. • Sunday: 3rd slot (Robotics and
Manufacturing)
• Wednesday: 4th slot (Automotive)
• Tutorials: once per week (check your
schedule)

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Chapter 1 – Concept of Stress

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Review of Statics
• The structure is designed to
support a 30 kN load
• The structure consists of a bar
and rod joined by pins at the
junctions and supports

• Perform a static analysis to

determine the force in each
structural member and the
reaction forces at the supports

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Reactions

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Structure Free-Body Diagram
• Structure is detached from supports and
the loads and reaction forces are indicated

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Structure Free-Body Diagram
• Structure is detached from supports and
the loads and reaction forces are indicated
• Conditions for static equilibrium:

𝑀 = 0 = 𝐴 0.6m − 30kN 0.8m

𝑨𝒙 = 𝟒𝟎kN
𝐹 = 0 =𝐴 +𝐶

𝑪𝒙 = −𝑨𝒙 = −𝟒𝟎kN
𝐹 = 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐶 − 30kN = 0

𝑨𝒚 + 𝑪𝒚 = 𝟑𝟎kN

• Ay and Cy can not be determined from

these equations

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Component Free-Body Diagram
• In addition to the complete structure, each
component must satisfy the conditions for
static equilibrium

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Component Free-Body Diagram
• In addition to the complete structure, each
component must satisfy the conditions for
static equilibrium
• Consider a free-body diagram for the bar:
 M B  0   Ay 0.8 m 
Ay  0
substitute into the structure equilibrium
equation
C y  30 kN

• Results:
𝑨𝑿 = 𝟒𝟎kN → 𝑪𝒙 = 𝟒𝟎kN ← 𝑪𝒚 = 𝟑𝟎kN ↑
Reaction forces are directed along bar and
rod

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Method of Joints
• The bar and rod are 2-force members, i.e., the
members are subjected to only two forces,
which are applied at member ends.

• For equilibrium, the forces must be parallel to

an axis between the force application points,
equal in magnitude, and in opposite directions.

• Joints must satisfy the conditions for static

equilibrium which may be expressed in the
form of a force triangle:

𝑨𝑩 𝑩𝑪
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Stress Analysis
Can the structure safely support the 30 kN
load?
• From a statics analysis
FAB = 40 kN (compression)
FBC = 50 kN (tension)

• At any section through member BC, the

internal force is 50 kN with a force intensity
or stress of
dBC = 20 mm P 50 103 N
 BC    159 MPa
A 314 10-6 m 2

• From the material properties for steel, the

allowable stress is
 all  165 MPa
• Conclusion: the strength of member BC is
adequate.
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Design
• Design of new structures requires the selection of
appropriate materials and component dimensions
to meet performance requirements.
• For reasons based on cost, weight, availability,
etc., the choice is made to construct the rod
from aluminum all= 100 MPa). What is an
appropriate choice for the rod diameter?

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Design
• Design of new structures requires the selection of
appropriate materials and component dimensions
to meet performance requirements
• For reasons based on cost, weight, availability,
etc., the choice is made to construct the rod
from aluminum all= 100 MPa). What is an
appropriate choice for the rod diameter?
P P 50 103 N
 all  A   500 10 6 m 2
A  all 100 106 Pa
d2
A
4

d
4A


4 500 10 6 m 2   2.52 102 m  25.2 mm
 

• An aluminum rod 26 mm or more in diameter is

adequate
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Centric & Eccentric Loading
• A uniform distribution of stress is only
possible if the concentrated loads on the end
sections of two-force members are applied at
the section centroids.
• This is referred to as centric loading.

• If a two-force member is eccentrically

loaded, then the resultant of the stress
distribution in a section must yield an axial
force and a moment.

• The stress distributions in eccentrically loaded

members cannot be uniform or symmetric.

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Axial Loading: Normal Stress
• The force intensity on that section is defined as
the normal stress.
Δ𝐹 𝑷
𝜎 = lim 𝝈𝒂𝒗𝒆 =
→ Δ𝐴 𝑨

• The normal stress at a particular point may not be

equal to the average stress but the resultant of the
stress distribution must satisfy

P   ave A   dF    dA
A

• The detailed distribution of stress is statically

indeterminate, i.e., can not be found from statics
alone.

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Shearing Stress
• Forces P and P’ are applied transversely to the
member AB.
• Corresponding internal forces act in the plane
of section C and are called shearing forces.

• The corresponding average shear stress is,

• Shear stress distribution varies from zero at the

member surfaces to maximum values that may be
much larger than the average value.

• The shear stress distribution cannot be assumed to

be uniform.

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Shearing Stress Examples
Single Shear Double Shear

P F P F
 ave    ave  
A A A 2A
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Bearing Stress in Connections

• Bolts, rivets, and pins create

stresses on the points of contact
or bearing surfaces of the
members they connect.

• The resultant of the force

distribution on the surface is
equal and opposite to the force
exerted on the pin.

• Corresponding average force

intensity is called the bearing
stress,

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Stress Analysis & Design Example

• Determine the stresses in

the members and
connections of the structure
shown.

• From a statics analysis:

FAB = 40 kN (compression)
FBC = 50 kN (tension)

• Must consider the

maximum normal stresses
in AB and BC, and the
shearing stress and bearing
stress at each pinned
connection

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Rod & Bar Normal Stresses
• The rod is in tension with an axial force of 50 kN.

• At the rod center, the average normal stress in the

circular cross-section (A = 314 x 10-6 m2) is
BC = +159 MPa.

• At the flattened rod ends, the smallest cross-

sectional area occurs at the pin centerline,
A  20 mm 40 mm  25 mm   300 10 6 m 2

P 50 103 N
 BC ,end    167 MPa
A 300 10 6 m 2

• The bar is in compression with an axial force of 40 kN

and average normal stress of –26.7 MPa.

• The minimum area sections at the bar ends are

unstressed since the bar is in compression.

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Any questions?

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