Solutions for Separation Process Engineering 5th Edition by

Wankat
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Solutions
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SPE 5th Edition Solution Manual Chapter 2.

New Problems and new solutions are listed as new immediately after the solution number. These new
problems in the 5th edition are: 2D4, 2.D6, 2D13, 2D14, 2D17, 2D23, 2D25, 2D26, 2G1, 2G2, 2G3,
2H5, 2H6, and 2H7. The correlation for sizing flash drums, Eq. (2-62) has been changed to a more recent
correlation. As a result problems 2D1e, 2.D12, 2D21, 2D29, 2E1, 2E2 have different solutions.

2.A1. Feed to flash drum is a liquid at high pressure. At this pressure its enthalpy can be calculated
( )
as a liquid. eg. h TF,Phigh = cpLIQ ( TF − Tref ) . When pressure is dropped the mixture is above
its bubble point and is a two-phase mixture (It “flashes”). Since flashing is an adiabatic process,
the mixture enthalpy is unchanged but temperature changes. Feed location cannot be found
from TF and z on the graph because equilibrium data is at a lower pressure on the graph used
for this calculation.

2.A2. Yes.

2.A3. The liquid is superheated when the pressure drops, and the energy comes from the amount of
superheat.
T B E X A M . C O M

2.A4.

1.0

Equilibrium
yw
TBEXAM.COM zw = 0.965
(pure water)
Flash
.5 operating
line

2.A4
0
0 .5 xw 1.0

2.A6. In a flash drum separating a multicomponent mixture, raising the pressure will:
i. Decrease the drum diameter and decrease the relative volatilities. Answer is i.

2.A8. . a. At 100oC and a pressure of 200 kPa what is the K value of n-hexane? 0.29
b. As the pressure increases, the K value
a. increases, b. decreases, c. stays constant b
c. Within a homologous series such as light hydrocarbons as the molecular weight increases, the
K value (at constant pressure and temperature)
a. increases, b. decreases, c. stays constant b
d. At what pressure does pure propane boil at a temperature of -30oC? 160 kPa

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2.A9. a. The answer is 3.5 to 3.6

b. The answer is 36ºC
c. . __102oC

2.A10. a. 0.22; b. No; c. From y-x plot for Methanol x = 0.65, yM = 0.85; thus, yW = 0.15. d. KM =
0.579/0.2 = 2.895, KW = (1 – 0.579)/(1 – 0.2) = 0.52625. e. αM-W = KM/KW = 2.895/0.52625 =
5.501.

2.A11. Because of the presence of air this is not a binary system. Also, it is not at equilibrium.

2.A12. The entire system design includes extensive variables and intensive variables necessary to solve
mass and energy balances. Gibbs phase rule refers only to the intensive variables needed to set
equilibrium conditions.

2A13. Although V is an extensive variable, V/F is an intensive variable and thus satisfies Gibbs phase
rule.

2A14. 1.0 kg/cm2 = 0.980665 bar = 0.96784 atm.

T B E X A M . C O M

Source: http://www.unit-conversion.info/pressure.html

2.B1. Must be sure you don’t violate Gibbs phase rule for intensive variables in equilibrium.
Examples:
F, z, Tdrum , Pdrum F, TF , z, p F, h F , z, p
F, z, y, Pdrum TBEXAM.F,CTO,Mz, y F, h F , z, y
F

F, z, x, pdrum F, TF , z, x etc.
F, z, y, pdrum F, TF , z, Tdrum , pdrum
F, z, x, Tdrum F, TF , y, p
Drum dimensions, z, Fdrum , pdrum F, TF , y, Tdrum
Drum dimensions, z, y, pdrum F, TF , x, p
etc. F, TF , x, Tdrum
F, TF , y, x

2.B2. This is essentially the same problem (disguised) as problem 2-D1c and e but with an existing
(larger) drum and a higher flow rate.
With y = 0.58, x = 0.20, and V/F = 0.25 which corresponds to 2-D1c.
lb mole
If F = 1000 , D = .98 and L = 2.95 ft from Problem 2-D1e .
hr
Since D α V and for constant V/F, V α F, we have D α F .
With F = 25,000:
Fnew Fold = 5, Dnew = 5 Dold = 4.90, and Lnew = 3 Dnew = 14.7 .
Existing drum is too small.

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2 2
D   4 
Fexisting
Feed rate drum can handle: F α D2. =  exist  =   gives
1000  .98   .98 
Fexisting = 16,660 lbmol/h
Alternatives
a) Do drums in parallel. Add a second drum which can handle remaining 8340 lbmol/h.
b) Bypass with liquid mixing

y = .58,

V = .25 (16660) = 4150

16,660
25,000
T B E X A M . C O M

LTotal
8340 x
Since x is not specified, use bypass. This produces less vapor.
c) Look at Eq. (2-62), which becomes
V ( MWv )
D= TBEXAM.COM
3K drum 3600 ( L −  v )  v
Bypass reduces V

c1) Kdrum is already 0.35. Perhaps small improvements can be made with a better demister
→ Talk to the manufacturers.
c2) ρv can be increased by increasing pressure. Thus operate at higher pressure. Note this
will change the equilibrium data and raise temperature. Thus a complete new calculation
needs to be done.
d) Try bypass with vapor mixing.
e) Many other alternatives are possible.

V  −z A zB 
2.C2. = − 
F  ( K B − 1) ( K A − 1) 

2.C4. Prove that the intersection of the operating and y = x lines for binary flash distillation occurs at the
mole fraction of the feed.
L F  L F V + L F
SOLUTION: y = y + z ,rearrange: y 1 +  = z , or y  = z
V V  V V  V  V
since V + L = F, the result is y = z and therefore x=y=z (2-24)
The intersection is at the feed composition.

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Fzi
2.C5. a. Start with xi = and let V = F − L
L + VKi
Fzi zi K i zi
xi = or x i = . Then yi = K i x i =
L + ( F − L ) Ki L  L L  L
+ 1 −  K i + 1 −  K i
F  F F  F

( Ki − 1) zi
From y −x i i = 0 we obtain 
L  L
=0
+ 1 −  K i
F  F

zi V
2.C7.  V
−1 = f  
F
From data in Example 2-2 obtain:
1 + ( K i − 1)
F
V/F 0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0
f 0 -.09 -.1 -.09 -.06 -.007 .07 .16 .3 .49 .77
T B E X A M . C O M

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2.C8. Derivation of Eqs. (2-56) and (2-57). Overall and component mass balances are,

F = V + L1 + L2 and Fz i = L1x i,L1 + L 2 + x i,L2 + Vyi Substituting in Eqs. (2-54b) and 2-54c)

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Fz i = L1K i,L1− L2 x i,L2 + L 2 x i,L2 + VK iV −L2 x i,L2 Solving,

Fzi Fzi
x i,L2 = =
L1K i,L2 + L2 + VK i,V −L2 L1K i,L1−L2 + F − V − L1 + VK i,V −L2

Dividing numerator and denominator by F and collecting terms.

zi
x i,liq2 =
1 + ( K i,L1− L2 − 1) 1 + ( K i,V − L2 − 1)
L V
F F

K i,V − L2 z i
Since yi = K i,V − L2 x i,L2 , yi =
1 + ( K i,L1− L2 − 1) 1 + ( K i,V − L2 − 1)
L V
F F
C C C C
Stoichiometric equations,  x i,L2 = 1 ,  yi = 1 , thus,  yi −  xi,L2 = 0
i =1 i =1 i =1 i =1

C (K i,V − L2 − 1) zi
=0
T B E X A M . C O M

which becomes  (2-59)

 V
1 + ( K i,L1− L2 − 1) F + ( K i,V − L2 − 1) F 
i =1 L1

K i,L1− L2 zi
Since x i,liq1 = K i,L1− L2 x i,liq 2 , weThave
BEXA x i,liq1
M.C = OM
1 + ( K i,L1− L2 − 1) 1 + ( K i,V −L2 − 1)
L V
F F

In addition,  x i,liq1 −  x i,liq2 = 0 = 

C ( Ki,L1−L2 − 1) zi (2-60)
 V
1 + ( K i,L1−L2 − 1) F + ( K i,V −L2 − 1) F 
i =1 L1

2.D1. Changed solution to part e.

a. V = ( 0.4)100 = 40 and L = F − V = 60 kmol/h
Slope op. line = − L V = − 3 2, y = x = z = 0.6
See graph. y = 0.77 and x = 0.48
b. V = ( 0.4)(1500) = 600 and L = 900 . Rest same as part a.
c. Plot x = 0.2 on equilibrium diagram and y = x = z = 0.3. yint ercept = zF V = 1.2
V F = z 1.2 = 0.25 . From equil y = 0.58 .
d. Plot x = 0.45 on equilibrium curve.
L F−V 1 − V F −.8
Slope = − = − =− = = −4
V V VF .2
Plot operating line, y = x = z at z = 0.51 . From mass balance F = 37.5 kmol/h.
e. Drum dimensions. Since Eq. (2-59) was changed, answer has changed.
Find Liquid Density.
MWL = x m ( MWm ) + x w ( MWw ) = (.2 )( 32.04 ) + (.8)(18.01) = 20.82

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MWm MWw  32.04   18.01 

Then, VL = x m + xw = .2   + .8   = 22.51 ml/mol
m w  .7914   1.00 
L = MWL VL = 20.82 22.51 = 0.925 g/ml
Vapor Density: ρV = p(MW)V,avg/RT (Need temperature of the drum)
MW v = ym ( MW )m + y w ( MW )w = .58 ( 32.04 ) + .42 (18.01) = 26.15 g/mol
Find Temperature of the Drum T: From Table 3-3 find T when
y = .58, x = 20, T=81.7 C = 354.7K
 ml atm  
v = (1 atm )( 26.15 g/mol )  82.0575  ( 354.7 K )  = 8.98 10 g/ml
−4

 mol K  
T B E X A M . C O M

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Find Permissible velocity:

(𝜌𝐿 −𝜌𝑣 )
𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 𝐾𝑑𝑟𝑢𝑚 √ ,
𝜌𝑣
𝐾𝑑𝑟𝑢𝑚 = 𝑒𝑥𝑝[𝐴 + 𝐵(ℓ𝑛𝐹𝑙𝑣 ) + 𝐶(ℓ𝑛𝐹𝑙𝑣 )2 + 𝐷(ℓ𝑛𝐹𝑙𝑣 )3 + 𝐸(ℓ𝑛𝐹𝑙𝑣 )4 + 𝐹(𝑙𝑛𝐹𝑙𝑣 )5 ] 2-62
V
( 
V =   F = ( 0.25)1000 = 250 lbmol/h, Wv = V MW v = 250  26.15
F 
) lb 
 = 6537.5 lb / h
lbmol 
( )
L = F − V = 1000 − 250 = 750 lbmol/h, and WL = ( L ) MWL = ( 750 )( 20.82 ) = 15,615 lb/h,
𝑊 𝜌 15615 8.89×10−4
𝐹𝑙𝑣 = 𝑊𝐿 √ 𝜌𝑉 = (6537.5) √ = 0.0744, and ℓ𝑛(𝐹𝑙𝑣 ) = −1.128
𝑉 𝐿 .925

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.925−8.98×10−4
Then 𝐾𝑑𝑟𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = .3417, and 𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚 = .3417√ = 10.96 ft/s
8.98×10−4
𝑉(𝑀𝑊𝑣 ) 250(26.15)(454 g/lb)
𝐴𝑐𝑠 = 𝑢 = (10.96)(3600)(8.98×10−4 g/ml)(28316.85 ml/ft3) = 2.95 ft 2 .
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚 3600𝜌𝑣
4𝐴𝑐𝑠
𝐷=√ = 1.94 ft. Use 2 ft diameter. L ranges from 3  D = 6 ft to 5  D=10 ft
𝜋

f. Plot T vs x from Table 3-3. When T = 77 C, x = 0.34, y = 0.69. This problem is now very
similar to 3-D1c. Can calculate V/F from mass balance, Fz = Lx + Vy. This is
V z − y 0.4 − 0.34
Fz = ( F − V ) x + Vy or = = = 0.17
F y − x 0.69 − 0.34
g. V = 16.18 mol/h, L = 33.82, y= 0.892, x = 0.756.

2-D2. Work backwards. Starting with x2, find y2 = 0.62 from equilibrium. From equilibrium point
 V
plot op. line of slope = − ( L V )2 = − 1 −  ( V F)2 = − 3 7. Find z 2 = 0.51 = x1 (see
 F 2
V z1 − x1 0.55 − 0.51
Figure). From equilibrium, y1 = 0.78 .For stage 1, = = = 0.148 .
T B E X A M . C O M

F y1 − x1 0.78 − 0.51

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2.D3.Was 2D30 in 4th edition. a. From the equilibrium data if yA = .40 mole fraction water, then xA =
0.09 mole fraction water. Can find LA and VA by solving the two mass balances for stage A
simultaneously. LA + VA = FA = 100 & LA (.09) + VA (.40) = (100) (.20). Results: VA = 35.48 and LA =
64.52.

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b. In chamber B, since 40 % of the vapor is condensed, (V/F)B = 0.6. The operating line for this flash
chamber is, y = -(L/V)x + FB/V) zB where zB = yA = 0.4 and L/V + .4FB/.6FB = 2/3. This operating line
goes through the point y = x = zB = 0.4 with a slope of -2/3. See graph. Obtain xB = 0.18 & yB = 0.54. LB
= (fraction condensed)(feed to B) = 0.4(35.48) = 14.19 kmol/h and VB = FB – LB = 21.29.

c. From the equilibrium if xB = 0.20, yB = 0.57. Then solving the mass balances in the same way as for
part a with FB = 35.48 and zB = 0.4, LB = 16.30 and VB = 19.18. Because xB = zA, recycling LB does not
change yB = 0.57 or xA = 0.09, but it changes the flow rates VB,new and LA,new. With recycle these can be
found from the overall mass balances: F = VB,new + LA,new and FzA = VB,newyB + LA,new xA. Then VB,new =
22.92 and LA,new = 77.08.
T B E X A M . C O M

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Graph for problem 2.D3.

2.D4. New problem in 5th edition

a. Slope operating line is -2/3, intersects equilibrium curve at x = 0.18 & y = 0.55. By linear
interpolation T = 82.3C.
b. At 78C, x = 0.3 and y = 0.665. Slope = (.665 – 0.4)/(0.3 – 0.4) = -2.65. V/F = 0.274, V = 2.74
& L = 7.26.
c. y = .8, x (equilibrium) = 0.55; V/F = 0.3 & F = 10; thus, V = 3 and L = F – V = 7. Solve overall
mass balance for z, z = (yV + Lx)/F = 0.625

2.D5.

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L F
a) y1 = − x1 + z Plot 1st Op line. y1 = 0.66 = z2
V1 V1
y = x = z = 0.55 to x1 = 0.3 on eq. curve (see graph)
L 0.55 − 0.80 .25
Slope = − = =− = −0.454545 L1 + V1 = F1 = 1000
V1 .55 − 0 .55

V  687.5
V1 = 687.5 kmol/h = F2  = = 0.6875
F 1 1000

V L −0.75F
b) Stage 2 = = 0.25 , − = = −3 , y = x = z2 = 0.66. Plot op line
F V 0.25F
0.66 F z 0.66
At x = 0, y = z ( V F ) = = 2.64. At y = 0, x 2 = z = = = 0.88
0.25 L L F 0.75
V
From graph y 2 = 0.82, x 2 = 0.63 . V2 =   F2 = ( 0.25 ) 687.5 = 171.875 kmol/h
 F 2
T B E X A M . C O M

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2.D6. New Antoine Constants and part d is new.

a.) T = 273.15 + 100.0 = 373.15, p = (1.5 atm)(1.013 bar/1.0 atm) = 1.5195 bar
Table 2-3: A = 4.80915, B = 1753.525, C = − 99.0
VP = 0.025877 bar (1.0 atm/1.013 bar)(760 mm Hg/ 1.0 atm) =19.41 mm Hg.
b.) Raoult’s law, K = Vp/P = 0.025877 bar/1.5195 bar = 0.01703

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1310.62
c) Alternate formula answers) VP = 19.30 mm Hg log10 ( VP ) = 6.8379 − = 1.2856
100 + 136.05
VP 19.30
The answer is K = 0.01693. K = =
Ptot 1.5 ( 760 )
d) At 25.3℃, Table 2-3 values: T = 25.3 + 273.5 = 298.8 K. VP (bar) = power (10,5.31384 -1690.84/(298.8-
51.904)) =0.02855 = 21.4255 mm Hg.
Table in problem 6.D4 lists 20 mm Hg.
At 75℃ Antoine’s equation gives VP = 303.03 mm Hg.
Linear interpolation on Table in 6.D4 VP = 200+(75-66.8)*(400-200)/(82-66.8) = 307.9 mm Hg. Since
linear interpolation is not totally accurate, the Antoine result is probably more accurate.

2.D7. Part a. Drum 1: V1/F1 = 0.3, Slope op line = -L/V = -.7/.3 = -7/3, y=x=z1 =0.46. L1 = F2 = 70.
From graph x1 = z2 = 0.395
Drum 2: V1/F1 = 30/70, Slope op line = -L/V = -7/3, y=x=z2 =0.395. L1 = F2 – V2 = 40.
From graph x2 = 0.263

Part b. Single drum: V/F = 0.6, Slope op line = -L/V = -40/60 = -2/3, From graph x = 0.295.
More separation with 2 drums.
T B E X A M . C O M

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2.D8. Was 2D3 in 4th edition. Part a.

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x ethane T oC y ethane

0 63.19 0

.025 56.18 0.1610

.05 49.57 0.2970

.10 37.57 0.5060

.15 27.17 0.6503

.20 18.26 0.7492

.25 10.64 0.8175

.30 4.11 0.8652

1.0 -37.47 1.0

T B E X A M . C O M

b. Easiest to follow if you draw a figure.. a. If 1 bubble of vapor product (V/F = 0) vapor product,
vapor yE = 0.7492 (highest) liquid xE = zE = 0.20 (highest) and T = 18.26 oC. If 1 drop of liquid
product (V/F =1) yE = zE = 0.20 (lowest), xE = 0.035, T (by linear interpolation) ~ 56.18 + [(49.57
– 56.18)/(.297 - .161)][.2 – 0.16] = 54.2 oC (highest).
c. Draw a figure. Slope = – L/V = – (1 – V/F)/(V/F) = – .6/.4 = – 1.5. xE = 0.12, yE = 0.57, T =
33.4oC.
TBEXAM.COM
d. From equilibrium data yE = 0.7492. For an F = 1, L = 1 – V, Ethane balance: .2L = 1(.3) –
0.7492 V. Solve 2 equations: V/F = 0.1821. Can also find V/F from slope of operating line.
e. If do linear interpolation on equilibrium data, x = 0.05 +(45-49.57)(0.1 -0.05)/(37.57 – 49.57) =
0.069. From equilibrium plot y = 0.375. Mass balance for basis F = 1, L = 1 – V and 0.069 L =
0.18 – 0.375 V. Solve simultaneously, V/F = 0.363.

2.D9. Need hF to plot on diagram. Since pressure is high, feed remains a liquid
h F = CPL ( TF − Tref ) , Tref = 0 from chart. CPL = CPEtOH x EtOH + CPw x w
Where x EtOH and x w are mole fractions. Convert weight to mole fractions.
30
Basis: 100 kg mixture: 30 kg EtOH = = 0.651 kmol
46.07
70 kg water = 70 18.016 = 3.885 Total = 4.536 kmol
100 0.6512
Avg. MW = = 22.046 Mole fracs: x E = = 0.1435, x w = 0.8565 .
4.536 4.536
Use CPL at 100 C as an average CP value.
EtOH

kcal
CPL = 37.96 (.1435) + 18.0 (.8565) = 20.86
kmol C
CPL 20.86 kcal
Per kg this is = = 0.946 . h F = 0.946 ( 2000) = 189.2 kcal/kg
MWavg 22.046 kg C

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which can now be plotted on the enthalpy composition diagram.

Obtain Tdrum  88.2 C, x E = 0.146, and y E = 0.617 .

For F = 1000 find L and V from F = L + V and Fz = Lx + Vy
which gives V = 326.9, and L = 673.1

Note: If use wt. fracs. CPL = 23.99 & CPL MWavg = 1.088 and h F = 217.6 . All wrong.
T B E X A M . C O M

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2.D.10 Solution 400 kPa, 70ºC zC4 = 35 Mole % n-butane x C6 = 0.7

From DePriester chart K C3 = 5, K C4 = 1.9, K C6 = 0.3
zi
Know yi = K i x i , xi = ,  x i =  yi = 1 =  z i
V
1 + ( K i − 1)
F
( Ki − 1) zi =0 zC3 = 1 − zC6 − zC4 = .65 − zC6
R.R. 
V
1 + ( K i − 1)
F
z C6 z C6  V V
C6: 0.7 = =  z C6 = 0.7 1 − 0.7  , z C6 = 0.7 − 0.49
1 + ( K C6 − 1)
V
1 − 0.7
V  F F
F F

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4 (.65 − z C6 ) 0.9 (.35 ) 0.7z C6

RR Eq: + − =0
V V V
1+ 4 1 + 0.9 1 − 0.7
F F F
2 equations & 2 unknowns. Substitute in for C6 . Do in Spreadsheet. Use Goal – Seek to
z
find V F. V/F = 0.594 when R.R. equation = 0.000881 .
V
zC6 = 0.7 − 0.49 = 0.7 − (0.49)(0.594) = 0.40894
F

2.D11. Obtain K ethylene = 2.2, K propylene = 0.56 from De Priester chart.

KE = yE/xE and KP = yP/xP Since yp = 1 – yE and xp = 1 – xE , Kp = (1 – yE)/(1 – xE).
Thus, 2 eqs and 2 unknowns. Solve for yE and xE.
xE = (1 – Kp) / (KE – Kp) and yE = KE xE = KE (1 – Kp) / (KE – Kp)
xE = (1 – 0.56) / (2.2 – 0.56) = 0.268 and yE = KE xE = (2.2)(0.268) = 0.590
Check: xp = 1 – xE = 1 – 0.268 = 0.732 and yp = 1 – yE = 1 – 0.590 = 0.410
Kp = yp/xp = 0.410/ 0.732 = 0.56 OK

2.D12. Since Eq. (2-59) was changed and instructions for horizontal drums has changed, answer has
T B E X A M . C O M

changed.
Drum dimensions.
Find Liquid Density.
MWL = x m ( MWm ) + x w ( MWw ) = (.2 )( 32.04 ) + (.8)(18.01) = 20.82

Then, VL = x m
MWm MW .C32.04
+ x wTBEXwA=M.2 OM  + .8  18.01  = 22.51 ml/mol
   
m w  .7914   1.00 
L = MWL VL = 20.82 22.51 = 0.925 g/ml
Vapor Density: ρV = p(MW)V,avg/RT (Need temperature of the drum)
MW v = ym ( MW )m + y w ( MW )w = .58 ( 32.04 ) + .42 (18.01) = 26.15 g/mol
Find Temperature of the Drum T: From Table 3-3 find T when
y = .58, x = 20, T=81.7 C = 354.7K
 ml atm  
v = (1 atm )( 26.15 g/mol )  82.0575  ( 354.7 K )  = 8.98 10 g/ml
−4

  mol K  
Find Permissible velocity:
(𝜌𝐿 −𝜌𝑣 )
𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 𝐾𝑑𝑟𝑢𝑚 √ ,
𝜌𝑣
𝐾𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 𝑒𝑥𝑝[𝐴 + 𝐵(ℓ𝑛𝐹𝑙𝑣 ) + 𝐶(ℓ𝑛𝐹𝑙𝑣 )2 + 𝐷(ℓ𝑛𝐹𝑙𝑣 )3 + 𝐸(ℓ𝑛𝐹𝑙𝑣 )4 + 𝐹(𝑙𝑛𝐹𝑙𝑣 )5 ] (2-62a)
V
(

V =   F = ( 0.25)1000 = 250 lbmol/h, Wv = V MW v = 250  26.15
F 
)
lb 
 = 6537.5 lb / h
lbmol 
( )
L = F − V = 1000 − 250 = 750 lbmol/h, and WL = ( L ) MWL = ( 750 )( 20.82 ) = 15,615 lb/h,
𝑊 𝜌 15615 8.89×10−4
𝐹𝑙𝑣 = 𝑊𝐿 √ 𝜌𝑉 = (6537.5) √ .925
= 0.0744, and ℓ𝑛(𝐹𝑙𝑣 ) = −1.128
𝑉 𝐿

Then 𝐾𝑑𝑟𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = .3417, and Kdrum horizontal = 1.25 Kdrum vertical = .4271

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. 925 − 8.98 × 10−4

𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚 = .4271√ = 13.70 ft/s
8.98 × 10−4
𝑉(𝑀𝑊𝑣 ) 250(26.15)(454 g/lb)
𝐴𝑐𝑠 = 𝑢 = (13.7)(3600)(8.98×10−4 g/ml)(28316.85 ml/ft3 ) = 2.36 ft 2 .
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚 3600𝜌𝑣

From Eq. (2-64b) Atotal = Acs/0.2 = 11.8 ft2

D =(4Atotal/π)0.5 = 3.88 ft, use 4 ft diameter and determine h from Eq. (2-69) T = 1h = 60 min.
T = (60 min/h)(0.8 Atotal ft2)(ρL lb/ft3)(h ft)/(WL lb/h)
Solving for h, h= (T WL)/[(60)(0.8 Atotal )( ρL)]
= (60 min)(15615 lb/h)/{(60 min/h)(0.8)(11.8 ft2)(0.925 g/ml)[(62.428 (lb/ft3)/((g/ml)]} = 28.64 ft. If we
build h = 30 ft, we have an h/d ratio = 30/4 = 7.5.

2.D13. New Problem in 5th edition

a. Procedure: Pick a T that gives Kmethane >1 and Kbutane < 1. Then ym = Km xm and yB = KB xB .
Also, yB + ym = 1 becomes Km xm + KB xB = 1. Since xm + xB =1, xB = 1 – xm. Substitute xB into previous
equation and solve for xm = (1 – KB)/(Km – KB). Then ym = Km xm. See graph in part b.
T B E X A M . C O M

b. Operating equation y = -LF/VF x + Fz/VF. LF = .3 F and VF = .7 F = 175. Thus slope = -LF/VF = - 3/7.
Intersects y = x line at y = x = z = 0.4. The y intercept (x = 0) is at y = z/(VF/F) = .4/.7 = 0.571.

Two y-x graphs are shown, the expanded graph from Eq. (2-28) is more accurate, but the intersection of
the operating line and the y = x line is not on the graph. The larger graph (printed from Aspen Plus to
solve part c) is easier to see, but not as accurate.
TBEAnswer
XAM.C OMb: x = 0.022, y = 0.56, and T = 25oC.
part
Temperature graph is after the two y vs x graphs.

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c. For the second flash drum z2 = y1 = 0.56, F2 = V1 = 175 and x2 = 0.4. From the graph y2 = 1.0. Slope
operating line = (y – z)/(x – z) = (1 - .56)/(0 .4 – 0.56) = - 2.75 = -LF/VF = - (1 – V2/F2)/(V2/F2) →

V2/F2 = 1/3.75 = 0.2667. Then V2 = 0.2667 (175) = 46.67 and L2 = F2 – V2 = 175 – 46.47 = 128.33.

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2.D14. New problem in 5th edition.

SOLUTION part a. From Raoult’s law, Kp = (VP)p/p. Km = αm-pKp, KB = αBPKp. The Rachford-Rice eq is

( Ki − 1) zi
 1 + ( K −1)(V / F ) = 0 The lowest temperature occurs when V/F = 0 or the numerator = 0.
i

Expanding the numerator, ( m− p K p − 1) zm + ( p − p K p − 1) z p + ( B − p K p − 1) z B = 0 , and with numbers,

Kp = z i
=
1
=
1
= 0.5557 =
(VP) p
 z i− p i (3.58(0.36) + 1.0(0.42) + 0.412(0.22)) 1.7994 p

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Then (VP)p = 0.5557(0.74) = 0.411 atm = 312.5 mm Hg. From Table in problem 6.D4 by linear
400 − 200
interpolation, 312.5 = 200 + (Tlow − 66.8) . Solving for Tlow = 75.35 oC.
82 − 66.8

Part b. At 82oC, VP = 400 mm Hg, Kp = 400/(0.74(760)) = 0.7112, Km = 3.58 (0.7112) = 2.546, KB =

0.293.

(2.546 − 1).36 (0.7112 − 1).42 (0.293 − 1)0.22

RR eq is, 0 = + +
1 + 1.546(V / F ) 1 − 0.2888(V / F ) 1 − 0.707(V / F )

Solution is V/F = 0.3828, xM = 0.2262, xP = 0.4722, xB = 0.3016; yM = 0.5758, yP = 0.3358, yB = 0.0884

2.D15*. This is an unusual way of stating problem. However, if we count specified variables we see
that problem is not over or under specified. Usually V/F would be the variable, but here it isn’t.
We can still write R-R eqn. Will have three variables: zC2, ziC4, znC4. Need two other equations:
ziC4 z nC4 = constant, and zC2 + ziC4 + znC4 = 1.0
Thus, solve three equations and three unknowns simultaneously.

Do It. Rachford-Rice equation is,

T B E X A M . C O M

( K C2 − 1) zC2 +
( KiC4 − 1) ziC4 +
( K nC4 − 1) znC2 =0
V V V
1 + ( K C2 − 1) 1 + ( K iC4 − 1) 1 + ( K nC4 − 1)
F F F
Can solve for zC2 = 1 – ziC4 and ziC4 = (.8) znC4. Thus zC2 = 1 – 1.8 znC4
TBE
Substitute for ziC4 and zC2 into R-R XAM.COM
eqn.
( K C2 − 1) .8 ( K iC4 − 1) ( K nC4 − 1) = 0
V
(1 − 1.8 znC4 ) + V
z nC4 + z nC4
V
1 + ( K C2 − 1) 1 + ( K iC4 − 1) 1 + ( K nC4 − 1)
F F F
( K C2 − 1)
V
1 + ( K C2 − 1)
Thus, z nC4 = F
1.8
( C2 ) − ( iC4 ) − ( K nC4 − 1)
K − 1 .8 K − 1
V V V
1 + ( K C2 − 1) 1 + ( K iC4 − 1) 1 + ( K nC4 − 1)
F F F
Can now find K values and plug away. KC2 = 2.92, KiC4 = .375, KnC4 = .26.
Solution is znC4 = 0.2957, ziC4 = .8 (.2957) = 0.2366, and zC2 = 0.4677

2.D16. zC1 = 0.5, zC4 = 0.1, zC5 = 0.15, zC6 = 0.25, K C1 = 50, K C4 = .6, K C5 = .17, K C6 = 0.05
1st guess. Can assume all C1 in vapor, ~ 1/3 C4 in vapor, C5 & C6 in bottom
V / F)1 = .5 + (.1) / 3 = .53 This first guess is not critical.

R.R. eq.
V
f =
( Ki − 1) zi = 0
F 1 + ( Ki − 1) V F
49 (.5) ( −.4)(.1) + ( −.83)(.15) + ( −.95)(.25) = 0.157
+
1 + 49 (.53) 1 − .4 (.53) 1 − .83 (.53) 1 − .95 (.53)

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V V f ( V F )1
Combine Eqs. (2-42b) & (2-42c)  =  +
F  2  F 1 z i ( K i − 1)
2

  V
2

1 − ( K i − 1) F 
where ( V / F)1 = 0.53 and f ( V / F)1 = 0.157 .
calculate ( V / F)2 = .53 + 0.157 2.92 = 0.584
V = .584 (150) = 87.6 kmol/h and L = 150 − 87.6 = 62.4
z C1 .5
x C1 = = = 0.016883
1 − ( K C1 − 1) (V / F) 1 + 49 (.584 )
yC1 = KC1 x C1 = 50 ( 0.016883) = 0.844
Similar for other components.
See Figure 2-B2 in Chapter 2 Appendix B2 for answer from spreadsheet.

2-D17. New Problem in 5th edition. Note problems 2D17 and 2D25 are similar.
Since the vapor in a flash drum is well mixed, mix the two feeds before separating.
T B E X A M . C O M

F = F1 + F2 = 150 + 100 = 250, z = (F1z1 + F2z2)/F = [150(0.10) + 100(0.30)]/250 = 45/250 = 0.18.

V = V1 + V2 = 150(0.4) + 100(0.6) = 60 + 60 =120. V/F = 120/250 = 0.48
Operating equation: y = - (L/V)x + (F/V)z
Slope = - (L/V) = - (1 – 0.48)/0,48 = - 1.082; y = x intercept with operating line at y = x = z =
0.48
y intercept (x = 0) = (F/V)z = (250/120)0.18
TBEXAM=.0.375. COM
Plot operating line. Find values of y and x at intersection of operating line and equilibrium curve.
Find y = 0.315 and x = 0.052. See middle operating line on graph.

A plausible, but incorrect solution is to do the two flashes separately and then mix the products.
The flash of the first feed has a slope of – 1.5 and intersects y = x = 0.1 (see bottom operating line
on graph). The result is y = 0.208 and x = 0.026. The flash of the second feed: slope = -2/3, y =
x = 0.3, x = 0 intercept = 0.5 and result y = 0.435, x = 0.092 (see top operating line on graph).
Total ethanol in vapor after mixing = 60 (0.208) + 60 (0.435) = 38.58 and ymix = 38.58/120 =
0.3215. Total ethanol in mixed liquids = 90(0.026) + 40 (0.092) = 6.02 and xmix = 6.02/130 =
0.046. Results are close but not identical to the correct solution.

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zh
−1
zi V xh
2.D18. From x i = , we obtain =
1 + ( K i − 1)
V F Kh −1
F
Guess Tdrum , calculate K h , K b and K p , and then determine V F .
( K1 −1) zi = 0
Check:  1 + ( K1 − 1) V F
?

Initial guess: Tdrum must be less than temperature to boil pure hexane
(K h = 1.0, T = 94 C ) . Try 85°C as first guess (this is not very critical and the calculation
will tell us if there is a mistake). K h =0.8, K b = 4.8, K p =11.7 .

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0.6
−1
V 0.85 0.6
= = 1.471 . Not possible. Must have K h  = 0.706
F 0.8 − 1 0.85
Try T = 73 C where K h = 0.6 . Then K b = 3.8, K p = 9.9 .
0.6
−1
V .85
= = 0.735
F .6 − 1
Check:
( Ki −1) zi = (8.9)(.1) + ( 2.8)(.3) + ( −.4)(.6) = 0.05276
 1 + ( Ki − 1) V F 1 + (8.9 ) .735 1 + ( 2.8) .735 1 − (.4 )( 735 )
Converge on T ~ 65.6 C and V F ~ 0.57 .

2.D19. 90% recovery n-hexane means ( 0.9)( FzC6 ) = L ( x C6 )

Substitute in L = F − V to obtain zC6 (.9 ) = (1 − V F) x C6
C8 balance: zC6 F = Lx C6 + VyC6 = ( F − V ) x C6 + KC6Vx C6
zC6 = (1 − V F) x C6 + x C6 KC6 V F
T B E X A M . C O M

or
Two equations and two unknowns. Remove x C6 and solve

z C6 = .93C6 +
(.9 ) z C6 KV F
1− V F
TBEXAM.COM
V .1
Solve for V F. = . Trial and error scheme.
F (.9K C6 ) + .1
Pick T, Calc KC6 , Calc V F, and Check f ( V F) = 0 ?
K ref ( Told )
If not K refnew =
1+ d f (T)
Try T = 70 C. K C4 = 3.1, K C5 = .93, K C6 = .37 = K ref
V .1
= = 0.231 .
F (.9 )(.37 ) + .1
Rachford Rice equation

f=
( 2.1) .4 + ( −.08) .25 − (.63) .35 = .28719
1 + ( 2.1) .231 1 − (.08) .231 1 − (.63)(.231)
.37
K ref ( Tnew ) = = 0.28745 ( use .28)
1 + 0.28719
Converge on TNew ~ 57 C. Then K C4 = 2.50, K C8 = .67, and V F = 0.293 .

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2.D20.
T B E X A M . C O M

TBEXAM.COM

2.D21. a.) K C2 = 4.8 K C5 = 0.153

V −z A zB V −0.55 0.45
Soln to Binary R.R. eq. = − , = − = 0.5309
F ( K B − 1) ( K A − 1) F (.153 − 1) ( 4.8 − 1)

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z C2 0.55
x C2 = = = 0.1823, yC2 = 0.8749 , x C5 = 0.8177 , yC5 = 0.1251
1 + ( K C2 − 1)
V 1 + ( 3.8 )(.5309 )
F
b.) Changed correlation for Eq. (2-59) changes this solution

Need to convert F to kmol and to lbmol Avg MW = 0.55 ( 30.07 ) + 0.45 ( 72.15) = 49.17
kg kmol
F = 100, 000 = 2033.7 kmol/h = 4483.6 lbmol/h
hr 49.17 kg
V = ( V F) F = 1079.7, L = F − V = 954.0 kmol/h
V = (1079.7 kmol/h)(1.0 lbmol/.45359 kmol) = 2380.3 lbmol/h

L −  v
u Perm = K drum
v
To find MW L = ( 0.1823)( 30.07 ) + ( 0.8177 )( 72.15) = 64.48
MW V = ( 0.8749 )( 30.07 ) + ( 0.1251)( 72.15) = 35.33
T B E X A M . C O M

For liquid assume ideal mixture:

MWC2 MWC5
V1 = x C2 VC2,liq + x C5 VC5,liq = x C2 + x C5
C2,liq C5,liq
T(B EXA)M.COM ( 72.15)
30.07
VL = ( 0.1823) + ( 0.8177 ) = 103.797 ml/mol
0.54 ( 0.63)
MW L 64.48
L = = = 0.621 g/ml
VL 103.797
atm  g 
700 kPa  35.33 
MW v 101.3 kPa  mol 
For vapor: ideal gas:  v = = = 0.009814 g / ml
ml atm
RT
82.0575 ( 303.16K )
mol K
W v
K drum : Use Eq. (2-62a) with FlV = L
WV L
𝑘mol 64.48 kg
𝑊𝐿 = 954 ℎ
| 𝑘mol | = 61,513,9 kg/h, 𝑊𝑉 = 1079.7|35.33| = 38145.8kg/h
61513.9 0.009814
𝐹𝑙𝑉 = √ = 0.20277
38,145.8 0.621
Note that the kg/h cancels so the ratio is the same as if used lb/h for WL and WV and FLV is OK.

From Eqs. (2-59a) and (2-59c) we obtain Kvertical =0.24097, and

0.621−0.009814 𝑓𝑡
𝑢𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑚 = (0.24097)√ = 1.902 ft/s
0.009814 𝑠
AC = [V(MWV)]/[uperm(3600)(0.00314)(28316.85)]

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= [(2380.3 lbmol/h)(35.33lb/lbmol)]/[(1.902 ft/s)(3600s/h)(0.009814g/ml)(1000kg/m3)/(1.0 g/ml)]

4𝐴𝐶 𝐿
AC =20.068 ft2, 𝐷 = √ = 5.056 ft Arbitrarily = 4, 𝐿 =19.2 ft
𝜋 𝐷

In US specify 5.5 ft diameter drum, 22 ft long.

2.D22.
a. V = F – L = 50 – 20 = 20 kmol/h. V/F = 3/5, Slope operating line = -L/V = -20/30 = - 2/3, zM = 0.7
From graph, y = 0.8, x = 0.54.
b. From graph of T vs. xM, Tdrum = 72.3oC. (see graph).
T B E X A M . C O M

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2.D23. New Problem 5th ed.

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The area of the 5.5 ft diameter drum that was actually built, Ac =πD2/4 = 23.74 ft2, which is a bit
larger than the minimum area needed for the original problem statement. Since we have the same
flow factor and decide to use the value of Kdrum = 0.3458, then uperm = 5.1362 ft/s. The required
area was 20.57 ft2 to process 1500 lbmol/h of feed and 765 lbmol/h of vapor.
V5.5 drum =Vreqd (Ac,5.5/Ac,reqd) = 765 (23.74/20.619) = 880.8 lbmol/h.
The feed rate that the 5.5 ft diameter drum can handle = 1500 lbmol (880.8/765) =1727 lbmol/h.
The new required feed rate = 1500 kmol/h (1.0 lbmol/0.45359kmol) = 3307 lbmol feed/h; thus, the
5.5 ft diameter drum cannot meet the corrected specification.
Amountt to be processed by new drum in parallel = 3307 – 1727 = 1580 lbmol/h, and vapor flow
rate Vnew drum = (V/F) Fnew drum = (0.51) 1580 = 805.8 lbmol/h.
Since all flow rates scale the same, the ratio WL/WV is unchanged; thus, Flv, Kdrum, and uperm are
all unchanged. Then Ac,new = (Vnew/Vold design) Ac,old design = (805.8/880.8)(23.74 ft2) = 21.72 ft2
Diameter required for new drum in parallel, Dnew = (4Ac,new/π)0.5 = 5.25 ft. Use another 5.5 ft
diameter drum 22 ft long in parallel with existing 5.5 ft diameter drum.
T B E X A M . C O M

2.D24. p = 300 kPa At any T. K C3 = yC3 x C3 , K’s are known. KC6 = yC6 x C6 = (1 − yC3 ) (1 − x C3 )
Substitute 1st equation into 2nd KC6 = (1 − KC3x C3 ) (1 − x C3 )
Solve for xC3, (1 − xC3 ) KTC6BE
= 1X−AK , x C3 ( KC3 − KC6 ) = 1 − KC6
.xCC3OM
MC3
1 − K C6 K (1 − K C6 )
x = & y = C3
K C3 − K C6 K C3 − K C6
C3 C3

At 300 kPa pure propane ( K C3 = 1.0 ) boils at -14°C (Fig. 2-10)

At 300 kPa pure n-hexane ( K C6 = 1.0 ) boils at 110°C
1 − K C6 1(1 − K C6 )
Check: at -14°C x C3 = = 1, y C3 = = 1.0
1 − K C6 1 − K C6
0 K ( 0)
at 110°C x C3 = = 0, y C3 = C3 =0
K C3 K C3
Pick intermediate temperatures, find K C3 & K C6 , calculate x C3 & yC3 .

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T K C3 K C6 x C3 yC3 = K C3 x C3
1- 0.027
= 0.684 0.9915
0ºC 1.45 0.027 1.45 - 0.027
10ºC 2.1 0.044 0.465 0.976 See
20ºC 2.6 0.069 0.368 0.956 Graph
30ºC 3.3 0.105 0.280 0.924
40ºC 3.9 0.15 0.227 0.884
50ºC 4.7 0.21 0.176 0.827
60ºC 5.5 0.29 0.136 0.75
70ºC 6.4 0.38 0.103 0.659

b. x C3 = 0.3 , V F = 0.4,
L V = 0.6 0.4 = 1.5 , Op. line intersects y = x = 0.3, Slope −1.5
L F F 0.3
y=− x+ z at x = 0, y = z = = 0.75
V V V 0.4
Find yc3 = 0.63 and xC3 = 0.062
Check with operating line: 0.63 = −1.5 (.062) + 0.75 = 0.657 OK within accuracy of the graph.
T B E X A M . C O M

c. Drum T: K C3 = yC3 x C3 = 0.63 0.062  10.2 , DePriester Chart T = 109ºC

L y .8 − .6 1− f
d. y = .8, x ~ .16 Slope = − = = = −0.45 = − = −.45 , V/F = f =1/1.45 = 0.69
V x .16 − .6 f
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2.D25. New problem in 5th edition.

Since the vapor in a flash drum is well mixed, mix the two feeds before separating.
F = F1 + F2 = 150 + 75 = 225, z = (F1z1 + F2z2)/F = [150(0.20) + 75(0.30)]/225 = 52.5/225 =
0.2333.
V = V1 + V2 = 150(0.4) + 75(0.6) = 60 + 45 =105. V/F = 105/225 = 0.46667
Operating equation: y = - (L/V)x + (F/V)z
Slope = - (L/V) = - (1 – 0.46667)/0.46667 = - 1.1429
y = x intercept with operating line at y = x = z = 0.2333
y intercept (x = 0) = (F/V)z = (225/105)0.2333 = 0.5000.
Plot operating line. Find values of y and x at intersection of operating line and equilibrium curve.
Find y = 0.404 and x = 0.078 See operating line on graph.
A plausible, but incorrect solution is to do the two flashes separately and then mix the products.
Results are close but not identical to the correct solution.
Note: Mixing two different feeds before a separator is normally a bad idea. It works here because
flash units are well mixed single equilibrium stages.
T B E X A M . C O M

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2.D26. New problem in 5th edition.

𝑎𝑥
From 𝑦 = 1+(𝑎−1)𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥(1 − 𝑥), a = 7.15, b = -0.33, generate following table

xm ym Eq. (2-11) ym Table 2-7

0.02 0.121 0.134
.04 .217 .230
.06 .295 .304
.08 .359 .365
.1 .413 .418
.15 .516 .517
.2 .588 .579
.3 .685 .665
.4 .747 .729
.5 .795 .779
.6 .836 .825
.7 .874 .870
.8 .913 .915
.9 .955 .958
.95 .977 .979
T B E X A M . C O M

1 1 1
Fit is a bit low for x < 0.15 and for x > ~0.8, and fit is a bit high for 0.20 < x < ~ 0.8. Maximum deviation
is + 0.02 at x = 0.3 and – 0.013 at x = 0.02 and 0.04. Largest % errors are −9.7% at x = 0.02 and + 3.5% at
x = 0.30. Unless one is trying for quite low values of methanol in the bottoms, the errors are acceptable,
and the error in a low bottoms would be conservative (require more stages).
TBEXAM.COM
1064.8
2.D27. a.) VPC5 : log10 VP = 6.853 − = 2.2832 , VP = 191.97 mmHg
0 + 233.01
b.) VP = 3 760 = 2280 mmHg , log10 VP = ( 6.853) −1064.8 / ( T + 233.01)
Solve for T = 71.65ºC
c.) Ptot = 191.97 mm Hg [at boiling for pure component Ptot = VP ]
1064.8
d.) C5: log10 VP = 6.853 − = 2.8045 , VP = 637.51 mm Hg
30 + 233.01
K C5 = VPC5 Ptot = 637.51 500 = 1.2750

1171.17
C6: log10 VPC6 = 6.876 − = 2.2725 , VPC6 = 187.29 mm Hg
30 + 224.41
K C6 = 187.29 500 = 0.3746
e.) K A = yA x A K B = y B x B = (1 − y A ) / (1 − x A )
If K A & K B are known, two eqns. with 2 unknowns ( K A & yA ) Solve.
1 − K C6 1 − 0.3746
x C5 = = = 0.6946
K C5 − K C6 1.2750 − 0.3746
yC5 = KC5 x C5 = (1.2750)( 0.6946) = 0.8856
f.) Overall, M.B., F = L + V or 1 = L + V

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C5 : Fx F = Lx + Vy .75 = 0.6946 L + 0.8856 V

Solve for L & V: L = 0.7099 & V = 0.2901 mol

g.) Same as part f, except units are mol/min.

2.D28. V
h

L
T B E X A M . C O M

From Example 2-4, x H = 0.19, Tdrum = 378K, V F = 0.51, y H = 0.6, z H = 0.40

MWv = 97.39 lbm/lbmole (Example 2-4)

−3 1 28316.85cm3 lbm
v = 3.14 10 g mol TBEXAM.COM 3
= 0.198 3
454g lbm ft ft
Example 2.4

L −  v
u perm = K drum , K horiz = 1.25 K vertical
V

From Example 2-4, K vertical = 0.4433 , K horiz = 1.25 ( 0.4433) = 0.5541

 0.6960 − 0.00314 
12

u perm = 0.5541  = 8.231 ft s [densities from Example 2-4]

 0.00314 
V  lbmol 
V =   F = ( 0.51)  3000  = 1530 lbmol h
F  h 
lbmol  lbm 
1530  97.39 
h  lbmole 
A vap = = 25.68 ft 2
 ft  s  lbm 
 8.231  3600  0.1958 3 
 s  h  ft 

A total = A vap / 0.2 = 128.4ft 3 , D min = 4A total /  = 12.8ft

160, 068 55 + 85 5V
Vliq = = 8603.8ft 3 , h = liq2 = 83.51ft and h/D = 6.5.
43.41 60 min/ h D

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2.D29. The stream tables in Aspen Plus include a line stating the fraction vapor in a given stream.
Change the feed pressure until the feed stream is all liquid (fraction vapor = 0). For the Peng-Robinson
correlation the appropriate pressure is 74 atm.
The feed mole fractions are: methane = 0.4569, propane = 0.3087, n-butane = 0.1441, i-butane = 0.0661,
and n-pentane = 0.0242.
b. At 74 atm, the Aspen Plus results are; L = 10169.84 kg/h = 201.636 kmol/h = 444.53 lbmol/h, V =
4830.16 kg/h = 228.098 kmol/h =502.87 lbmol/h, and Tdrum = -40.22 oC.
The vapor mole fractions are: methane = 0.8296, propane = 0.1458, n-butane = 0.0143, i-butane = 0.0097,
and n-pentane = 0.0006.
The liquid mole fractions are: methane = 0.0353, propane = 0.4930, n-butane = 0.2910, i-butane =
0.1298, and n-pentane = 0.0509.

c. Aspen Plus gives the liquid density = 0.60786 g/cc, liquid avg MW = 50.4367, vapor density =
0.004578 g/cc = 4.578 kg/m3, and vapor avg MW = 21.17579 g/mol = kg/kmol = lb/lbmol.
The value of uperm (in ft/s) can be determined by combining Eqs. (2-58) and (2-59)
WL = L(MWL) = 444.5 (50.437) = 22420.8 , WV = V(MWV) = (502.87)(21.176) =10648.8

Flv = (WL/WV)[ρV/ ρL]0.5 = (22420.8/10648.8)[0.004578/0.60786]0.5 = 0.18272

T B E X A M . C O M

Resulting Kvertical = 0.2493 , Khorizontal = 0.3115, uperm,vert = 2.861 ft/s, uperm,horiz = 3.5767

AC,vert = 3.621 ft2, Ac,horiz =2.896, Atotal, horiz, = Ac,horiz /0.2 =14.482 ft2 Dhoriz =4.295 ft.

h/D = 6, h = 25.771 ft, T = (60 min/hour)(0.8 Atotal ft2)(ρL lb/ft3)(h ft)/(WL lb/h)
TBEXAM.COM
T = [60(0.8)(14.482)(0.60786)(62.428)(25.771)]/22420.8 = 30.32 min

2.D30. Was 2D31 in 4th edition.

a) Since K’s are for mole fractions, need to convert feed to mole fractions.
Basis: 100 kg feed
1 kmol
50 kg n C4 = 0.8603 kmol z 4 = 0.555
58.12 kg
1 kmol
50 kg n C5 = 0.6897 kmol n C5 z5 = 0.445
72.5 kg
Total 1.5499 kmol
DePriester Chart KC4 = 2.05, KC5 = 0.58, ( Result similar if use Raoult's law ) .
V −0.555 0.445
= − = 1.3214 − 0.424 = 0.8976
F 0.58 − 1 1.05
Check
V
f =
(1.05)(.555) + ( −.42 ) .445 = 0.3000 − .29999 = 0 OK
 F  1 + (.05)(.8976 ) 1 − .42 (.8976 )
z C4 .555
Eq. 3.23 x C4 = = = 0.2857 ,
1 + ( K C4 − 1) V F 1 + 1.056 (.8976 )
x C5 = .7143 yC4 = K C4 x C4 = 0.5857 , yC5 = 0.4143

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b) From problem 2.D.g., K C4 = 1.019 and K C5 = 0.253 .

Solving RR equation,
V  zA zB  −.555 0.445
= − − = − = −23.28
F  ( K B − 1) ( K A − 1)  ( 0.253 − 1) 0.019
NOT possible. Won’t flash at 0ºC.

2.D31. Was 2D32 in 4th edition.

13
Drum A: ( V F)A = 2 3, L V= =1 2 Slope = −1 2 Through y = x = z A = 0.6
23
1 2
LA = F = 33.33, x M,A = 0.375 (from Figure) VA = F = 66.67, yM,A = 0.72 (from Figure)
3 3
V L 1− f 0.6
Drum B: = 0.4 −   = − =− = −1.5
FB  V B f 0.4
Through y = x = z B = y A = 0.72
VB = 0.4FB = 0.4VA = 0.4 ( 66.67 ) = 26.67 , LB = 0.6FB = 0.6 ( 66.67 ) = 40.00
From figure xB = 0.62 and yB = 0.84
T B E X A M . C O M

Drum C: z C = x A = 0.375, x C = 0.15, FC = L A = 33.33 , From equilibrium y C = 0.51

F V z C 0.375
At x = 0, yC = 0.60 =   zC    = = = 0.625
 V C  F C yC 0.6
TBEXAM.COM
V
VC =   FC = 0.625 ( 33.33) = 20.83 , LC = FC − VC = 33.33 − 20.83 = 12.5
 F C

2.E1. The solution has changed because of different correlation for Kdrum.
From Aspen Plus run with 1000 kmol/h at 1 bar, L = V = 500 kmol/h, WL = 9212.78 kg/h, WV = 13010.57
kg/h, liquid density = 916.14 kg/m3 , liquid avg MW = 18.43, vapor density = 0.85 kg/m3 , and vapor avg
MW = 26.02, Tdrum = 94.1 oC, and Q = 6240.85 kW.

The diameter of the vertical drum in meters (with uperm in ft/s) is

D = {[4(MWV) V]/[3600 π ρV uperm (1 m/3.281 ft)]}0.5 =

{[4(26.02)(500)]/[3600(3.14159)(0.85)(1/3.281)uperm]}0.5

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Flv = (WL/WV)[ρV/ ρL]0.5 = (9212.78/13010.57)[0.85/916.14]0.5 = 0.02157

Resulting Kvertical = 0.6, which is too high, so use max Kdrum = 0.4 and uperm = 13.1259 ft/s, and D = 3.819
ft = 1.164 m. Appropriate standard size would be used (4 ft = 1.2192 m). Mole fractions isopropanol:
liquid = 0.00975, vapor = 0.1903

b. Ran with feed at 9 bar and pdrum at 8.9 bar with V/F = 0.5. Obtain WL = 9155.07 kg/h, WV = 13068.27,
density liquid = 836.89, density vapor = 6.37 kg/m3

D = {[4(MWV) V]/[3600 π ρV uperm (1 m/3.281 ft)]}0.5 =

{[4(26.14)(500)]/[3600(3.14159)(6.37)(1/3.281)uperm]}0.5

Flv = (WL/WV)[ρV/ ρL]0.5 = (9155.07/13068.27)[6.37/836.89]0.5 = 0.06112

Resulting Kvertical = .3675, uperm = 4.196 ft/s, and D = 2.467 ft =0.7520 m. Thus, the method is feasible.

c. Finding a pressure to match the diameter of the existing drum is trial and error. If we do a linear
interpolation between the two simulations to find a pressure that will give us D = 1.0 m (if linear), we find
p= 4.1447 bar. From past experience, know this is too high. Try p = 3.66. Running this simulation we
T B E X A M . C O M

obtain, WL = 9173.91 kg/h, WV = 13049.43, density liquid = 874.58, density vapor = 2.83 kg/m3, MWv =
26.10 kg/m3,

D = {[4(MWV) V]/[3600 π ρV uperm (1 m/3.281 ft)]}0.5 =

{[4(26.10)(500)]/[3600(3.14159)(2.83)(1/3.281)uperm]}0.5
TBEXAM.COM
Flv = (WL/WV)[ρV/ ρL]0.5 = (9173.91/13049.43)[2.83/874.58]0.5 = 0.0400

Resulting Kvertical = ..44217, use max K = 0.4 uperm = 7.0204 ft/s, and D = 0.873 m.

Next guess pdrum = 2.1 bar At pdrum = 2.1 bar simulation gives, WL = 9188.82 kg/h, WV = 13034.53,
density liquid = 893.99 , density vapor = 1.69 kg/m3, MWv = 26.07.

D = {[4(MWV) V]/[3600 π ρV uperm (1 m/3.281 ft)]}0.5 =

{[4(26.07)(500)]/[3600(3.14159)(1.69)(1/3.281)uperm]}0.5

Flv = (WL/WV)[ρV/ ρL]0.5 = (9188.82/13034.53)[1.69/893.99]0.5 = 0.0307

Resulting Kvertical = 0.5005 use K = 0.4, uperm = 9.1912ft/s, and D = 0.987 m.

This is reasonably close and will work OK. Tdrum = 115.42 oC, Q = 6630.39 kW,
Mole fractions isopropanol: liquid = 0.00861, vapor = 0.1914

In this case there is an advantage operating at a somewhat elevated pressure.

2.E2. The solution has changed because of different correlation for Kdrum. Was 2.D13 in the 2nd ed.
a. Will show graphical solution as a binary flash distillation. Can also use R-R equation. To
generate equil. data can use
x C6 + x C8 = 1.0, and yC6 + yC8 = K C6 x C6 + K C8 x C8 = 1.0

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1 − K C8
Substitute for xC6 x C6 =
K C6 − K C8
Pick T, find KC6 and KC8 (e.g. from DePriester charts), solve for xC6. Then yC6 = KC6xC6

T°C KC6 KC8 xC6 yC6 = KC6 xC6

125 4 1.0 0 0
120 3.7 .90 .0357 .321
110 3.0 .68 .1379 .141
100 2.37 .52 .2595 .615
90 1.8 .37 .4406 .793
80 1.4 .26 .650 .909
66.5 1.0 .17 1.0 1.0

L 1− V F .6
Op Line Slope = − =− = − = −1.5 , Intersection y = x = z = 0.65.
V VF .4
See Figure. yC6 = 0.85 and xC6 = 0.52. Thus KC6 = .85/.52 = 1.63.
This corresponds to T = 86°C = 359K
T B E X A M . C O M

TBEXAM.COM

b. Follows Example 2-4.

MWL = x C8 ( MW )C6 + x C8 ( MW )C8 = (.52 )(86.17 ) + (.48)(114.22 ) = 99.63
( MW )C6 ( MW )C8 86.17 114.22
VL = x C6 + x C8 = (.52 ) + (.48) = 145.98 ml/mol
C6 C8 .659 .703
MW L 99.63  28316 ml/ft 3  lbm
L = = = .682 g/ml   = 42.57 3
VL 145.98  454 g/lbm  ft
MW v = yC6 ( MWC6 ) + yC8 ( MWC8 ) = .85 (86.17 ) + .15 (114.22 ) = 90.38

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v =
pMW v
=
(1.0 ) 90.38 g/mol = 0.00307 g/ml = 0.19135 lbm/ft 3
ml atm
RT 82.0575 (359K )
mol  K
Now we can determine flow rates
V
V =   F = (.4 )(10,000 ) = 4000 lbmol/h
F
( )
Wv = V MW v = 4000 ( 90.38) = 361,520 lb/h

( )
L = F − V = 6000 lbmol/h, WL = L MW L = ( 6000 )( 99.63) = 597,780 lb/h
𝑊𝐿 𝜌𝑣 597,780 0.19135
𝐹𝑙𝑣 = √ = 361,520 √ = 0.111, ℓnFlv = −0.9552
𝑊𝑣 𝜌𝐿 42.57
Kdrum = 0.2951
𝜌𝐿 −𝜌𝑣 (42.57−19135)
𝑢𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 𝐾𝑑𝑟𝑢𝑚 √ = (0.2952)√ = 4.393 ft/s
𝜌𝑣 .19135
𝑉(𝑀𝑊𝑣 ) (4000)(90.38)
𝐴𝐶𝑠 = 𝑢 = (4.393)(3600)(0.19135) = 119.5 ft2
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑚 (3600)𝜌𝑣
4𝐴𝐶𝑠 (119.5)
𝐷=√ = √4 = 12.3 𝑓𝑡. Use 12.5 𝑓𝑡.
T B E X A M . C O M

𝜋 𝜋
L ranges from 3 × 10.5 = 31.5 ft to 5 × 10.5 = 52.5 ft.

Note: This uPerm is at 85% of flood with 1% liquid entrainment if a demister is used.

2.E3. The difficulty of this problem isTitBisEstated

XAM.inCweight
OM units, but the VLE data is in molar units.
The easiest solution path is to work in weight units, which requires converting some of the
equilibrium data to weight units and replotting – good practice. The difficulty with trying to
work in molar units is the ratio L/V = 0.35/0.65 = 0.5385 in weight units becomes in molar
units,
Lmolar Lwt ( MW )vapor
= , but since x and y are not known the molecular weights are unknown.
Vmolar Vwt (MW )liquid
In weight units, V = F(V/F) =2000 kg/h (0.35) = 700 kg/h. L = F – V = 1300 kg/h.
In weight units the equilibrium data (Table 2-7) can be converted as follows:
Basis: 1 mol, x = 0.4 and y = 0.729, T = 75.3 C
Liquid: 0.4 mol methanol ×32.04 g/mol = 12.816 g
0.6 mol water × 18.016 g/mol = 10.806 g
Total = 23.622 g → x = 0.5425 wt frac methanol
Vapor: 0.729 mol methanol = 23.357 g
0.271 mol water = 4.881 g
28.238 g → y = 0.8271 wt frac methanol.
Similar calculations for: 0.3 mole frac liquid give xwt = 0.433 and ywt = 0.7793, T = 78.0 C
0.2 mole frac liquid give xwt = 0.3078 and ywt = 0.7099, T = 81.7 C
0.15 mole frac liquid give xwt = 0.2389 and ywt = 0.6557, T = 84.4 C.
Plot this data on ywt vs xwt diagram. Operating line is y = - (L/V)x +(F/V)z in weight units.
Slope = - 1.857, y =x = z = 0.45, and y intercept = z/(V/F) = 1.286 all in weight units.
Result is xM,wt = 0.309, yM,wt = 0.709 (see graph). Note that plotting only the part of the graph needed to
solve the problem, allowed the scale to be increased resulting in better accuracy. By linear
interpolation Tdrum = 81.66 C.

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xB 0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1
2.F1
yB 0 .22 .38 .52 .62 .71 .79 .85 .91 .96 1
Benzene-toluene equilibrium is plotted in Figure 13-8 of Perry’s Chemical Engineers
Handbook, 6th ed.

2.F2. See Graph. Data is from Perry’s Chemical Engineers Handbook, 6th ed., p. 13-12.
23
Stage 1) z F1 = .4 f =1 3 Slope = − = −2,
13
.4
Intercept = = 1.2 y1 = .872 x1 = .164 = z 2
13
13
Stage 2) z F2 = .164 f =2 3 Slope = − = −1 2
23
.164
Intercept = 2/3
= .246 x2 ≃ .01 y2 = .240 = −𝑧3
Stage 3) z F3 = .240 f =1 2 Slope = −1
.240
Intercept = 1 = .480 x3 ≃ .022 y3 = .461
2

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2.F3. This is a mass and energy balance problem disguised as a flash distillation problem. Data is readily
TBE
available in steam tables.. At 5000 kPa XA500K
and M.CtheOMfeed is a liquid, hF = 17.604 kJ/mol. For an
adiabatic flash, hF = [VHV + LhL]/F
Vapor and liquid are in equilibrium. Saturated steam at 100 kPa is at T = 372.76K, hL = 7.5214
kJ/mol, HV = 48.19 kJ/mol
Mass balance: F = V + L where F in kmol/min = (1500 kg/min)(1 kmol/18.016 kg) = 83.259 kmol/min
EB: FhF = VHV + LhL →
(83.259 kmol/min)(17.604 kJ/mol)(1000 mol/kmol) = (48.19)(1000)V + (7.5214)(1000)L.
Solve equations simultaneously. L = 62.617 kmol/min = 1128.12 kg/min and V = 20.642 kmol/min =
371.88 kg/min

2.G1. New problem in 5th ed. Aspen Plus: xm = 0.02037, ym = 0.05627, T = 25.455oC, Q = 5.1543 GJ/h.

2.G2. New problem in 5th edition. Aspen Plus. Same result when I did hand calculation and mixed the
two feeds before inputting into flash2 and when I put the 2 feeds in separately.
T = 88.28℃, xM = 0.0898, yM = 0.397, V/F = 0.4667 so V = 0.4667(225) =105 kmol/h and L = 120.

2G3. New problem in 5th edition (May not look new, but Problem 2D14 was changed).
V/F = 0.45713, x = 0.20586 (M), 0.47606(P), 0.31808(B); y = 0.54306(M), 0,35342(P), 0.10352(B), used
NRTL correlation. K values: KM = 2.638, KP = .74239, KB = 0.325545,
Since K values are all higher, V/F is higher. Note, When I use the K values from NRTL in the spread
sheet V/F = 0.457197, which is close to Aspen value.
With Wilson (ideal gas model) KM = 2.6445, KP = .74251, and KB = 0.32619 and V/F = 0.4592.
With Wilson HOC , KM = 2.5450, KP = 0.74812, KB = 0.33372, V/F = 0.44893
Ideal (Raoult’s law, but not constant relative volatility): V/F = 0.43751

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2.G4. COMP x(I) y(I)

METHANE 0.12053E-01 0.84824
BUTANE 0.12978 0.78744E-01
PENTANE 0.29304 0.47918E-01
HEXANE 0.56513 0.25101E-01
V/F = 0.58354

2.G5. N. Used NRTL. T = 368.07, Q = 14889 kW, 1st liquid/total liquid = 0.4221,
Comp Liquid 1, x1 Liquid 2, x2 Vapor, y
Furfural 0.630 0.0226 0.0815
Water 0.346 0.965 0.820
Ethanol 0.0241 0.0125 0.0989

2.G6. Used Peng Robinson. Feed pressure = 10.6216 atm, Feed temperature = 81.14oC, V/F = 0.40001,
Qdrum =0. There are very small differences in feed temperature with different versions of AspenPlus.

COMP x(I) y(I)

METHANE 0.000273 0.04959
BUTANE 0.18015 0.47976
PENTANE 0.51681 0.39979
T B E X A M . C O M

HEXANE 0.30276 0.07086

V/F = 0.40001

2.H1. A. 563.4 R, b.V/F = .4066. c. 18.264 psia

TBE=X0.421,
2.H3.. Answer V/F = 0.564; xE = 0.00853, xhex AM.CxOhept
M = .570; yE = .421, y Hex = 0.378, y Hept
= .201.

2H4. Answer: pdrum = 120.01, kPa = 17.40 psia

xB = 0.1561, xpen = 0.4255, x hept = 0.4184, yB = 0.5130, yPen = 0.4326 , yhept = 0.0544

2H5. New problem in 5th edition

a. P = 230.1 kPa.
b. V/F = .1274, ethane x = 0.008178, y = 0.1480
Propane x =0.0739, y = 0.3560
Butane x= 0.1936, y = 0.3301
Pentane x = 0.2855, y = 0.1406
Hexane x = 0.2888, y = 0.0471
Heptane x = 0.1501, y = 0.0082.
c. T = 52.71oC

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2H6. New Problem in 5th edition.

Develop a spread sheet to solve problem 2D13, part b.
Find y = 0.0562, x = 0.0220, which agrees well with the graphical solution.

2H7. New Problem in 5th ed. The spreadsheet modified from Figure 2B2 is shown below for case B,
constant V/F & T=57.871 C. It is labeled Figure 2.B3.
Case A: Constant T = 10℃ gave V/F = 0.43994; however, since the total feed rate has increased by
37.5 kmol/h, the value of V/F overstates the change. At T = 10℃, V= 88.4409 kmol/h when there
is no nonvolatile component and V = 82.48898 kmol/h when there is a nonvolatile.
Case C: A better idea of the effect of the non-volatile on the temperature can be obtained with 37.5
kmol/h of nonvolatile added from constant V =88.4409, which makes V/F = 0.471685. Then
converge on T = 23.659℃, which is a significant temperature increase from the original 10℃.

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